Cited by 316Statistical Methods and Bayesian InferencePsychometric Methodologies and TestingStatistical Methods and Applications

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Multilevel Modeling of Categorical Outcomes Using IBM SPSS

Heck, Ronald H, Thomas, Scott, Tabata, Lynn·2013·Routledge eBooks

DOI 10.4324/9780203808986

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Abstract

This is the first workbook that introduces the multilevel approach to modeling with categorical outcomes using IBM SPSS Version 20. Readers learn how to develop, estimate, and interpret multilevel models with categorical outcomes. The authors walk readers through data management, diagnostic tools, model conceptualization, and model specification issues related to single-level and multilevel models with categorical outcomes. Screen shots clearly demonstrate techniques and navigation of the program. Modeling syntax is provided in the appendix. Examples of various types of categorical outcomes demonstrate how to set up each model and interpret the output. Extended examples illustrate the logic of model development, interpretation of output, the context of the research questions, and the steps around which the analyses are structured. Readers can replicate examples in each chapter by using the corresponding data and syntax files available at www.psypress.com/9781848729568. The book opens with a review of multilevel with categorical outcomes, followed by a chapter on IBM SPSS data management techniques to facilitate working with multilevel and longitudinal data sets. Chapters 3 and 4 detail the basics of the single-level and multilevel generalized linear model for various types of categorical outcomes. These chapters review underlying concepts to assist with trouble-shooting common programming and modeling problems. Next population-average and unit-specific longitudinal models for investigating individual or organizational developmental processes are developed. Chapter 6 focuses on single- and multilevel models using multinomial and ordinal data followed by a chapter on models for count data. The book concludes with additional trouble shooting techniques and tips for expanding on the modeling techniques introduced. Ideal as a supplement for graduate level courses and/or professional workshops on multilevel, longitudinal, latent variable modeling, multivariate statistics, and/or advanced quantitative techniques taught in psychology, business, education, health, and sociology, this practical workbook also appeals to researchers in these fields. An excellent follow up to the authors’ highly successful Multilevel and Longitudinal Modeling with IBM SPSS and Introduction to Multilevel Modeling Techniques, 2nd Edition, this book can also be used with any multilevel and/or longitudinal book or as a stand-alone text introducing multilevel modeling with categorical outcomes.

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Items 101–200 of 314

Extreme temperature drop alters hatching delay, reproductive success, and physiological condition in great tits
Glądalski, M., Bańbura, M., Kaliński, A., et al. (2020) · International Journal of Biometeorology · doi:10.1007/s00484-019-01851-6 · Cited by 17
“Generalized linear and linear mixed modeling was performed using IBM SPSS Statistics 22 software (Heck et al. 2010, 2012; IBM SPSS 2013).”
Method
Treatment of Adolescent PTSD: The Impact of Prolonged Exposure Versus Client‐Centered Therapy on Co‐Occurring Emotional and Behavioral Problems
Zandberg, L. J., Kaczkurkin, A. N., McLean, C. P., Rescorla, L. A., Yadin, E., & Foa, E. B. (2016) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.22138 · Cited by 17
“Data analyses were conducted using the IBM SPSS statistics program (Version 22) and the linear mixed model procedures outlined in Heck et al. (2012) and Shek and Ma (2011).”
Method
Vigilance behaviour is more contagious when chewing stops: examining the characteristics of contagious vigilance in bighorn sheep
McDougall, P. L., & Ruckstuhl, K. E. (2018) · Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology · doi:10.1007/s00265-018-2536-0 · Cited by 18
Changes in compliance with school‐based physical activity recommendations in Spanish youth: The UP&DOWN longitudinal study
Grao‐Cruces, A., Sánchez‐Oliva, D., Segura‐Jiménez, V., Cabanas‐Sánchez, V., Martínez‐Gómez, D., Rodríguez‐Rodríguez, F., Moreno, L. A., & Castro‐Piñero, J. (2018) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/sms.13355 · Cited by 16
Mentor teachers’ intended intervening during student teachers’ lessons: A vignette study in Dutch primary education
Jaspers, W. M., Prins, F. J., Meijer, P. C., Mainhard, T., & Wubbels, T. (2021) · Teaching and Teacher Education · doi:10.1016/j.tate.2021.103342 · Cited by 16
Moral disengagement and empathy in cyberbullying: how they are related in reflection activities about a serious game
Francisco, S. M., Ferreira, P. C., Simão, A. M. V., & Pereira, N. (2024) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-024-01582-3 · Cited by 17
“These results seem to agree with previous research that found that when there is a friendship between bystander and aggressor, bystanders will tend to be passive, or join in on the aggressive behavior [86], and because of that they would probably use more MD mechanisms.”
