The DOI matches its Crossref record.
When Police Kill
Abstract
Franklin Zimring compiles data from federal records, crowdsourced research, and investigative journalism to provide a comprehensive, fact-based picture of how, when, where, and why police use deadly force. He offers prescriptions for how federal, state, and local governments could reduce killings at minimum cost without risking officers’ lives.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Any analysis of police deadly force restricted to data that only include fatalities may produce results that are statistically biased by factors that influence mortality, such as whether bullets strike vital organs [12], whether police officers administer first aid or engage in “scoop and run” practices [15, 16], and whether an adult trauma care center is nearby [17, 18].”
From Factors associated with police shooting mortality: A focus on race and a plea for more comprehensive data (2021) · cites this paper as [12]
In the citing paper
“Head/Torso shot measured whether police gunfire struck the victim’s head, chest, or upper back (1 = yes), where the odds of striking a vital organ are greater, thus increasing the likelihood of mortality [12].”
From Factors associated with police shooting mortality: A focus on race and a plea for more comprehensive data (2021) · cites this paper as [12]
In the citing paper
“we had no data on other situational factors, such as the number of rounds fired by officers or which struck victims, each of which increase the odds of mortality [12], and therefore might render some of our observed statistical relationships spurious.”
From Factors associated with police shooting mortality: A focus on race and a plea for more comprehensive data (2021) · cites this paper as [12]
Citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Procedural justice training reduces police use of force and complaints against officers
Wood, G., Tyler, T. R., & Papachristos, A. V. (2020) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1920671117 · Cited by 215
American Policing and the Danger Imperative
Sierra‐Arévalo, M. (2021) · Law & Society Review · doi:10.1111/lasr.12526 · Cited by 189
Does de‐escalation training work?
ENGEL, R. S., McManus, H. D., & Herold, T. D. (2020) · Criminology & Public Policy · doi:10.1111/1745-9133.12467 · Cited by 175
Race and Worrying About Police Brutality: The Hidden Injuries of Minority Status in America
Graham, A., Haner, M., Sloan, M. M., Cullen, F. T., Kulig, T. C., & Jonson, C. L. (2020) · Victims & Offenders · doi:10.1080/15564886.2020.1767252 · Cited by 167
“Public perceptions as they relate specifically to police brutality are a particularly salient concern in the wake police use of force (Zimring, 2017) and the Black Lives Matter movement (Garza, 2014).”
BackgroundInfluentialCommunity policing does not build citizen trust in police or reduce crime in the Global South
Blair, G., Weinstein, J. M., Christia, F., Arias, E., Badran, E., Blair, R., Cheema, A., Farooqui, A. Z., Fetzer, T., Grossman, G., et al. (2021) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abd3446 · Cited by 149
Metadata
- Authors
- Zimring, F. E.
- Corresponding author
- Zimring, Franklin E.
- Venue
- Harvard University Press eBooks
- Publisher
- Harvard University Press
- Published
- 2017-12-31
- OpenAlex
- W2782607670
- Cited by
- 186
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 26 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 29 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 9
- FWCI
- 22.40
- Type
- book
- Language
- fr
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Harvard University Press eBooks (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Policing Practices and Perceptions
- Social Sciences › Health › Gun Ownership and Violence Research
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Criminal Justice and Corrections Analysis
- Keywords
- police use of deadly force, police killings, police brutality, gun violence, homicide prevention, police accountability, law enforcement policy
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
