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The Varieties of Grounded Theory
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By placing both the researcher and the subjects within the field of inquiry, the constructivist Grounded Theory approach repositions reality as experienced by people and relies on contextual interpretation including factors such as time and space.
“By placing both the researcher and the subjects within the field of inquiry (Charmaz, 2011) this approach repositions reality as experienced by people (Bryant, 2019) and relies on contextual interpretation including factors such as time and space (Bryant, 2019).”
From Application and challenges of using a Constructivist Grounded Theory methodology to address an undertheorized clinical challenge: A discussion paper (2024) · cites this paper as Bryant, 2019
Coding entails more than labelling.
“Coding entails more than labelling; thus, participating in the coding process poses challenges for researchers, as it may reveal uncertainties, doubts, or a lack of self-confidence (Bryant, 2019; Tarozzi, 2020).”
From Application and challenges of using a Constructivist Grounded Theory methodology to address an undertheorized clinical challenge: A discussion paper (2024) · cites this paper as Bryant, 2019
Participating in the coding process poses challenges for researchers, as it may reveal uncertainties, doubts, or a lack of self-confidence.
“Coding entails more than labelling; thus, participating in the coding process poses challenges for researchers, as it may reveal uncertainties, doubts, or a lack of self-confidence (Bryant, 2019; Tarozzi, 2020).”
From Application and challenges of using a Constructivist Grounded Theory methodology to address an undertheorized clinical challenge: A discussion paper (2024) · cites this paper as Bryant, 2019
During the data collection and analysis phase, the need to consult existing literature is guided by data and initial analysis.
“During this phase of the study, the need to consult existing literature is guided by data and initial analysis (Bryant, 2019).”
From Application and challenges of using a Constructivist Grounded Theory methodology to address an undertheorized clinical challenge: A discussion paper (2024) · cites this paper as Bryant, 2019
The development of the theory hinges on how researchers examine and analyze the data.
“The development of the theory hinges on how researchers examine and analyze the data (Bryant, 2019).”
From Application and challenges of using a Constructivist Grounded Theory methodology to address an undertheorized clinical challenge: A discussion paper (2024) · cites this paper as Bryant, 2019
The distinctive attributes of CGT methodology are rooted in the notion that knowledge and truth emerge from a co-construction involving both the researcher and participants.
“The distinctive attributes of Constructivist Grounded Theory methodology are rooted in the notion that knowledge and truth emerge from a co-construction involving both the researcher and participants (Bryant, 2019; Tarozzi, 2020).”
From Application and challenges of using a Constructivist Grounded Theory methodology to address an undertheorized clinical challenge: A discussion paper (2024) · cites this paper as Bryant, 2019
To prioritize participants' concerns over personal or disciplinary concepts, several authors support the need to explore how one's past influences the interpretation of the data.
“To prioritize participants’ concerns over personal or disciplinary concepts, several authors (Bryant, 2019; Charmaz, 2014; Gibson and Hartman, 2014) support the need to explore how one's past influences the interpretation of the data.”
From Application and challenges of using a Constructivist Grounded Theory methodology to address an undertheorized clinical challenge: A discussion paper (2024) · cites this paper as Bryant, 2019
For a novice grounded theorist, this stage is challenging as the codes are created from the interaction between the researcher and the transcripts aiming to condense meanings and actions.
“For a novice grounded theorist, this stage is challenging as the codes are created from the interaction between the researcher and the transcripts aiming to condense meanings and actions (Bryant, 2019; Charmaz, 2011; Gibson and Hartman, 2014).”
From Application and challenges of using a Constructivist Grounded Theory methodology to address an undertheorized clinical challenge: A discussion paper (2024) · cites this paper as Bryant, 2019
Citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The pursuit of quality in grounded theory
Charmaz, K., & Thornberg, R. (2021) · Qualitative Research in Psychology · doi:10.1080/14780887.2020.1780357 · Cited by 1,221
“Unlike earlier manuals describing how to do grounded theory, contemporary versions of the method including Bryant (2017, 2019), Charmaz (2006, 2014), Corbin and Strauss (2008, 2015), and Thornberg and Charmaz (2014) take a flexible approach to grounded theory and adopt more recent epistemologies.”