Result
Are teachers’ subjective feelings linked with need-supportive and need-thwarting motivating styles? A cross-lagged pilot study in physical education
Burel, N., Tessier, D. P., & Langdon, J. L. (2020) · European Journal of Psychology of Education · doi:10.1007/s10212-020-00517-x · Cited by 24
Explaining interindividual differences in toddlers' collaboration with unfamiliar peers: individual, dyadic, and social factors
Schuhmacher, N., & Kärtner, J. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00493 · Cited by 16
“Therefore, we used generalized linear mixed models (GLMM; e.g., Heck et al., 2012; Loeys et al., 2014) for level of coordination, because these data were ordinally scaled, and linear mixed models (LMM; e.g., Kenny et al., 2006; Kenny and Kashy, 2011) for preference for joint activity, because these…”
Method
Spatial variation in haemoglobin concentration of nestling Blue Tits (Cyanistes caeruleus): a long-term perspective
Glądalski, M., Bańbura, M., Kaliński, A., et al. (2016) · Journal für Ornithologie · doi:10.1007/s10336-016-1325-7 · Cited by 16
“…success refers to the proportion of hatchlings that survived to fledging) were calculated using a generalized linear mixed model with binomial error distribution, the approximation of degrees of freedom by the residual method and applying logit link function (Crawley 2002; Heck et al. 2012).”
Method
Locating Litter: An Exploratory Multilevel Analysis of the Spatial Patterns of Litter in Philadelphia
Lockwood, B., Wyant, B. R., & Grunwald, H. E. (2020) · Environment and Behavior · doi:10.1177/0013916520906834 · Cited by 14
“data (addresses within block groups), multilevel models are often preferred over more traditional types of regression for several reasons, including the ability to estimate multiple regression equations in only one model, more accurate estimates of standard errors, and increased model flexibility (Heck et al., 2013; L…”
BackgroundMethod
The quality of the relationship perceived by spouses of people with young-onset dementia
Bruinsma, J., Peetoom, K. K. B., Millenaar, J., Köhler, S., Bakker, C., Koopmans, R. T. C. M., Pijnenburg, Y. A. L., Verhey, F. R. J., & de Vugt, M. E. (2020) · International Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1017/s1041610220000332 · Cited by 17
“…ﬁ c LMM model can differ from the marginal GEE model when the dependent variable is categorical, with the latter being appropriate if one is interested in population-average change (the regression estimate) and less in the individual-speci ﬁ c (random effect) part (Heck et al. , 2012; Twisk, 2007).”
Efficacy of Calcium-Containing Eggshell Powder Supplementation on Urinary Fluoride and Fluorosis Symptoms in Women in the Ethiopian Rift Valley
Mulualem, D., Hailu, D., Tessema, M., et al. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13041052 · Cited by 15
“GEE helps to correct within subject correlation and uses quasi-likelihood estimation which allows for over dispersion [23].”
Method
Socio-ecological correlates of physical activity in a nationally representative sample of adolescents across Ireland and Northern Ireland
Woods, C. B., Crowley, E., Powell, C., O’Brien, W., MURPHY, M. H., Belton, S., Saunders, J. A., Connolly, S., Farmer, O., & Ng, K. (2021) · Preventive Medicine Reports · doi:10.1016/j.pmedr.2021.101472 · Cited by 15
Believing that prejudice can change increases children's interest in interracial interactions
Pauker, K., Apfelbaum, E. P., Dweck, C. S., & Eberhardt, J. L. (2022) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/desc.13233 · Cited by 16
“, participants nested within schools), we utilized multilevel linear models using MIXED with school as a random intercept in SPSS 22 (Heck et al., 2012) to test ourmain predictions regardingwhen andhowprejudice theories shape children’s interest in interracial interaction.”
Method
Profiles and Risk Factors for Teen Dating Violence in Spain
Valdivia‐Salas, S., Lombas, A. S., Jiménez, T. I., Lucas, A., & Villanueva‐Blasco, V. J. (2022) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/08862605221114305 · Cited by 16
“First of all, we conducted a multilevel null model (i.e., a model without any predictors), using the Generalized Linear Mixed Models procedure (see Heck et al., 2013) to determine whether or not the assumption of independence of observations necessary to conduct traditional regression analysis was…”
Method
Ten years of graduates: A cross-sectional study of the practice location of doctors trained at a socially accountable medical school
Hogenbirk, J. C., Strasser, R. P., & French, M. G. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0274499 · Cited by 15
“, doctors nested within graduation year) was ignored, which may have underestimated standard errors [36].”
