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An Introduction to Applied Multivariate Analysis
Abstract
This comprehensive text introduces readers to the most commonly used multivariate techniques at an introductory, non-technical level. By focusing on the fundamentals, readers are better prepared for more advanced applied pursuits, particularly on topics that are most critical to the behavioral, social, and educational sciences. Analogies betwe
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“For multivariate normality, the Mardia's coefficient in this study was 294.28, lesser than the requisite maximum of 37 × 39 = 1443, which was suggested should be lesser than (k [k + 2], k is the number of observed variables) [46].”
From An Extended Theory of Planned Behavior for the Modelling of Chinese Secondary School Students’ Intention to Learn Artificial Intelligence (2020) · cites this paper as [46]
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Factors affecting EFL teachers’ affordance transfer of ICT resources in China
Ma, M., Jian-lin, C., Pei-yun, Z., & Wu, Y. (2019) · Interactive Learning Environments · doi:10.1080/10494820.2019.1709210 · Cited by 60
Assessing metacognition-based student feedback literacy for academic writing
Teng, M. F., & Ma, M. (2024) · Assessing Writing · doi:10.1016/j.asw.2024.100811 · Cited by 70
Individual Differences Predict Patterns in Spontaneous Involuntary Musical Imagery
Müllensiefen, D., Fry, J., Jones, R., Jilka, S., Stewart, L., & Williamson, V. J. (2012) · Music Perception An Interdisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1525/mp.2014.31.4.323 · Cited by 55
Analysing the Consumer Behavior Regarding Sustainable Fashion Using Theory of Planned Behavior
Sarıçam, C., & Okur, N. (2018) · Textile science and clothing technology · doi:10.1007/978-981-13-1265-6_1 · Cited by 54
Lien, Y., Chang, H., Kao, Y., Tzeng, N., Lu, C.-W., & Loh, C. (2017) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-017-0829-3 · Cited by 49
Sustainable marketing innovation and consumption: Evidence from cold chain food online retail
Su, M., Fang, M., Kim, J., et al. (2022) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.130806 · Cited by 48
Kumlander, S., Lahtinen, O., Turunen, T., & Salmivalli, C. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0207706 · Cited by 59
(In)Congruent Parent–Child Reports of Parental Behaviors and Later Child Outcomes
Trang, D. T., & Yates, T. M. (2020) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-020-01733-1 · Cited by 47
“These data points were “brought in” to be three standard deviations below the mean to maintain rank order and prevent undue influence (skewness=−1.333, kurtosis= 1.514; Raykov and Marcoulides 2008).”
BackgroundInfluentialFung, W. W., & Swanson, H. L. (2017) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/s13421-017-0697-0 · Cited by 52
“Because the chi-square test is sensitive to sample size and has a tendency to reject models that are only marginally inconsistent with the data examined, more emphasis was placed on the other reported fit criteria (Raykov & Marcoulides, 2008).”
MethodBlacher, J., Begum, G., Marcoulides, G. A., & Baker, B. L. (2013) · American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1352/1944-7558-118.2.141 · Cited by 50
“We note that because the chi-square test is notoriously sensitive to sample size and has a tendency to reject models that are only marginally inconsistent with the data, primary emphasis is placed on the other reported fit criteria (Raykov & Marcoulides, 2006, 2008).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationValidity and reliability of the Turkish version of the General Work Stress Scale
Teleş, M. (2020) · Journal of Nursing Management · doi:10.1111/jonm.13211 · Cited by 44
Krafft, A. M., Guse, T., & Maree, D. J. F. (2020) · Journal of Well-Being Assessment · doi:10.1007/s41543-020-00030-4 · Cited by 52
Diagnostic uncertainty, guilt, mood, and disability in back pain.
Serbic, D., Pincus, T., Fife‐Schaw, C., & Dawson, H. (2015) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/hea0000272 · Cited by 44
Childless lesbian and gay adults’ self-efficacy about achieving parenthood.