MethodTraversing the storm: An interdisciplinary review of crisis leadership
Collins, M., Dasborough, M., Gregg, H. R., Xu, C., Deen, C. M., He, Y., & Restubog, S. (2022) · Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2022.101661 · Cited by 64
Grounded Theory Approaches Used in Educational Research Journals
Stough, L. M., & Lee, S. (2021) · International Journal of Qualitative Methods · doi:10.1177/16094069211052203 · Cited by 67
“Each study was categorized using names of grounded theory founders, following suggestions from other methodologists (see Apramian et al., 2017; Bryant, 2019b; Kenny & Fourie, 2014; Reichertz, 2019) as follows; (a) Glaser & Strauss, (b) Glaserian, (c) Straussian, (d) Charmazian, (e) Clarkean, (f)…”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialLindqvist, H., & Forsberg, C. (2023) · International Journal of Research & Method in Education · doi:10.1080/1743727x.2022.2095998 · Cited by 33
“In this paper, we argue for the constructivist version of grounded theory, as we believe that this version could best add new insights to educational research, especially teachers’ work, when skilfully deployed (cf. Bryant 2019).”
MethodQu, C., & Kim, E. (2025) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su17115019 · Cited by 24
Continual Permutations of Misunderstanding: The Curious Incidents of the Grounded Theory Method
Bryant, A. (2020) · Qualitative Inquiry · doi:10.1177/1077800420920663 · Cited by 29
“Elsewhere (Bryant, 2019) I have discussed the largely inadvertent, but persuasive and decisive consequences of the metaphors we use when we talk about cognition; developing ideas expressed by Michael Reddy (1979).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationBobbink, P., Larkin, P., & Probst, S. (2024) · International Journal of Nursing Studies Advances · doi:10.1016/j.ijnsa.2024.100199 · Cited by 15
“During this phase of the study, the need to consult existing literature is guided by data and initial analysis (Bryant, 2019).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialBabchuk, W. A., & Boswell, E. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-818630-5.11013-9 · Cited by 15
Канаев, А. А. (2024) · Диалог со временем · doi:10.21267/aquilo.2024.86.86.013 · Cited by 13
Чеснокова, Н. А. (2024) · Диалог со временем · doi:10.21267/aquilo.2024.86.86.005 · Cited by 13
On the Issue of Alexei I Komnenos’ Environment
Игоревич, Д. М. (2024) · Диалог со временем · doi:10.21267/aquilo.2024.86.86.024 · Cited by 12
“Fill the Vessel or Light the Torch” - Dilemmas of the Scientific School
Fadeeva, L. A., & Вершинина, Д. Б. (2024) · Диалог со временем · doi:10.21267/aquilo.2024.86.86.012 · Cited by 12
Будякова, Т. П., & ПОЛЯКОВА, Т. А. (2024) · Диалог со временем · doi:10.21267/aquilo.2024.86.86.009 · Cited by 12
Forsberg, C. (2022) · International Journal of Bullying Prevention · doi:10.1007/s42380-022-00132-y · Cited by 12
“I have chosen to work with the CGT approach in particular because it highlights the role of the researcher as a co-constructor of research and reflexivity, encouraging them to take a clearer position on suitable methods for social justice research (Charmaz, 2014; Charmaz, 2018; Bryant, 2019).”