Background
Predictors of Earnings Enabling Likely Roll Departure for SSDI Beneficiaries With Visual Impairments in Vocational Rehabilitation
Giesen, J. M., & Lang, A. H. (2018) · Journal of Disability Policy Studies · doi:10.1177/1044207318780363 · Cited by 14
“Following guidance from Heck, Thomas, and Tabata (2012), we first calculated an unconditional two-level model.”
Method
Phrase Length and Prosody in On-Line Ambiguity Resolution
Shafran, R. W., & Fodor, J. D. (2015) · Journal of Psycholinguistic Research · doi:10.1007/s10936-015-9358-2 · Cited by 14
“Both cluster types showed ICC levels that satisfy the minimum threshold (5 %; Heck et al. 2012): the subject ICC was 17 % and the sentence ICC was 19 %.”
Background
Examining the Factors Affecting PrEP Implementation Within Community-Based HIV Testing Sites in Florida: A Mixed Methods Study Applying the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research
Turner, D. E., Lockhart, E. A., Wang, W. Q., et al. (2021) · AIDS and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10461-020-03152-1 · Cited by 13
Temporarily Out of Order: Temporal Perspective Taking in Language in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder
Overweg, J., Hartman, C. A., & Hendriks, P. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01663 · Cited by 15
“The data of the language comprehension task were analyzed using generalized linear mixed models (GLMMs), using a logit link to accommodate the repeatedly measured (32 trials) binary outcome variable Accuracy (0 for incorrect, 1 for correct) (Jaeger, 2008; Heck et al., 2012).”
Method
The impact of sub-national institutions on SMEs’ diversification into new businesses: evidence from China
Chen, D., Li, D., & Paik, Y. (2019) · Entrepreneurship and Regional Development · doi:10.1080/08985626.2019.1640444 · Cited by 13
“Since geographic market scope was coded as a dummy variable, its moderating effect can be tested using interaction terms (Heck, Thomas, and Tabata 2013).”
MethodInfluential
Children’s Pronoun Interpretation Problems Are Related to Theory of Mind and Inhibition, But Not Working Memory
Kuijper, S. J. M., Hartman, C. A., & Hendriks, P. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.610401 · Cited by 15
“A logit link was used to accommodate the repeatedly measured binary outcome variable (i.e., accuracy of pronoun interpretation, denoted below as Accuracy) (Jaeger, 2008; Heck et al., 2012).”
Method
Characteristics and Predictors of Transfer and Withdrawal Among Students Who Begin College at Bachelor’s Granting Institutions
Crisp, G., Potter, C. R., & Taggart, A. (2021) · Research in Higher Education · doi:10.1007/s11162-021-09657-5 · Cited by 14
Physiological condition of nestling great titsParus majorin response to experimental reduction in nest micro- and macro-parasites
Glądalski, M., Kaliński, A., Wawrzyniak, J., et al. (2018) · Conservation Physiology · doi:10.1093/conphys/coy062 · Cited by 13
“Linear mixed modelling was performed using IBM SPSS Statistics 22 software (Heck et al., 2010, 2012; IBM SPSS 22, 2013).”
Method
Context-dependent strategies of food allocation among offspring in a facultative cooperative breeder
Li, J., Wang, Y., Lv, L., et al. (2019) · Behavioral Ecology · doi:10.1093/beheco/arz037 · Cited by 13
When and Why Static Images Are More Effective Than Videos
Fan, S., Shen, Z., Koenig, B. L., Ng, T.-T., & Kankanhalli, M. (2020) · IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing · doi:10.1109/taffc.2020.3040399 · Cited by 15
“We used IBM SPSS version 20 for the statistical analyses [60].”
Method
Roles of egos’ and siblings’ perceptions of maternal favoritism in adult children’s depressive symptoms: A within-family network approach
Suitor, J. J., Gilligan, M., Rurka, M. M., & Hou, Y. (2019) · Network Science · doi:10.1017/nws.2019.31 · Cited by 12
“The MIXED procedure in SPSS 24 provides a mixed-effect model that can include both ﬁxed effects for predictors at the ego level (e.g., egos’ perceptions of favoritism) and random effects at the family level (e.g., race and gender composition of the sibship) (Allison, 2009; Heck et al., 2012).”
Method
Determinants of Middle School Students’ Participation in Shadow Education in Japan
Takashiro, N. (2021) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s11205-021-02628-4 · Cited by 12
“For three nominal categories in the current study, the independent variables had different relationships with the probabilities of an individual falling into the following out‐ come (Y) categories (Heck et al. 2012).”