Riskind, R. G., Patterson, C. J., & Nosek, B. A. (2013) · Couple and Family Psychology Research and Practice · doi:10.1037/a0032011 · Cited by 44
An examination of the social cognitive model of well-being in Turkish college students
Işık, E., Ulubey, E., & Kozan, S. (2017) · Journal of Vocational Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2017.11.010 · Cited by 43
Uncovering Categories of Civically Engaged College Students: A Latent Class Analysis
Weerts, D. J., Cabrera, A. F., & Mejías, P. P. (2013) · Review of higher education/The review of higher education · doi:10.1353/rhe.2014.0008 · Cited by 44
“150 The Review of higheR educaTion Winter 2014 forehand (Raykov & Marcoulides, 2008).”
BackgroundTeo, T. P. (2010) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/0013164410378087 · Cited by 43
“The Mardia’s coefficient for the data in this study was 89.15, indicating multivariate normality of the data as the value was lower than the value of 360 computed based on the formula p ( p + 2) where p equals the number of observed variables in the model (Raykov & Marcoulides, 2008).”
MethodInfluentialSayıl, E. M., Akyol, A., & Şimşek, G. G. (2018) · Service Industries Journal · doi:10.1080/02642069.2018.1516755 · Cited by 54
Savcı, M., Turan, M. E., Griffiths, M. D., & Ercengiz, M. (2019) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-019-00139-5 · Cited by 54
“…fit, ≥ 0.95 good fit, ≥ 0.97 perfect fit TLI (NNFI) ≥ 0.90 acceptable fit, ≥ 0.95 good fit (Brown 2006; Cokluk et al. 2012; Hu and Bentler 1999; Kelloway 2015; Kline 2011; Raykov and Marcoulides 2008; Meydan and Şeşen 2011; Schumacker and Lomax 2004; Schermelleh-Engel et al. 2003, Sümer…”
BackgroundInfluentialChen, M., Chai, C. S., Jong, M. S., & Chao, G. C. N. (2021) · Education and Information Technologies · doi:10.1007/s10639-021-10582-4 · Cited by 45
“The recommended value in this study was 22 (24) = 528 (Raykov & Marcoulides, 2008).”
BackgroundAfari, E., Eksail, F. A. A., Khine, M. S., et al. (2023) · Education and Information Technologies · doi:10.1007/s10639-023-11679-8 · Cited by 41
“A measure of multivariate normality (Mardia’s coefficient) was less than the recommended value (Raykov & Marcoulides, 2008).”
MethodA systematic and critical review of research on respect in leadership
Rudolph, C. W., Katz, I. M., Ruppel, R., & Zacher, H. (2020) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2020.101492 · Cited by 41
Sun, Q., Zhang, L. J., & Carter, S. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.744842 · Cited by 54
Classification of breast tumor models with a prototype microwave imaging system
Conceição, R. C., Medeiros, H., Godinho, D. M., et al. (2020) · Medical Physics · doi:10.1002/mp.14064 · Cited by 40
Getting unwired: what drives travellers to take a digital detox holiday?
Jiang, Y., & Balaji, M. S. (2021) · Tourism Recreation Research · doi:10.1080/02508281.2021.1889801 · Cited by 42
“Multivariate normality is also supported, as the Mardia’s (1970) coefficient was 399.31, less than the threshold value of 1368 for 36 observed variables (Raykov & Marcoulides, 2008).”
BackgroundInfluentialINVESTIGATION OF CLASSIFIERS FOR EARLY-STAGE BREAST CANCER BASED ON RADAR TARGET SIGNATURES
Conceição, R. C., O’Halloran, M., Jones, E., et al. (2010) · Electromagnetic waves · doi:10.2528/pier10051904 · Cited by 40
“• Classification using both LDA [31, 33–36] and QDA approaches [33–36].”
