Metacognition and Intelligence
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People may prefer different strategies or cognitive styles, but they can switch strategies when contextual demands require it.
“Individuals may differ in preferred strategies or cognitive styles, but they can shift strategies if contextual demands and constraints require them to”
From Enrichment Effects on Adult Cognitive Development: Can the Functional Capacity of Older Adults Be Preserved and Enhanced? (2008) · cites this paper as Hertzog & Robinson, 2005
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Hertzog, C., Kramer, A. F., Wilson, R. S., & Lindenberger, U. (2008) · Psychological Science in the Public Interest · doi:10.1111/j.1539-6053.2009.01034.x · Cited by 1,495 · see citing works
Self-citationA dynamical model of general intelligence: The positive manifold of intelligence by mutualism.
Van Der Maas, H. L. J., Dolan, C. V., Grasman, R. P. P. P., Wicherts, J. M., Huizenga, H. M., & Raijmakers, M. E. J. (2006) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.113.4.842 · Cited by 1,006 · see citing works
Measuring Risk Literacy: The Berlin Numeracy Test
Cokely, E. T., Galešić, M., Schulz, E., Ghazal, S., & García‐Retamero, R. (2012) · Judgment and Decision Making · doi:10.1017/s1930297500001819 · Cited by 752 · see citing works
“…known to spend more time preparing for tasks and more deliberatively encode task relevant information (Baron, 1978; 1990; Ericsson & Kintsch, 1995; Hertzog & Robinson, 2005; Jaeggi et al., 2011; McNamara & Scott, 2001; Stern-berg, 1977; Turley-Ames & Whitfield, 2003; Vigneau, Caissie, & Bors,…”
BackgroundCokely, E. T., & Kelley, C. M. (2009) · Judgment and Decision Making · doi:10.1017/s193029750000067x · Cited by 427 · see citing works
Lubinski, D. (2004) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.86.1.96 · Cited by 370 · see citing works
Toplak, M. E., Sorge, G. B., Benoit, A., West, R. F., & Stanovich, K. E. (2010) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2010.04.002 · Cited by 326 · see citing works
Sternberg, R. (2006) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2006.01.002 · Cited by 300 · see citing works
Self-confidence and metacognitive processes
Kleitman, S., & Stankov, L. (2007) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2007.03.004 · Cited by 241 · see citing works
“In fact, it has been demonstrated that people's beliefs in their memory competence rarely converge with their performance on memory tests (see Hertzog & Robinson, 2005, for a review).”
BackgroundLocalizing age-related individual differences in a hierarchical structure.
Salthouse, T. (2004) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2004.07.003 · Cited by 258 · see citing works
Fink, A., & Neubauer, A. (2006) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2006.01.001 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
Expertise-based differences in search and option-generation strategies.
Raab, M., & Johnson, J. G. (2007) · Journal of experimental psychology. Applied · doi:10.1037/1076-898x.13.3.158 · Cited by 222 · see citing works
Predicting biases in very highly educated samples: Numeracy and metacognition
Ghazal, S., Cokely, E. T., & García‐Retamero, R. (2014) · Judgment and Decision Making · doi:10.1017/s1930297500004952 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
“…cognitive representations in long-term memory in order to provide better monitoring and control during subsequent task performance (Baron, 1978, 1985; Cokely & Kelley, 2009; Cokely et al., 2006; Ericsson & Kintsch, 1995; Hertzog & Robinson, 2005; Sternberg, 1977; Vigneau, Caissie, & Bors, 2005).”
BackgroundGender differences in processing speed: A review of recent research
Roivainen, E. (2011) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2010.11.021 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
The Development of Rational Thought: A Taxonomy of Heuristics and Biases
Stanovich, K. E., Toplak, M. E., & West, R. F. (2008) · Advances in child development and behavior · doi:10.1016/s0065-2407(08)00006-2 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Menie, M. A. W. O. (2011) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0024348 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Aging, Metacognition, and Cognitive Control
Hertzog, C., & Dunlosky, J. (2004) · Psychology of Learning and Motivation · doi:10.1016/s0079-7421(03)45006-8 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Self-citationApplying Psychological Theories to Educational Practice
Sternberg, R. J. (2008) · American Educational Research Journal · doi:10.3102/0002831207312910 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Is There Anything Special About the Aging of Source Memory?
Siedlecki, K. L., Salthouse, T. A., & Berish, D. E. (2005) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/0882-7974.20.1.19 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Stauffer, C. C., Haldemann, J., Troche, S., & Rammsayer, T. (2012) · Psychological Research · doi:10.1007/s00426-011-0333-8 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Time to be smart: Uncovering a complex interplay between intelligence and time perspectives
Zajenkowski, M., Stolarski, M., Maciantowicz, O., Malesza, M., & Witowska, J. (2016) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2016.06.002 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
“Perhaps the effective emotional self-regulation related to BTPmay reflect somemore general metacognitive abilities, which are known to be critical for intelligencetest performance (Hertzog & Robinson, 2005).”