BackgroundMethodGrounded Theory—An Illustrative Application in the Portuguese Footwear Industry
Monteiro, M., Rosa, Á., Martins, A., & Jayantilal, S. (2023) · Administrative Sciences · doi:10.3390/admsci13020059 · Cited by 11
Developing Grounded Theory Systematic Approach for Public Policy Researches
Aslipour, H., & Zargar, M. R. (2022) · International Journal of Qualitative Methods · doi:10.1177/16094069221090357 · Cited by 8
“Glaser criticized Strauss and Corbin’s approach for forcing the outcome of GT research with their proposed coding paradigm, but other scholars believe that Glaser’s coding families are incoherent and bewildering (Bryant, 2019).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialBryant, A. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190847388.013.15 · Cited by 9
Self-citationThe Methodological Convergences between Symbolic Interactionism and Constructivist Grounded Theory
Salvini, A. (2019) · Przeglad Socjologii Jakosciowej · doi:10.18778/1733-8069.15.3.02 · Cited by 4
Rusconi, M., & Boetto, H. (2024) · Australian Social Work · doi:10.1080/0312407x.2024.2305757 · Cited by 7
“However, as there is “ a family of variants ” relating to grounded theory (Bryant, 2019, p. 5), this research adopted a version of grounded theory where the data collection timeframe was limited and the construction of theory was not a required outcome (Jane Blowers, 2018).”
BackgroundEpistemic uncertainty in megaprojects
Benjaminsen, H., & Sørnes, J.-O. (2025) · Production Planning & Control · doi:10.1080/09537287.2025.2548560 · Cited by 6
“Such variation enables a flexible and nuanced approach to the categories, aligning with the principles of classic grounded theory (Bryant 2017, 2019).”
How Principals Influence Teachers’ Innovative Work Behavior: A Qualitative Study
Almessabi, A., & Alhosani, M. (2024) · International Journal of Educational Reform · doi:10.1177/10567879241238363 · Cited by 6
“Research shows that accomplished, compelling principals ’ structure strong workplaces (counting offering course, giving assets, and controlling procedural help) to direct and inspire teachers to develop (Bryant, 2019; Trabona et al., 2019).”
Market-oriented solutions for groundwater commons through collective-action
Allen, J. J., & Smith, S. M. (2023) · Environmental Research Letters · doi:10.1088/1748-9326/acc8ec · Cited by 8
“This is a widely used social science method that employs inductive reasoning to draw meaningful insights from qualitative data (Bryant 2019, Urquhart 2012, Araral 2013, Glaser and Strauss 2017).”
MethodPu, J., Safian, A. R., Nasrifan, M. N., & Saidon, Z. L. (2025) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2025.104759 · Cited by 4
Hazegh, N., Shabani, A., & Taheri, S. (2025) · Journal of Urbanism International Research on Placemaking and Urban Sustainability · doi:10.1080/17549175.2025.2538144 · Cited by 4
Rodríguez-Ponce, E., Cerna, C., & Pedraja-Rejas, L. (2022) · doi:10.31876/rcs.v28i.38818 · Cited by 4
Developing a Data Classification Framework
Barzilai, G., & Ferraris, S. D. (2023) · SpringerBriefs in applied sciences and technology · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-24549-7_2 · Cited by 4
Günbayı, İ., & Aşkun, V. (2023) · İnönü Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi · doi:10.17679/inuefd.1331239 · Cited by 4
Ce que l’informatique fait à l’analyse qualitative. L’histoire croisée des CAQDAS et de Cassandre
Lejeune, C. (2023) · Recherches qualitatives · doi:10.7202/1108606ar · Cited by 3
The value of creative activities in the recreational field: the grounded theory perspective
Lisauskienė, D., & Leščinskij, R. (2025) · Creativity Studies · doi:10.3846/cs.2025.20790 · Cited by 3
“Time‐Tripping” and Memory‐Making: A Grounded Theory of Grounded Theory
Gibson, B. J., Porter, R., & Ekins, R. (2025) · Symbolic interaction · doi:10.1002/symb.70020 · Cited by 1
Andersson, J. (2025) · American Journal of Qualitative Research · doi:10.29333/ajqr/17134 · Cited by 2
“Talking Methods in the Hot Tub”
Clarke, A. E., & von Unger, H. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-38714-3_2 · Cited by 2
Ouedraogo, S. V. (2024) · Creative Education · doi:10.4236/ce.2024.154033 · Cited by 2
Martin Lipscomb: ‘Questioning the Use Value of Qualitative Research Findings’ (2012)
Paley, J. (2025) · Nursing Philosophy · doi:10.1111/nup.70032 · Cited by 1
The evolving role of accountants in supporting small businesses in the digital age
Muscat, G., Aquilina, R., & Montalto, M. (2025) · International Journal of Accounting Research · doi:10.65453/ijar.v10i1.1272 · Cited by 1
“Additionally, sampling in grounded theory is not intended to be representative of the population of eligible participants that may participate in the study but to reflect the research phenomenon (Bryant, 2019).”