Teng, M. F., & Zhang, L. J. (2024) · Language Awareness · doi:10.1080/09658416.2023.2300269 · Cited by 47
“The standardized loading estimates from all the factors to observed variables were higher than the benchmark value of .50, implying an acceptable effect size (Raykov & Marcoulides, 2008).”
Camacho, T. C., Medina, M. A., Rivas‐Drake, D., & Jagers, R. J. (2017) · Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/casp.2338 · Cited by 39
Bordini, D., Paula, C. S., da Cunha, G. R., Caetano, S. C., Bagaiolo, L., Ribeiro, T. C., Martone, M. C. C., Portolese, J., Moya, A. C., Brunoni, D., et al. (2020) · Journal of Intellectual Disability Research · doi:10.1111/jir.12759 · Cited by 43
Tuấn, L. T., & Ngan, V. T. (2020) · Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services · doi:10.1016/j.jretconser.2020.102421 · Cited by 43
The exposure-crossover design is a new method for studying sustained changes in recurrent events
Redelmeier, D. A. (2013) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2013.05.003 · Cited by 37
Nayak, R., Shenoy, V. P., & Galigekere, R. R. (2010) · International Conference on Systems in Medicine and Biology (ICSMB) · doi:10.1109/icsmb.2010.5735390 · Cited by 36
“Color-based segmentation involves classification in the HSI color-space, using Mahalanobis distance [8,9].”
MethodProfessional Identity Development in Counseling Professionals
Woo, H., Lu, J., Harris, C., & Cauley, B. (2017) · Counseling Outcome Research and Evaluation · doi:10.1080/03054985.2017.1297184 · Cited by 52
“In addition, because each variable in this study represents an abstract construct instead of a concrete one (i.e., distance), there is little likelihood that data transformation would change the underlying meaning of the results (Raykov & Marcoulides, 2008).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSwanson, H. L., Olide, A. F., & Kong, J. E. (2017) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/edu0000252 · Cited by 36
“…that to support model fit a consensus among the following is needed: a non-significant χ2 goodness-of-fit value; a CFI > .90; a TLI > .90; an RMSEA below .05 with the left endpoint of its 90% confidence interval markedly smaller than .05 (e.g., Hu & Bentler, 1999; Raykov & Marcoulides, 2008).”
BackgroundYeo, S., Rutherford, T. A., & Campbell, T. G. (2022) · Education and Information Technologies · doi:10.1007/s10639-022-11073-w · Cited by 41
“The multivariate normality of the data was assumed based on the kurtosis coefficient (8.34), which was lower than 288 calculated through the formula m ( m + 2), where m (=16) refers to the number of measured items in the model (Raykov & Marcoulides, 2008).”
MethodInfluentialFactorial invariance across gender of a perceived ICT literacy scale
Lau, W. W. F., & Yuen, A. H. K. (2015) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2015.06.001 · Cited by 43
Students’ perceptions of the learning environment in tertiary science classrooms in Myanmar
Khine, M. S., Fraser, B. J., Afari, E., et al. (2017) · Learning Environments Research · doi:10.1007/s10984-017-9250-0 · Cited by 35
“The value of the Mardia’s coefficient (a standard measure of multivariate normality) obtained in this study was less than [p (p ? 2)] where p = the number of observed variables in the model (Raykov and Marcoulides 2008).”
ResultThe role of time in the acceptance of MOOCs among Chinese university students
Teo, T. P., & Dai, H. M. (2019) · Interactive Learning Environments · doi:10.1080/10494820.2019.1674889 · Cited by 41
Şencan, H., & FİDAN, Y. (2020) · Business And Management Studies An International Journal · doi:10.15295/bmij.v8i1.1395 · Cited by 35
Interval Estimation of Revision Effect on Scale Reliability via Covariance Structure Modeling
Raykov, T. (2009) · Structural Equation Modeling A Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1080/10705510903008337 · Cited by 34
“This feature of Equation 7 follows from the well-known duality between hypothesis test and confidence interval (e.g., Raykov & Marcoulides, 2008).”