Background
Seasonal Rearing Habitat in a Large Mediterranean‐Climate River: Management Implications at the Southern Extent of Pacific Salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.)
Merz, J. E., Delaney, D. G., Setka, J. D., & Workman, M. (2016) · River Research and Applications · doi:10.1002/rra.2969 · Cited by 11
“An unstructured matrix provides a separate coefficient for each covariance (Heck et al., 2012).”
Background
A register-based study of variations in services received among dental care attenders
Rosing, K., Hede, B., & Christensen, L. B. (2015) · Acta Odontologica Scandinavica · doi:10.3109/00016357.2015.1034771 · Cited by 12
Long‐Term Trends of Participation in Physical Activity During Adolescence With Educational Ambition and Attainment
Priesmeyer, J., Fedewa, A. L., & Toland, M. D. (2018) · Journal of School Health · doi:10.1111/josh.12709 · Cited by 13
Variations in Citizenship Profiling by Generational Status: Individual and Neighborhood Characteristics of Latina/os Questioned by Law Enforcement About Their Legal Status
Morales, M. C., Delgado, D., & Curry, T. R. (2018) · Race and Social Problems · doi:10.1007/s12552-018-9235-3 · Cited by 12
“The deviance statistic allows a comparison between nested models (Heck et al. 2013) and our results indicate that adding the Level 1 individual-level parameters decreases the deviance statistic indicating improved model fit from the unconditional model (Table 2).”
Result
The Effects of Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome on Language Delay from Birth to 10 Years
Miller, J. S., Anderson, J. G., Erwin, P. C., Davis, S. K., & Lindley, L. C. (2020) · Journal of Pediatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.pedn.2019.12.011 · Cited by 12
Internet Access and Voicing Opinions: The Moderating Roles of Age and the National Economy
Kim, H., & Joshanloo, M. (2020) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s11205-020-02298-8 · Cited by 12
Are high densities of fishes and shrimp associated with top‐down control of tropical benthic communities? A test in three Hong Kong streams
Ho, B. S. K., & Dudgeon, D. L. (2015) · Freshwater Biology · doi:10.1111/fwb.12678 · Cited by 13
Outsourcing within the Nordic context: Care services for older people in Finland
Puthenparambil, J. M. (2018) · Journal of Aging & Social Policy · doi:10.1080/08959420.2018.1465800 · Cited by 11
“The result showed a steep decrease in correlation coefficients whenever the time interval between measurements increased, which led to the conclusion that an autoregressive correlation matrix was an appropriate model (Heck et al., 2013).”
Background
Dietary Patterns among Older People and the Associations with Social Environment and Individual Factors in Taiwan: A Multilevel Analysis
Lin, Y.-H., Hsu, H., Bai, C., et al. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19073982 · Cited by 11
“The random effect of the model was assumed to be the individual factors nested in cities [31].”
Background
High But Not Low Probability of Gain Elicits a Positive Feeling Leading to the Framing Effect
Gosling, C. J., & Moutier, S. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00081 · Cited by 20
“This correlation structure assumes nonzero homogeneous within-subject correlations across choices (Heck et al., 2012).”
Background
The Harms That Drinkers Cause: Regional Variations Within Countries
Wilsnack, R. W., Kristjanson, A. F., Wilsnack, S. C., Bloomfield, K., Grittner, U., & Crosby, R. D. (2018) · The International Journal of Alcohol and Drug Research · doi:10.7895/ijadr.254 · Cited by 11
PrEP Implementation Behaviors of Community-Based HIV Testing Staff: A Mixed-Methods Approach Using Latent Class Analysis
Turner, D., Lockhart, E. A., Wang, W., Shore, R., Daley, E. M., & Marhefka, S. L. (2020) · JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes · doi:10.1097/qai.0000000000002289 · Cited by 11
Consequences of experimental addition of fresh, aromatic plants into nests of blue tits (Cyanistes caeruleus) on the physiological condition of nestlings
Glądalski, M., Bańbura, M., Kaliński, A., et al. (2020) · Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology · doi:10.1007/s00265-020-2812-7 · Cited by 11
“Linear mixed modeling was conducted using IBM SPSS Statistics 22 software (Heck et al. 2010, 2012; IBM SPSS Statistics 22 2013).”
