The DOI matches its Crossref record; 11 of the 11 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The Gini Index and Measures of Inequality
Open accessAbstract
The Gini index is a summary statistic that measures how equitably a resource is distributed in a population; income is a primary example. In addition to a self-contained presentation of the Gini index, we give two equivalent ways to interpret this summary statistic: first in terms of the percentile level of the person who earns the average dollar, and second in terms of how the lower of two randomly chosen incomes compares, on average, to mean income.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
On the measurement of inequality
Atkinson, A. B. (1970) · Journal of Economic Theory · doi:10.1016/0022-0531(70)90039-6 · Cited by 3,945
Methods of Measuring the Concentration of Wealth
Lorenz, M. O. (1905) · Publications of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.1080/15225437.1905.10503443 · Cited by 2,250
Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage In The United States: 2006: (668082007-001)
DeNavas-Walt, C., Proctor, B. D., & Smith, J. (2007) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e668082007-001 · Cited by 1,636
Analytic Theory of Continued Fractions
Wall, H. S. (1967) · Cited by 1,401
Analytic Theory of Continued Fractions
(1982) · Lecture Notes in Mathematics · doi:10.1007/bfb0093301 · Cited by 1,165
The Estimation of the Lorenz Curve and Gini Index
Gastwirth, J. L. (1972) · The Review of Economics and Statistics · doi:10.2307/1937992 · Cited by 1,132
Atkinson, A. B. (1987) · Econometrica · doi:10.2307/1911028 · Cited by 1,118
On a Class of Poverty Measures
Kakwani, N. (1980) · Econometrica · doi:10.2307/1911106 · Cited by 759
A General Definition of the Lorenz Curve
Gastwirth, J. L. (1971) · Econometrica · doi:10.2307/1909675 · Cited by 618
A New Approach to Galaxy Morphology. I. Analysis of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Early Data Release
Abraham, R. G., van den Bergh, S., & Nair, P. (2003) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/373919 · Cited by 443
Cited by
Heterogeneity-aware fair federated learning
Li, X., Zhao, S., Chen, C., & Zheng, Z. (2023) · Information Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.ins.2022.11.031 · Cited by 43
Ye, J., Luceri, L., & Ferrara, E. (2025) · Proceedings of the 2025 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency · doi:10.1145/3715275.3732159 · Cited by 16
“To measure whether exposure is evenly distributed among users or dominated by a few users, we employ the Gini coefficient, a widely used measure to quantify inequality [7, 13].”
Exposure to Marginally Abusive Content on Twitter
Bandy, J., & Lazovich, T. (2023) · Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media · doi:10.1609/icwsm.v17i1.22123 · Cited by 2
Metadata
- Authors
- Farris, F. A.
- Venue
- The American Mathematical Monthly
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2010
- Volume
- 117
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 851
- ISSN
- 0002-9890 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2296045491
- Cited by
- 294
- References
- 11
- FWCI
- 4.17
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: The Gini Index and Measures of Inequality. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.4169/000298910x523344
- The paper
- Farris, F. A. (2010). The Gini Index and Measures of Inequality. The American Mathematical Monthly. https://doi.org/10.4169/000298910x523344
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.