Investigating the Memorization of the Quran Using the Grounded Theory Methodology
Parveen, N. (2021) · The Qualitative Report · doi:10.46743/2160-3715/2021.4752 · Cited by 1
“…“grounded” the generation, coding and analyses at each point in the research process I was conscious that I should offer both insight and coherence (Bryant, 2019) in the process of creating codes as I was collecting information in a different language and translating it into English, and I…”
BackgroundInfluentialSymbolic Interactionism and Social Research
Salvini, A. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190082161.013.33 · Cited by 1
GÉNERO E INTERSECCIONALIDADES EN LA FORMACIÓN INICIAL DOCENTE EN CHILE
Pedraja-Rejas, L., Rodríguez-Ponce, E., Cerna, C., & Fleet, N. (2023) · Chungara · doi:10.4067/s0717-73562023005002101 · Cited by 1
The Future of Sustainable Marketing
Tshuma, S., Dube, M., Hungwe, D. R., & Masengu, R. (2024) · Practice, progress, and proficiency in sustainability · doi:10.4018/979-8-3693-4864-2.ch005 · Cited by 1
Policing gendered violence: A study on women's police stations in Argentina
Puyol, M. V. (2023) · Queensland University of Technology · doi:10.5204/thesis.eprints.239487 · Cited by 1
Researching Teaching in Higher Education
Ghodoosi, B., Torrisi‐Steele, G., & Dey, S. (2021) · Advances in knowledge acquisition, transfer, and management book series/Advances in knowledge acquisition, transfer and management book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-7998-7600-7.ch004
Olivo, V. E., Parada, H., & Bravo, F. (2021) · Journal of Human Trafficking · doi:10.1080/23322705.2021.1959757
“The constructivist grounded theory emphasizes understanding the complexities of the world and views, emphasizing participants’ values, beliefs, and ideas (Bryant, 2019; Clarke, 2019; Clarke et al., 2018; Creswell & Poth, 2018).”
BackgroundMethodOlivo, V. E., Parada, H., & Bravo, F. (2023) · doi:10.32920/22001720
Olivo, V. E., Parada, H., & Bravo, F. (2023) · doi:10.32920/22001720.v1
Socio-educational Aspects of Recreational Activities of a Youth Worker: Grounded Theory
Lisauskienė, D., & Aleksienė, V. (2022) · Social Work Education · doi:10.25128/2520-6230.22.2.7 · Cited by 1
“Constructivist GT is a methodology of inductive and abductive strategy (Bryant, 2017, 2019) that consists of systematic and flexible guidelines for data collection and analysis in constructing a theory.”