Method
Vocational School Students' Aspirations for Higher Education and Selected Social Background Characteristics
Puzić, S., Šabić, J., & Odak, I. (2021) · Czech Sociological Review · doi:10.13060/csr.2021.039 · Cited by 11
Size matters: Unpacking the relationship between institutional investor size and private equity asset allocation within diverse institutional contexts
Cumming, D. J., Khan, M. Z., Khan, N. U., & Khan, Z. U. (2024) · Journal of International Financial Markets Institutions and Money · doi:10.1016/j.intfin.2024.101958 · Cited by 10
How do institutional and technological innovations influence the Smart City governance? Focused on stakeholder satisfaction and crime rate
Bokhari, S. A. A., & Seunghwan, M. (2024) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su16104246 · Cited by 20
Experienced and internalized weight stigma among Spanish adolescents
Anastasiadou, D. T., Tárrega, S., Fornieles-Deu, A., Montcada-Ribera, A., Bach-Faig, A., & Sánchez‐Carracedo, D. (2024) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-024-19246-7 · Cited by 13
“…evaluating empty models and the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), our findings revealed minimal variability both between courses and schools, with ICC values consistently below the threshold of 0.05, threshold often regarded as a conventional indicator of the presence of clustering [39].”
Influential
Examining the effects of moral distress, compassion fatigue and burnout on intention to leave among nursing students in Hong Kong: A cross-sectional study
Cheng, W. L. S., Tang, A. C. Y., & Siu, K. L.-S. (2024) · Applied Nursing Research · doi:10.1016/j.apnr.2024.151861 · Cited by 17
Implicit prosody and parsing in silent reading
Shafran, R. W. (2017) · Journal of Research in Reading · doi:10.1111/1467-9817.12124 · Cited by 10
Motivation and Achievement in Problem-Based Learning: The Role of Interest, Tutors, and Self-Directed Study
Wijnia, L. (2014) · RePub (Erasmus University Rotterdam) · doi:10.13140/rg.2.2.32805.55521 · Cited by 12
Multilevel Analysis of Road Accident Frequency: The Impact of the Road Category
Ghadi, M. Q. (2023) · International Journal of Transport Development and Integration · doi:10.18280/ijtdi.070207 · Cited by 9
“(3)) [37]. where, and are fixed-effect predictors of accident frequency at level-one and level-two, respectively. γ i0 is a coefficient of and γ 0j is a coefficient of The estimation of the level-two variance ( u 0j ) can judge whether groups are significantly different from each other.”
Influential
Don’t know what you’ve got ‘til it's gone? Skills-led qualifications, secondary school attainment and policy choices
Harrison, N., James, D., & Last, K. (2015) · Research Papers in Education · doi:10.1080/02671522.2014.1002526 · Cited by 9
Elementary school pupils’ aspirations for higher education: the role of status attainment, blocked opportunities and school context
Šabić, J., & Jokić, B. (2019) · Educational Studies · doi:10.1080/03055698.2019.1681941 · Cited by 10
Homecare for sick family members while waiting for medical help during the 2014-2015 Ebola outbreak in Sierra Leone: a mixed methods study
Schmidt-Hellerau, K., Winters, M., Lyons, P., Leigh, B., Jalloh, M. B., Sengeh, P., Sawaneh, A. B., Zeebari, Z., Salazar, M., Jalloh, M. F., et al. (2020) · BMJ Global Health · doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2020-002732 · Cited by 8
“39 For each of the two main outcomes, regression analysis was performed for each independent variable and as a multivariable analysis including all independent variables.”
An Ecological Framework for Item Responding Within the Context of a Youth Risk and Needs Assessment
Vo, T. T., & French, B. F. (2021) · Educational Measurement Issues and Practice · doi:10.1111/emip.12426 · Cited by 9
Nesting Height and Nest-Cup Volume Variation in Rufous Bush Chats ( Cercotrichas Galactotes ) Inhabiting Algerian Oases: Consequences for breeding success
Tabib, R., Adamou, A.-E., Ouakid, M. L., et al. (2016) · Avian Biology Research · doi:10.3184/175815516x14575520344993 · Cited by 9
“…nesting height and nest-cup volume affected breeding success, we built a generalised linear mixed model for a relevant binomial response variable characterising the number of fledglings in relation to clutch size, using logit link function and treating year as a random factor (Heck et al., 2012).”
Method
After the crisis: political protest in the aftermath of the economic recession
Vassallo, F. (2019) · Comparative European Politics · doi:10.1057/s41295-019-00156-7 · Cited by 9
“Understanding the role of economic variables To better understand how different predictors can explain protest, the next step in the analysis employs a multilevel logistic regression, with an ordinal outcome (Heck et al. 2012), for each of the selected waves (2006, 2008 and 2014).”
