Textual Alterations in the Transmission of Zhisheng's Xu gujin yijing tuji
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Semantic Scholar extracted view of "Textual Alterations in the Transmission of Zhisheng's Xu gujin yijing tuji" by Min‐Lin Lin
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Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
The paper compares two surviving textual lineages of Zhisheng’s *Xu gujin yijing tuji*: a Japanese old-manuscript line and the printed/Taishō line. It argues that the printed line was altered from the old-manuscript line, probably by Yuanzhao before or around 800, to protect the authority of the ten-fascicle *Śūraṃgama Sūtra*.
Key findings
- The two lineages differ in five ways: character count, line count, translator order, additions/deletions, and presence/absence of an errata list. The old-manuscript line has 8349 characters and 449 lines; the printed line has 7877 characters and 417 lines, a difference of 472 characters and 32 lines. The extra 32 lines in the old-manuscript line are the errata list, so the main bodies are nearly equal in size.
- The translator list contains 21 names and is identical through no. 17. From no. 18 onward the order differs: the old-manuscript line has Zhixian (18), Huidi (19), Vajrabodhi (20), and Śubhakarasiṃha (21), while the printed line has Paramiti (18), Zhixian (19), Śubhakarasiṃha (20), and Vajrabodhi (21). Huidi disappears and Paramiti appears, but the total remains 21.
- The errata list corrects Jingmai’s four-fascicle *Gujin yijing tuji*, noting errors for 13 translators from the Later Han through Sui and pointing to omissions and other problems. The paper suggests this list is close to Zhisheng’s wording and was likely deleted when the old-manuscript line was edited into the printed line.
- The paper concludes that the alteration was intended to secure the fixed status of the ten-fascicle *Śūraṃgama Sūtra*, that Yuanzhao was the likely editor, and that the change occurred before or near 800, against the background of Tang imperial Buddhist regulation.
Methods
- Textual-criticism comparison of extant witnesses to the *Xu gujin yijing tuji*: printed editions such as the Taishō canon versus Japanese old-manuscript-line texts such as the Kōshōji manuscript. The paper notes that no Dunhuang manuscript of the *Xu gujin yijing tuji* was found.
- Tabular comparison of character and line counts and of the sequence of translators, plus analysis of the errata list.
- Contextual and biographical analysis using related catalogs and sources, including the *Kaiyuan lu*, *Zhenyuan lu*, and *Song gaoseng zhuan*, to infer the motive, agent, and date of the alteration.
Limitations
- The paper states that detailed notes are omitted and that no Dunhuang manuscript of the *Xu gujin yijing tuji* was found.
- The claims that Yuanzhao made the alteration, that the motive was to protect the *Śūraṃgama Sūtra*, and that the date was before or near 800 are presented as possibilities or probabilities rather than certainties.
- Evident from the text: the argument relies on later catalog parallels and biographical dating rather than a direct manuscript record of the alteration process.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
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Claims the paper makes
0 of 2 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged
- Findingreasoning§ NII-Electronic Library Service
The errata table is a correction table for Jingmai's four-fascicle Gujin yijing tuji.
“こ の 「 勘 誤 表 」 は 唐 代 靖 邁 の 四 巻 『 古 今訳 経 図 紀』 の 勘 考 訂 正 表 で あ る こ と が 明 らか に な っ て い る .”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data§ NII-Electronic Library Service
The corresponding passage in Yuanzhao's Zhenyuan lu volume 14 concerning Paramiti almost exactly matches the problematic passage in the printed Xu gujin yijing tuji concerning Paramiti.
“円 照 撰 『 貞元 録 』巻 十 四 の 該 当 箇 所 ( 般 剌 蜜 帝) が , 刊 本 『 続 図紀 』の 問題 箇所 ( 般刺 蜜帝 ) とは ほ ぼ 一 致す る こ とは 明 らか で あ る .”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data§ NII-Electronic Library Service
The order of translators differs between the two lineages from the 17th position onward.
“訳 経 者 の 配 列 の 順 次 は 17 番 以 降 が 相 違 し て い る.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingreasoning§ 3
The extant text of Xu gujin yijing tuji consists of two types: printed editions such as the Taisho canon and Japanese old manuscript lineage texts such as the Koshoji manuscript.
“現 存 す る 「 続 図紀 』 の テ キ ス トは , 大 正 蔵 等 の 刊 本 系本 と 興 聖 寺本等 の 日本 古写 経 系本 と の 二 種 類 で あ る .”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingnone given§ 3
No Dunhuang manuscript of Xu gujin yijing tuji was found.