BackgroundCollaboration modality, cognitive load, and science inquiry learning in virtual inquiry environments
Erlandson, B. E., Nelson, B. C., & Savenye, W. C. (2010) · Educational Technology Research and Development · doi:10.1007/s11423-010-9152-7 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Mitchum, A. L., & Kelley, C. M. (2010) · Journal of Experimental Psychology. Learning, Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/a0019182 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
How do people perceive and generate options?
Raab, M., de Oliveira, R. F., & Heinen, T. (2009) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/s0079-6123(09)01305-3 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Helmbold, N., Troche, S., & Rammsayer, T. (2007) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2007.00463.x · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Contemporary Theories of Intelligence
Kaufman, J. C., Kaufman, S. B., & Plucker, J. A. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195376746.013.0051 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“…class of cognitive processes that involve the ability and tendency across situations to think about thinking (i.e., metacognition— see Dennett, 1992; Hertzog & Robinson, 2005), reflect on prior behavior, and use that information to modify behavior and plan for the future.1 Constructs that are part…”
BackgroundFink, A. (2005) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2005.01.013 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
23 Automatic Item Generation and Cognitive Psychology
Embretson, S., & Yang, X.-D. (2006) · doi:10.1016/s0169-7161(06)26023-1 · Cited by 33
Üst Bilişsel Farkındalık, Zekâ, Problem Çözme Algısı ve Düşünme İhtiyacı Arasındaki Bağlantılar
Karakelle, S. (2012) · Education and Science · doi:10.15390/es.2012.1040 · Cited by 28
“Therefore, it seems possible to consider intelligence, metacognition and problem solving as theoretically connected and even as elements that involve and/or support one another (Hertzog & Robinson, 2005; Naglieri & Das, 2005; Sternberg, 2003; Sternberg, 2005; Sternberg & Ben-Zeev, 2001).”
BackgroundIndividual differences in theory-of-mind judgments: Order effects and side effects
Feltz, A., & Cokely, E. T. (2011) · Philosophical Psychology · doi:10.1080/09515089.2011.556611 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“…and working memory, are plastic and reflect interplay among these factors (Cokely, Kelley, & Gilchrist, 2006; Ericsson & Kintsch, 1995; Fox & Charness, 2010; Guida, Tardieu, & Nicolas, 2008; Hertzog & Robinson, 2005; Mitchum & Kelley, 2010; Ricks & Wiley, 2009; Vigneau, Caissie, & Bors, 2005).”
Intelligence and the Cognitive Unconscious
Kaufman, S. B. (2011) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511977244.023 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“…consists of a class of cognitive processes that involve the ability and tendency across situations to think about thinking (i.e., " metacognition " – see Dennett, 1992; Hertzog & Robinson , 2005), reflect on prior behavior, and use that information to modify behavior and plan for the future.”
BackgroundArendasy, M., Sommer, M., & Mayr, F. (2012) · doi:10.1177/0022022110397360 · Cited by 25
Arendasy, M., & Sommer, M. (2010) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2010.06.004 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Extraversion and cortical activation during memory performance.
Fink, A., Grabner, R., Neuper, C., & Neubauer, A. (2005) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2004.11.002 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
The role of evaluative metadata in an online teacher resource exchange
Abramovich, S., Schunn, C. D., & Correnti, R. (2013) · Educational technology research and development · doi:10.1007/s11423-013-9317-2 · Cited by 21
Rammsayer, T., & Stahl, J. (2007) · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2006.12.001 · Cited by 20
The IT advantage assessment model: Applying an expanded value chain model to academia
Turner, W. L., & Stylianou, A. C. (2004) · Comput. Educ. · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2003.10.007 · Cited by 19
Assessment and theory in Complex Problem Solving. A continuing contradiction
Greiff, S. (2012) · Journal of Educational and Developmental Psychology · doi:10.5539/jedp.v2n1p49 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Emotional abilities and cortical activation during emotional information processing
Freudenthaler, H., Fink, A., & Neubauer, A. (2006) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2006.02.016 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Arslan, S. (2014) · doi:10.15345/iojes.2014.03.009 · Cited by 15
“604 The role of metacognition in ideational function (Hertzog and Robinson, 2004) is extensively addressed in many studies (Schneider, 1998).”
BackgroundIndividual Differences in Resource Allocation Policy
Szymura, B. (2010) · Plenum series on human exceptionality · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-1210-7_14 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
The Relations Among General Intelligence, Metacognition and Text Learning Performance
Saraç, S., Önder, A., & Karakelle, S. (2014) · Education and Science · doi:10.15390/es.2014.1261 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“However, the relation between metacognition and intelligence is still a matter of debate (Hertzog & Robinson, 2005).”