Method
Mehrebenenanalyse
Jäckle, S., & Schärdel, J. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-17189-6_6 · Cited by 9
Supply-side factors influencing demand for facility-based delivery in Tanzania: a multilevel analysis
Binyaruka, P., Foss, A. M., Alibrahim, A., Mziray, N., Cassidy, R., & Borghi, J. (2023) · Health Economics Review · doi:10.1186/s13561-023-00468-1 · Cited by 9
“The use of multilevel mixed-effect logistic regression, also termed a random effects model [43], assumes that there is greater variation in outcomes between women in the catchment area of different facilities than between women in the catchment area of the same facility, since the experience of…”
Method
Wrong polycentricity-right polycentricity?: Insights from an empirical study in Tehran metropolitan region, Iran
Doorudinia, A., Dadashpoor, H., & Meshkini, A. (2024) · Papers of the Regional Science Association · doi:10.1016/j.pirs.2024.100075 · Cited by 8
Reducing the risk of burnout in human service professions: identifying practical strategies to manage emotional demands: A mixed-methods study in Denmark
Andersen, L. P., Andersen, D. R., & Pihl‐Thingvad, J. (2025) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-025-25085-x · Cited by 9
The day-of-invitation effect on participation in web-based studies
Wolff, H., & Göritz, A. S. (2021) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-021-01716-0 · Cited by 9
“As GEEs use quasi-likelihood estimation procedures, it is not tenable to compare the fit of nested models by means of a likelihood ratio statistic (Heck et al., 2012).”
Method
What to Prefer in Patients with Multibracket Appliances? Digital vs. Conventional Full-Arch Impressions—A Reference Aid-Based In Vivo Study
Bock, N. C., Klaus, K., Liebel, M. M., et al. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm12093071 · Cited by 8
“Due to the heterogeneity of variances, the SPSS procedure GENLINMIXED was applied [35].”
Method
Lay explanations for poverty: A multilevel analysis of European public opinion (1976 – 2014)
Marquis, L. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-27043-8_15 · Cited by 8
Studies in the Efficacy of Motion Graphics: The Effects of Complex Animation on the Exposition Offered by Motion Graphics
Barnes, S. R. (2016) · Animation · doi:10.1177/1746847716637823 · Cited by 8
“…linear mixed modeling respects the relationships within repeatedly measured (or dependent) categorical data and allows the data to be linked to an appropriate statistical distribution during analysis: see Heck et al. (2012) for a review of generalized mixed modeling with categorical data.”
Background
Estudiantes Resilientes en el Área de Matemática: Examinando los Factores Protectores y de Riesgo en un País Emergente
Salvo-Garrido, S. I., Vargas, H., Urra, O., Gálvez-Nieto, J. L., & Miranda‐Zapata, E. (2020) · Revista Iberoamericana de Diagnóstico y Evaluación - e Avaliação Psicológica · doi:10.21865/ridep55.2.04 · Cited by 9
Footedness predicts escape performance in a passerine bird
Yu, G., Guo, J., Xie, W., et al. (2020) · Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.1002/ece3.6193 · Cited by 8
The influence of housing location on energy ratings price premium in Alicante, Spain
Céspedes-López, M. F., Perez-Sanchez, V. R., & García, R. T. M. (2022) · Ecological Economics · doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2022.107579 · Cited by 7
Prevalence and risk factors for pain‐specific school absenteeism in adolescents with recurrent pain: A prospective population‐based design
Owiredua, C., Flink, I. K., & Boersma, K. (2022) · European Journal of Pain · doi:10.1002/ejp.2065 · Cited by 8
“Furthermore, the interclass correlation values were quite small (ranging between 0.01 and 0.02) to indicate any substantial evidence for clustering at the class and school level (Heck et al., 2013).”
BackgroundInfluential
Accuracy of Adult Children’s Perceptions of Mothers’ Caregiver Preferences
Suitor, J. J., Gilligan, M., Rurka, M. M., et al. (2018) · The Gerontologist · doi:10.1093/geront/gny064 · Cited by 7
“We ran an intercept-only model, which provided the variance components to calculate the interclass correlation coefficients (Heck et al., 2012).”
Method
How Pharmacist Preceptors Foster Students’ Therapeutic Reasoning Using the One-Minute Preceptor Method
Lyons, K. M., McLaughlin, J. E., Wolcott, M. D., et al. (2019) · American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education · doi:10.5688/ajpe7212 · Cited by 7
“As the data have a nested structure ( ie, observations nested within students nested within preceptors), it would be ideal to use a multi-level model to analyze this data.(27)However,wewere unable to calculate a multilevel model because of the small sample size.”