“「 続 図紀』 の 敦 煌 写 本 は 見 られ な か っ た .”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
- Interpretationreasoning§ Llbrary
From the content of the additions and deletions, the intent was probably to maintain the authority and status of the ten-fascicle Shurangama Sutra.
“添 削 の 内 容 か らみ れ ば , 十 巻 本 『 首楞厳 経』 の 権威 と地 位 を維 持 す る た め で あ ろ う.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ NII-Electronic Library Service
Therefore, the period when Xu gujin yijing tuji was altered from the Japanese old manuscript lineage to the printed lineage is before or near 800, the date of the Zhenyuan lu.
“し た が っ て , 『 続 図紀』 の 日本 古写 経系本 か ら刊 本 系本 に 改竄 ・ 改変 され る 時 期 は 『 貞 元 録』 の 成 立 時 期 で あ る 貞元十 六 年 , 即 ち紀 元 800年 と な る 前 , あ る い は そ れ に 近 い 時 期 で あ る .”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ Llbrary
From this point, the old manuscript lineage is considered close to the original written by Zhisheng.
“こ の 点 か ら見 れ ば, 古 写 経系本 は 智昇 が 撰述 し た 原 本 に 近 い と考 え ら れ る ,”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationcitation§ NII-Electronic Library Service
This shows that the Tang court under Daizong valued the Shurangama Sutra.
“こ れ は 代 宗 時 の 唐 王 朝 が 「 首 楞 厳 経 』 を 重 ん じて い た こ と を 示 し て い る .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ NII-Electronic Library Service
From the careful and detailed corrections, it is possible to infer that the errata is close to Zhisheng's text.
“こ の 慎 重 か つ 詳 細 な訂 正 文 か ら見 れ ば , 智昇 の 文 章 に 近 い と推 測 す る こ と が 可 能 で あろ う.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ Llbrary
The change from the old manuscript order with Kongochi 20th and Zenmui 21st to the current order with Zenmui 20th and Kongochi 21st is probably due to the dates of the two men's deaths.
“日 本 古 写 本 系 の 20 番 の 金 剛 智, 21 番 の 善 無 畏 か ら現 行本 系 の 20 番 の 善無 畏 , 21 番 の 金 剛 智 に 改 変 さ れ た の は , 二 人 の 亡 く な る 時 期 に よ る も の で あ ろ う.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ NII-Electronic Library Service
The intent of altering the text may have been to secure the fixed position of the important Shurangama Sutra.
“『 続 図紀 』 の テ キ ス トを改 変 した 意図 は , 重要 視す る 『 首 楞 厳 経』 の 不 動 の 位 置 を確 保 す る た め で あ っ た と い う可 能性 が あ る .”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ NII-Electronic Library Service
The period of alteration is 800 or before.
“そ の 時 期 は 紀 元 800年或 は そ れ 以 前 で あ る .”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ NII-Electronic Library Service
The person who altered the text is highly likely Yuanzhao himself.
“『 続 図 紀 』 の テ キ ス トを 改 変 し た 人 物 は 円 照 本 人 で あ る 可 能性 が 高 い と 思 わ れ る .”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
- Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 8
- May combine two claims. 15
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Findingcitation§ NII-Electronic Library ServiceThe errata table points out that at the end of the Western Qin translation there is no matter concerning lost sutras, and no record of Former Liang translations.
“西 秦 訳 経 の 最 後 に 失訳 経 に 関す る 事 項 が 無 く, 前 涼 の 一 代 の 訳 経 に 関 す る こ とが 書 か れ て い な い と指 摘 して い る .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown data§ NII-Electronic Library ServiceBoth lineages list 21 translators from Shamon Shichitsu to Kongochi or Zenmui, and the total number remains 21.
“『 続 図紀 』 の 両 系統 は 沙 門 釈 智 通 か ら金 剛智 或 い は 善無畏 まで の 21 人 と な っ て い る”
- Also stated in: § NII-Electronic Library Service · plain
“総 数 の 21 人 は 変 わ ら な い とい う こ とに な る .”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Also stated in: § NII-Electronic Library Service · plain
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Findingcitation§ NII-Electronic Library ServiceThe errata table states that 13 translators from the Later Han to the Sui had three kinds of errors: cuo, que, and teng.
“後 漢 か ら隋 朝 ま で の 訳 経 者 の 中 の 13 人 は 「 錯」 ・ 「 闕 」 ・ 「 縢 」 と 三 種類 の 誤 りが 存 在 して い た と して い る 。”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown data§ NII-Electronic Library ServiceComparing the two lineages of Xu gujin yijing tuji and related parts of the Kaiyuan lu and Zhenyuan lu, the additions and deletions in the two lineages concern different persons, so their content differences are natural, but there are also many similar and identical passages.