Arendasy, M., Sommer, M., Hergovich, A., & Feldhammer, M. (2011) · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2011.04.002 · Cited by 10
Arendasy, M., Sommer, M., & Gittler, G. (2010) · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2010.06.006 · Cited by 10
Biernacki, M., & Tarnowski, A. (2008) · International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics · doi:10.1080/10803548.2008.11076780 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Sirmaci, N., & Taş, F. (2016) · Hacettepe University Journal of Education · doi:10.16986/huje.2016015698 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“In various studies, the relationship between metacognition and intelligence was investigated and the importance of metacognitive strategies in the use intellectual skills was emphasized (Hertzog & Robinson, 2005; Sternberg, 2005; Sternberg & Ben-Zeev, 2001).”
BackgroundCOMPONENT NUMERACY SKILLS AND DECISION MAKING
Ghazal, S. (2014) · doi:10.37099/mtu.dc.etds/964 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Deliberation is related to and can even cause differences in domain-general cognitive abilities, such as intelligence and attentional control (Baron, 1978, 1985; Cokely, Kelley, & Gilchrist, 2006; Hertzog & Robinson, 2005; Stanovich, 2012).”
BackgroundDaring to Believe: Metacognition, Epistemic Agency and Reflective Knowledge
Broncano, F. (2014) · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-04672-3_4 · Cited by 3
DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF THE ANTERIOR CRUCIATE LIGAMENT INJURY-RISK-ESTIMATION QUIZ (ACL-IQ)
Petushek, E. J. (2014) · doi:10.37099/mtu.dc.etds/794 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“…task performance (Baron, 1978, 2005; Cokely & Kelley, 2009; Cokely, Kelley, & Gilchrist, 2006; Ericsson & Kintsch, 1995; Ghazal, Cokely, & Garcia-Retamero, 2014; Hertzog & Robinson, 2005; Mitchum & Kelley, 2010; Sternberg, 1977; Vigneau, Caissie, & Bors, 2006; Ward, Ericsson, & Williams, 2012).”
Individual Differences in Attention: The Commentaries
Eysenck, M., Matthews, G., Nęcka, E., Chuderski, A., Schweizer, K., & Szymura, B. (2010) · Plenum series on human exceptionality · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-1210-7_17 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
A Special Issue Introduction: The Intersection of Metacognition and Intelligence
Son, L. K., & Hausman, H. E. (2024) · Journal of Intelligence · doi:10.3390/jintelligence12090084 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Metacognition has been shown to directly influence the cognitive processes associated with intelligence, including learning, memory, and problem solving (Kurtz et al. 1982; Cornoldi 2010; Hertzog and Robinson 2005).”
BackgroundRecurring suboptimal choices result in superior decision making.
Mondal, S., Lenda, D., & Traczyk, J. (2024) · Decision · doi:10.1037/dec0000240 · Cited by 2
“The �nal number of participants in each study was constrained by our budget (i.e., constant �at fee and varying bonus payments).”
Periodic performance feedback and cognitive ability interactively mitigate the vigilance decrement
Robison, M. K., Flores, R., & Rudd, B. (2026) · Attention Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/s13414-026-03314-8
“The significant moderation of the feedback effect by fluid intelligence could indicate that one aspect of having higher fluid intelligence is superior metacognitive monitoring and control systems (Hertzog & Robinson, 2005; Murphy et al., 2021; Saraç et al., 2014; Schunn & Reder, 2001).”
Lamb-Milligan, J. (2019) · International Journal for Innovation Education and Research · doi:10.31686/ijier.vol7.iss12.2031
Madole, J., Ritchie, S., Cox, S., Buchanan, C., Valdés-Hernández, M. D. C., Maniega, S. M., Wardlaw, J., Harris, M. A., Bastin, M., Deary, I., et al. (2019) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/2019.12.13.875559
Seeking Chances to Extend Human Rationality
Secchi, D. (2013) · Biosemiotics · doi:10.1007/s12304-013-9163-y
- Authors
- Hertzog, C., & Robinson, A. E.
- ORCID
- Hertzog, Christopher
- Venue
- Handbook of Understanding and Measuring Intelligence
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications, Inc.
- Published
- 2005
- Pages
- 101-124
- OpenAlex
- W2476084810
- Cited by
- 71
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2023: 2 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 2 · 2016: 2 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 17.36
- Type
- book chapter
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Sage eBooks (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Educational Strategies and Epistemologies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Innovative Teaching and Learning Methods
- Keywords
- metacognition, intelligence, metacognitive awareness
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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