Methodجنس الأداء او أداء الجنس: الأداء الذكوري والأداء الانوثي في رواية دان دليللو "الديو الأبيض"
نوري, ت. ا. (2023) · اداب الرافدین · doi:10.33899/radab.2023.179932
Rizzo, A., Aquilina, R., & Falzon, R. (2024) · Journal of Enterprising Culture · doi:10.1142/s0218495824500031
Alfred the Cake and the Other Heroes of British History: About One Famous Satire on School Textbook
Sokolov, A. (2024) · Диалог со временем · doi:10.21267/aquilo.2024.86.86.011
Kolesnikova, M. E., & Peretyatko, A. Y. (2024) · Диалог со временем · doi:10.21267/aquilo.2024.86.86.008
The idea of law as a means of legitimizing authoritarianism in Virgil's “Georgics”
Усов, Д. (2024) · Диалог со временем · doi:10.21267/aquilo.2024.86.86.003
The History of Ancient and Medieval Samarkand in the Views of Nicolaas Witsen
Маннонович, М. А. (2024) · Диалог со временем · doi:10.21267/aquilo.2024.86.86.014
Вячеславович, К. Р., & Starikova, N. V. (2024) · Диалог со временем · doi:10.21267/aquilo.2024.86.86.006
Владимирович, С. О. (2024) · Диалог со временем · doi:10.21267/aquilo.2024.86.86.007
Русанова, В. С. (2024) · Диалог со временем · doi:10.21267/aquilo.2024.86.86.010
Using art to illustrate medical empathy to physician assistants
Cooper, C. K. (2023) · Digital Repository Service (Northeastern University) · doi:10.17760/d20621618
Grounded Theory als Forschungsansatz im Kontext der Interprofessionalität
Stelzer, G. E. (2024) · Springer Reference Pflege, Therapie, Gesundheit · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-65420-0_13-1
Percepción de aspectos geográficos que determinan la elección de un posgrado.
Maravilla, L. M. V., Camacho, J. D. J. P., & Ortíz, R. A. G. (2024) · Dilemas contemporáneos Educación Política y Valores · doi:10.46377/dilemas.v12i1.4266
Jacques, M., Quintin, J., Larivière, N., & Charpentier, C. (2024) · Community Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10597-024-01415-y
“Insofar as our goal was to foster a climate conducive to openness about sensitive or taboo subjects, we were in a situation of reciprocity with the participants instead of acting as neutral observers (Bryant, 2019).”
Feminisation, governance and Roma on the urban margins
Pop, A., Alexandrescu, F. M., Adorjáni, J., & Anghel, I.-M. (2025) · The Sociological Review · doi:10.1177/00380261251337281
Grounded Theory als Forschungsansatz im Kontext der Interprofessionalität
Stelzer, G. E. (2025) · Springer Reference Pflege, Therapie, Gesundheit · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-65435-4_13
Designing a Rhetorical Inquiry into the Security Council’s Whataboutery
Zavialov, D. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-95-0413-8_3
Taşdizen, B. (2025) · Nitel Sosyal Bilimler · doi:10.47105/nsb.1767436
Bobbink, P., Larkin, P., & Probst, S. (2026) · Global Qualitative Nursing Research · doi:10.1177/23333936251413205
“This practice challenges the Grounded Theory Method principle of treating “ all is data ” (Glaser et al., 1967) and may overlook the open, iterative character of the analytic process (Bryant, 2019).”
Kassam, S., & Marcellus, L. (2026) · Global Qualitative Nursing Research · doi:10.1177/23333936261444343
“Constructivist grounded theory (CGT) was developed with social justice-oriented intentions (Charmaz, 2014, 2019).”
Lessons From Doctoral Qualitative Research: Two Journeys; One Destination
Bryant, A., Lazarevski, S., & Long, A. (2026) · International Journal of Qualitative Methods · doi:10.1177/16094069261459007
Self-citationHomeostatic governance: A grounded theory study of board engagement with projects
Lawler, C., Killen, C. P., & Sankaran, S. (2026) · Project Leadership and Society · doi:10.1016/j.plas.2026.100247
Metadata
- Authors
- Bryant, A.
- Corresponding author
- Bryant, Antony
- ORCID
- Bryant, Antony
- Venue
- SAGE Publications Ltd eBooks
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications Ltd
- Published
- 2019
- OpenAlex
- W3000844807
- Cited by
- 67
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 1
- FWCI
- 6.91
- Type
- book
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- SAGE Publications Ltd eBooks (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Education › Qualitative Research Methods and Applications
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Strategy and Management › Business Strategies and Management Research
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Sociology and Education Studies
- Keywords
- grounded theory, qualitative research methodology, inductive theory building, qualitative data analysis
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