“『 続 図 紀 』 の 二 系 統 の 添 と 削 の 内容 は 違 う人物 な の で , そ の 内容 の 相 違 は 当然 で あ る が , 似 て い る 箇 所 と 同 一 箇所 もか な り存在 する .”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
Findingown data§ NII-Electronic Library ServiceThe errata table points out that among six translators, only Yueposhouna had translations continuing in three dynasties, while the other five also continued in two dynasties, so it is inappropriate to combine them into one in Jingmai's work.
“訳 経者 の 僧 伽 提婆 ・ 沮渠 京 声 ・ 波 羅 末 陀 ・ 月 婆 首那 ・ 那 連 提 耶 舍 ・ 闇 那 崛 多 の 六 人 の う ち, 月婆首 那 だ け は 三 朝 の 訳 経 が 続 き, 残 りの 五 人 は 両 代 の 訳 経 も続 い た の で , 今 , 靖 邁 の 著 作 の 中 で 合 わ せ て 一 つ に ま と め る の は 不 適 切 で あ る .”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown data§ NII-Electronic Library ServiceThe old manuscript lineage has 449 lines and the current printed lineage has 417 lines, a difference of 32 lines.
“A 系 統 で は 449行 , B 系 統 は 417 行 で あ る か ら, 両 者 の 行数 の 差 は 32 行 に な っ て い る”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown data§ NII-Electronic Library ServiceIn the current printed lineage, the 18th translator Shijijing is replaced by Paramiti, and the 19th Shihuaidi becomes Shijijing; Shihuaidi disappears and Paramiti appears.
“現 行本 系 は , 古写 経系 本 の 18 番 の 釈智厳が 般剌 蜜 帝 と差 し替 わ っ て , 19 番 の 釈 懐迪 が 釈智 厳 と な っ て い る .”
- Also stated in: § Llbrary · plain
“古 写 経 系 本 の 17番 の 沙 門菩提流志 と 18 番 の 沙 門釈智 厳 との 間 に 般 剌 蜜 帝 を入 れ , 19番 の 釈懐 迪 が 削 除 され て , 現 行 本 系 で は 17番 の 沙門菩提流 志 ・ 18番の 沙 門般剌 蜜帝 ・ 19 番の 沙 門釈 智 厳 と な っ た .”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Also stated in: § Llbrary · plain
May combine two claims.
Interpretationreasoning§ LlbraryThe later editor of Xu gujin yijing tuji knew the death dates of the two men, so it can be inferred that he changed the original order of Kongochi and Zenmui.
“そ の 二 人 の 亡 くな っ た 時期 を 後 の 『 続 図 紀』 の テ キ ス トの 編 修 者 は よ く知 っ て い た の で , 智 昇 の 『 続 図紀』 の 元 の テ キ ス トの 金 剛智 と善無畏 の 配列順番 を変 えた と窺 え る .”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Premisecitation§ LlbraryAccording to the Kaiyuan lu, Zhisheng's works total five titles in twenty-five fascicles, all completed in 730.
“全 て 開 元 十 八 年庚 午 ( 730) に 完 成 した と い う.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites 『開元録』(730)巻九
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
Interpretationreasoning§ NII-Electronic Library ServiceTherefore, because the Tang court valued the Shurangama Sutra, it had to adopt various means to maintain its fixed position.
“唐 王 朝 は 「 首楞 厳 経 』 を 十 分 に 重 要視 して い た か ら, 『 首楞 厳経』 の 不 動 の 位 置 を維 持 す る た め , い ろ い ろ な手段 を採 用 し な け れ ば な ら な か っ た とい う こ と も考 え ら れ る .”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Interpretationreasoning§ LlbraryConversely, when Zhisheng wrote Xu gujin yijing tuji in 730, both men were alive, so the order could not be easily determined, and he likely wrote the order as in the old manuscript lineage.
“逆 に , 智 昇 が 『 続 図 紀 』 を 著 す 時 ( 730) に は 二 人 と も生 き て お り, 配 列 の 前 後 は な か な か 判 断 で きな い の で , 古写 経 系本 の 順 番 を その 通 りに 書 い た の で あ ろ う.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Interpretationreasoning§ LlbraryAmong the five differences, order, additions/deletions, and errata presence are substantive; because errata presence shows no intent to add or delete, order and additions/deletions are considered sufficiently important.