Method
Population Diversity and Ancestral Diversity As Distinct Contributors to Outgroup Prejudice
Shrira, I. (2019) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167219880190 · Cited by 12
The impact of bedside handovers on relevant clinical indicators: A matched‐controlled multicentre longitudinal study
Malfait, S., Eeckloo, K., Opdorp, L. V., Biesen, W. V., & Hecke, A. V. (2020) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1111/jan.14406 · Cited by 7
Best Served Cold: Vengeful Attitudes and Violence among Finnish Adolescents
Lowe, C. C., Ellonen, N., Miller, B. L., & Peltonen, K. (2020) · Deviant Behavior · doi:10.1080/01639625.2020.1789379 · Cited by 15
Variation in egg-size traits of the European Roller (Coracias garrulus) in eastern Poland
Górski, A., Nowakowski, J. J., & Bańbura, J. (2015) · Ornis Fennica · doi:10.51812/of.133881 · Cited by 7
Leveraging social media content to support engagement in positive interventions
Sosik, V. S., & Cosley, D. (2014) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760.2014.910826 · Cited by 7
Predicting Community College Outcomes: Does High School CTE Participation Have a Significant Effect?
Dietrich, C. C., Lichtenberger, E. J., & Kamalludeen, R. (2017) · Journal of Career and Technical Education · doi:10.21061/jcte.v31i1.1506 · Cited by 7
“Heck, Thomas, and Tabata (2012) explain that grand mean centering “re-centers the individual’s standing on the predictor against the mean for the predictor in the sample.”
Background
Blurring Lines? How Locally Based Collaborations Handle the Redistribution/Development Tradeoff
Lyon, M. A., & Henig, J. R. (2017) · Urban Affairs Review · doi:10.1177/1078087417740704 · Cited by 7
Multilevel Generalized Mantel-Haenszel for Differential Item Functioning Detection
French, B. F., Finch, W. H., & Immekus, J. C. (2019) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2019.00047 · Cited by 7
“We note that the standard equation for the ICC is different for ordinal variables where the within variance is a constant (i.e., 3.29, Heck et al., 2013).”
BackgroundInfluential
Students with Socioeconomic Disadvantages who have Academic Success in Language: Examining Academic Resilience in South AmericaPreprint
Salvo-Garrido, S. I., Vargas, H. M., Urra, O. V., Gálvez-Nieto, J. L., & Miranda‐Zapata, E. (2019) · Preprints.org · doi:10.20944/preprints201912.0043.v1 · Cited by 6
“It is assumed that the errors have a multivariate normal distribution, with a mean vector 0 and matrix of variances and covariances ‘diagonal block’ [55].”
Background
Geospatial and multilevel clustering of zero-dose children in Kikwit, Democratic Republic of the Congo in 2022
Mutwadi, A. M., Madinga, J. N., Vanlerberghe, V., Kingebeni, P. M., & van der Sande, M. A. B. (2024) · PLOS Global Public Health · doi:10.1371/journal.pgph.0002617 · Cited by 6
“[43].”
Treatment completion and anxiety sensitivity effects on smoking cessation outcomes
Martínez-Vispo, C., López‐Durán, A., Rodríguez‐Cano, R., Senra, C., & Becoña, E. (2021) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2021.106856 · Cited by 6
Criminal nomadism: A neglected dimension of spatial mobility in sex offending
Michaud, P. A., Beauregard, É., & Proulx, J. (2022) · Journal of Criminal Justice · doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2022.101928 · Cited by 6
Are government employees more or less likely to venture? Evidence from China
Zhao, M., Sheng, S., & Yang, X. (2023) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2022.113629 · Cited by 6
Predicting adolescents' smoking status in Belgium: The role of music television viewing, gender, and school year
Beullens, K., & den Bulck, J. V. (2014) · Journal of Children and Media · doi:10.1080/17482798.2014.863481 · Cited by 6
“For these analyses, the procedures outlined by Heck, Thomas, and Tabata (2012) were followed.”
