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Repeated outbreaks of Viral hemorrhagic fevers in Uganda
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Since the year 2000, Uganda has experienced repeated outbreaks of viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHF). Ebola VHF outbreak occurred in the districts of Gulu in 2000, Bundibugyo, 2007, Luwero, 2011, Kibaale in July 2012, Luwero in November 2012. Marburg VHF was earlier reported in Ibanda in 2007. More recently in 2012, two outbreaks of Marburg VHF have occurred in Ibanda and Kabale districts. OBJECTIVE: To present the epidemiological picture of the Marburg VHF recently reported in Ibanda and Kabale districts and propose research questions to generate evidence to mitigate future epidemics. METHODS: A case definition for a VHF was developed. A frequency distribution of symptoms of confirmed and probable cases was done. Descriptive analyses of reported cases using simple percentages, percent distributions and computation of means was performed. RESULTS: The Marburg epidemic was reported in early September and by November 2012, a cumulative of 14 cases (9 confirmed and 5 probable) including 7 deaths had been registered, giving a case fatality rate (CFR) of 50%. A total of 202 contacts had been listed; out of which 193 had completed the 21-day follow-up period. The index case was a 33-year old male, a teacher at Nyakatukura Secondary School in Ibanda district. He travelled to Ibanda from Kabale, his home district on 31st August 2012, reportedly healthy. He fell sick on 3rd September 2012 with complaints of fever, headache, loss of appetite and general body weakness. Overall, the dominant symptoms for all cases were fever, vomiting, loss of appetite, headache, abdominal pain, fatigue, diarrhea, and the least in occurrence was bleeding which accounted for 35.5% of all the cases. CONCLUSION: The source of infection for all the five Ebola Hemorrhagic fever outbreaks in Uganda and the recent Marburg VHF outbreak in Ibanda and Kabale is not known. Currently there is suspicion that there could be an animal reservoir of the Ebola and Marburg viruses from where occasional spillage into the human population occurs resulting in disease outbreaks. This and other hypotheses require further investigation.
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The studies included in this review demonstrated low levels of antibodies in surveyed populations, with approximately one third of studies reporting a seroprevalence of 0%.
“The studies included in this review demonstrated low levels of antibodies in surveyed populations, with approximately one third of studies reporting a seroprevalence of 0% (26,36,39,41,46,50,52).”
From Marburg virus disease outbreaks, mathematical models, and disease parameters: a systematic review (2024) · cites this paper as [26]
The Abstract describes an investigation of Marburg outbreaks in Uganda, and the Cumulated cases section (p. 582) reports laboratory status for patients examined. Neither reports antibody seroprevalence across studies or the proportion of studies finding 0%; searches for those terms found no supporting passage in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.75)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe two incubation period estimates came from studies from the 1970s only reporting ranges with little overlap.
“The two incubation period estimates came from studies from the 1970s only reporting ranges with little overlap (26,30) (Figure 3).”
From Marburg virus disease outbreaks, mathematical models, and disease parameters: a systematic review (2024) · cites this paper as [26]
The Abstract and Description of cases discuss Ugandan outbreaks in the 2000s and 2012, while the Discussion addresses possible sources of infection. Searches for incubation periods, 1970s studies, and overlapping ranges found no passage in our copy that addresses the two estimates or compares their ranges. (LLM, conf=0.74)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredTwenty-one studies contained seroprevalence estimates across a 38-year period from 1980-2018 in 15 predominantly Sub-Saharan African countries.
“Twenty-one studies contained seroprevalence estimates across a 38-year period from 1980 - 2018 in 15 predominantly Sub-Saharan African countries (25,26,31,35–52) (Table 2).”
From Marburg virus disease outbreaks, mathematical models, and disease parameters: a systematic review (2024) · cites this paper as [26]
The Abstract describes a 2012 Marburg outbreak in Uganda, and the Cumulated cases section reports case and laboratory-status counts, not seroprevalence estimates. Searches for seroprevalence and for the stated study count, date range, and country count found no passage in our copy addressing those figures. (LLM, conf=0.76)
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Metadata
- Authors
- Mbonye, A., Wamala, J., Kaboyo, W., Tugumizemo, V, Aceng, J., & Makumbi, I.
- Affiliations
- Ministry of Health (UG)
- Venue
- African Health Sciences
- Publisher
- African Journals Online (AJOL)
- Published
- 2013-02-01
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 579-83
- ISSN
- 1680-6905 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3598306
- OpenAlex
- W2006291510
- Cited by
- 59
- References
- 16
- Citations by year
- 2025: 5 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 7
- FWCI
- 4.86
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- African Health Sciences (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- TSpace (University of Toronto) (submittedVersion)
- Bioline International (Bioline International) (submittedVersion)
- Greater South Information System
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Viral Infections and Outbreaks Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Viral Infections and Vectors
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Virology and Viral Diseases
- Keywords
- viral hemorrhagic fever, Marburg virus, Ebola virus, Uganda, Kabale District, case fatality rate, symptom distribution, contact tracing, reservoir hosts, zoonotic spillover, outbreak epidemiology
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Animals, Diarrhea, Disease Outbreaks, Fever, Headache, Humans, Male, Marburg Virus Disease, Residence Characteristics, Uganda, Abdominal Pain, Contact Tracing, Age Distribution, Sex Distribution, Marburgvirus
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