“や は り 「 順 番 の 相 違 」 ・ 「 添 削 の 存 在 」 ・ 「 勘 誤 表 の 有 無 」 は 実 質 的で あ る が , 「 勘 誤 表 の 有無 」 に は 添 削 す る 意 図が 見 られ な い た め , 「 順番 の 相 違 」 ・ 「 添 削 の 存 在 」 の 二 点 は 十 分 重 要 と見 な さ れ る .”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
Premisereasoning§ NII-Electronic Library ServiceXu gujin yijing tuji continues Jingmai's four-fascicle Gujin yijing tuji, so it is necessary to consider and correct the previous work.
“『 続 図紀 』 は 靖邁 の 四 巻 『 古 今 訳 経 図紀』 を継続 す る の で , 前 の 著 作 を か ん が み て 訂 正 す る 必 要が あ る 。”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Interpretationreasoning§ LlbraryShihuaidi and Paramiti are deeply involved in the translation of the ten-fascicle Shurangama Sutra, so the intent of the alteration can be read from this point.
“こ の 釈 懐 迪 と般 剌蜜帝 と は 十 巻 本 『 首 楞 厳 経』 の 翻 訳 に 深 く 関 わ る の で , こ の 点か ら改 変 の 意 図 が 読 み 取 れ る .”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Premisecitation§ NII-Electronic Library ServiceAccording to Song gaoseng zhuan, Yuanzhao had many achievements regarding precepts, was outstanding in the two reigns of Suzong and Daizong, served the court repeatedly, and was granted purple robes.
“『 宋 高僧 伝 』 に 依 れ ば , 円照 は 戒律 に 関 して , 多 く の 功績 が あ り, 粛 宗 と代 宗 の 二 つ の 朝 代 の 中 で 特 に 優 れ た 人 物 で あ り, 次 々 と 朝廷 を応 じて 奉 り, 紫衣 を賜 っ た とい う.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites 『宋高僧伝』
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Premisenone given§ NII-Electronic Library ServiceTang emperors Xuanzong, Daizong, and Dezong issued many edicts to intervene in the organization, composition, and content of the Tripitaka in order to use and control Buddhism.
“仏 教 を 利用 ・ 統 制 す る た め , 特 に 大 蔵経 の 組織 ・ 組成 ・ 内容 に も干 渉 す る た め 玄 宗 ・ 代 宗 ・ 徳 宗 な ど の 帝 王 は 多 くの 詔書 を 下 し た とい う.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Premisenone given§ NII-Electronic Library ServiceYuanzhao was famous as a Vinaya specialist like Daoxuan, Mingquan, and Zhisheng.
“そ の 時 代 に は , 道 宣 ・ 明詮 ・ 智 昇 と 同 じ く円照 も律 の 専 門 家 と して 有 名 で あ っ た .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Interpretationnone given§ NII-Electronic Library ServiceIn Yuanzhao's Zhenyuan lu, the same content as the printed Xu gujin yijing tuji appears; it is highly possible that Yuanzhao replaced the original content of Xu gujin yijing tuji with that new description.
“円 照 の 『 貞元 録』 に 刊 本 「 続図 紀』 と 同 じ内容 が 現 れ た の は , 円照 が そ の 新 し い 記述 を 『 続 図 紀』 の 元 の 内 容 と差 し 替 え た 可 能 性 が 高 い と前 掲 の 拙 論 に お い て 推 測 した が , こ こ で , 更 に 分析 し よ う .”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Translator order is unchanged at position 17
MinorThe text says the two sequences differ from position 17 onward, but the table marks position 17 as the same in both. The differences begin at position 18.
“訳 経 者 の 配 列 の 順 次 は 17 番 以 降 が 相 違 し て い る.”
“17 沙 門 菩 提 流 志 沙 門 菩提流 志 同”
- Authors
- LIN, M.
- Corresponding author
- LIN, Min
- Venue
- Journal of Indian and Buddhist Studies (Indogaku Bukkyogaku Kenkyu)
- Published
- 2013
- Volume
- 61
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 1017-1012
- ISSN
- 0019-4344 (ISSN-L)
- 1884-0051
- OpenAlex
- W2753489406
- Cited by
- 0
- References
- 0
- FWCI
- 0.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Locations
- JOURNAL OF INDIAN AND BUDDHIST STUDIES (INDOGAKU BUKKYOGAKU KENKYU) (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Chinese history and philosophy
- Keywords
- textual transmission, textual change, Chinese Buddhist texts, textual criticism
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