Method
La potencialidad de la Regresión Logística Multinivel. Una propuesta de aplicación en el análisis del estado de salud percibido
Noé, J. M. I. (2017) · Empiria Revista de metodología de ciencias sociales · doi:10.5944/empiria.36.2017.17865 · Cited by 6
Online patient-provider cannabis consultations
Gali, K., Narode, R., Young‐Wolff, K. C., et al. (2020) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2020.105987 · Cited by 6
The perception of emotional cues by children in artificial background noise
Parada‐Cabaleiro, E., Batliner, A. M., Baird, A., & Schuller, B. W. (2020) · International Journal of Speech Technology · doi:10.1007/s10772-020-09675-1 · Cited by 6
Explaining Variation in Adoption of FinTech Products and Services Among Citizens: A Multilevel Model
Krishna, B., & Krishnan, S. (2020) · IFIP advances in information and communication technology · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-64849-7_48 · Cited by 6
The Impact of Unit Membership on Smoking Among Soldiers
Toblin, R. L., Anderson, J. A., Riviere, L. A., et al. (2016) · Military Medicine · doi:10.7205/milmed-d-15-00063 · Cited by 6
Emotional reactivity to war stressors: An experience sampling study in people with and without different psychiatric diagnoses
Pickman, L. L., Gelkopf, M., & Greene, T. (2020) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.2978 · Cited by 6
The analysis of risk factors associated with multimorbidity of anaemia, malaria, and malnutrition among children aged 6- 59 months in NigeriaPreprint
Obasohan, P. E., Walters, S. J., Jacques, R., et al. (2023) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2023.04.10.23288389 · Cited by 6
Multidimensional Civic Engagement in Later Life in 32 European Countries—an Exploration of the Roles of Socio-Structural Resources and Welfare State Commitment
Näsman, M., Nyqvist, F., Nygård, M., Vercauteren, T., Dury, S., & Serrat, R. (2025) · Research on Aging · doi:10.1177/01640275251351016 · Cited by 5
“A value greater than .05 can be considered to indicate suf-ﬁ cient clustering at level 2 (Heck et al., 2014).”
Influence of habitat composition on nestling body condition and breeding success in European Pied Flycatchers ( Ficedula hypoleuca )
Glądalski, M., Cyżewska, I., Bańbura, M., et al. (2019) · Avian Biology Research · doi:10.1177/1758155919834466 · Cited by 5
Multilevel Modeling
Haumann, T., Kassemeier, R., & Wieseke, J. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-57413-4_18 · Cited by 7
The effects of individual-level and area-level socioeconomic status on preferences and behaviour in leisure time physical activities: a cross-sectional analysis of Chinese adults
Chen, N., Lee, K. J., Kim, J., & Tsai, C. L. (2022) · Leisure/Loisir · doi:10.1080/14927713.2022.2054459 · Cited by 6
“Generalized linear mixed modelling (GLMM) was utilized to conduct the two-level logistic regression model (Heck et al., 2012).”
MethodInfluential
The transfer accuracy of digital and conventional full-arch impressions influenced by fixed orthodontic appliances: a reference aid–based in vitro study
Schlenz, M. A., Klaus, K., Schmidt, A., et al. (2022) · Clinical Oral Investigations · doi:10.1007/s00784-022-04721-5 · Cited by 5
Religion und Sozialkapital in der Schweiz
Odermatt, A. (2023) · Politik und Religion · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-41147-3 · Cited by 6
HD-tDCS over the left DLPFC increases cued recall and subjective question familiarity rather than other aspects of memory and metamemory
Imperio, C. M., & Chua, E. F. (2023) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2023.148538 · Cited by 5
Associations between contextual factors and school engagement: a longitudinal study of profiles
Saracostti, M., de Toro, X., Miranda, H., V, Miranda‐Zapata, E., Lara, L., & Hernández, M. T. (2024) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2024.1365789 · Cited by 6
Older Dutch People's Self‐Reported Advance Euthanasia Directive Completion Before and After the Enactment of the Euthanasia Law: A Time Trend Study (1998–2011)
Evans, N., Pasman, H. R. W., Deeg, D. J. H., et al. (2015) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/jgs.13697 · Cited by 5
“Model specifications included a logit link function, exchangeable correlation matrix, and robust covariance matrix estimator.(7) Analyses were conducted in SPSS version 20 (IBM Software, Armonk, NY).”
Method
How Much Can Be Expected of One Child? Consequences of Multiplexity of Mothers’ Support Preferences on Adult Children’s Psychological Well-Being
Suitor, J. J., Gilligan, M., Peng, S., & Rurka, M. M. (2018) · Frontiers in sociology and social research · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-71544-5_13 · Cited by 6

Authors: Heck, R. H., Thomas, S., & Tabata, L.
ORCID: Heck, Ronald H
Venue: Routledge eBooks
Publisher: Routledge
Published: 2013-05-07
DOI: 10.4324/9780203808986
OpenAlex: W1586960195
Cited by: 316
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 5 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 29 · 2020: 34 · 2019: 36 · 2018: 34 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 29 · 2015: 22 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 2
FWCI: 5.22
Type: book
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Routledge eBooks (publishedVersion)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods and Bayesian Inference
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods and Applications
Keywords: multilevel modeling, categorical outcomes, generalized linear models, longitudinal data, multinomial data, ordinal data, count data, population-averaged models, SPSS, data management, model specification, model interpretation

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Multilevel Modeling of Categorical Outcomes Using IBM SPSS

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