BackgroundSelf-citationHow teachers’ personality affect on their behavioral intention to use tablet PC
Camadan, F., Reisoğlu, İ., Ursavaş, Ö. F., & McIlroy, D. (2017) · International Journal of Information and Learning Technology · doi:10.1108/ijilt-06-2017-0055 · Cited by 34
Scale Development and Validation for Measuring the Adoption of Mobile Banking Services
Chawla, D., & Joshi, H. (2019) · Global Business Review · doi:10.1177/0972150918825205 · Cited by 36
“This is done by comparing Mardia’s coefficient to a value computed based on the formula p ( p + 2) where p equals the number of observed variables in the model (Raykov & Marcoulides, 2008).”
MethodBest (but oft forgotten) practices: sample size planning for powerful studies
Anderson, S. F. (2019) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/nqz058 · Cited by 34
Khlaisang, J., Songkram, N., Huang, F., & Teo, T. P. (2021) · Interactive Learning Environments · doi:10.1080/10494820.2021.1993933 · Cited by 38
“Multivariate normality was assessed by computing Mardia ’ s coe ffi cient (321.72), which is less than the value of 2115 derived from the formula p ( p +2), where p stands for the number of indicators (Raykov & Marcoulides, 2012).”
MethodInfluentialThe hybrid multivariate analysis method for damage detection
Yang, Z.-B., Chen, X., Xie, Y. G., & Zhang, X. (2015) · Structural Control and Health Monitoring · doi:10.1002/stc.1758 · Cited by 33
Milutinović, V. (2022) · Education and Information Technologies · doi:10.1007/s10639-022-10887-y · Cited by 42
“For the present sample data, the Mardia’s coefficient was 414.61, which was lower than 1520, as computed using the formula p (p + 2), where p (38) is the model’s number of observed items (Raykov & Marcoulides, 2008).”
MethodInfluentialEffect of propagule pressure on recovery of a C alifornia grassland after an extreme disturbance
Larios, L., Aicher, R. J., & Suding, K. N. (2013) · Journal of Vegetation Science · doi:10.1111/jvs.12039 · Cited by 33
Scale Reliability Evaluation With Heterogeneous Populations
Raykov, T., & Marcoulides, G. A. (2014) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/0013164414558587 · Cited by 33
“…Raykov & Marcoulides, 2004), provide each a range of plausible values of the corresponding scale reliability class difference in the overall population under investigation (and could also be used for hypothesis testing, in particular of simple or point hypotheses; e.g., Raykov & Marcoulides, 2008).”
BackgroundSelf-citationParental Education Level Positively Affects Self-Esteem of Turkish Adolescents
Şahin, E., Barut, Y., & Ersanli, E. (2013) · Journals & Books Hosting (International Knowledge Sharing Platform) · Cited by 32
Lien, Y., Chang, H., Kao, Y., Tzeng, N., Yeh, C., & Loh, C. (2017) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/sltb.12384 · Cited by 40
Tsaousis, I., Zouraraki, C., Karamaouna, P., Karagiannopoulou, L., & Giakoumaki, S. G. (2015) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2015.06.003 · Cited by 31
“Multivariate normality was assessed using the Mardia measure of multivariate kurtosis [62], using as cut-off criterion the formula p (p+2), where p equals the number of observed variables in the model [63].”
MethodDimitrova, R., Ferrer‐Wreder, L., & Trost, K. (2015) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2015.10.014 · Cited by 31
“Kurtosis and skewness values at the scale level for all informants did not exceed an absolute value of two (Raykov & Marcoulides, 2008).”
Drimili, E., Gareiou, Ζ., Vranna, A., et al. (2019) · Urban Water Journal · doi:10.1080/1573062x.2019.1669194 · Cited by 31
“PCA is a useful statistical tool for reducing the initial variables (Raykov and Marcoulides 2008).”
MethodSun, P. P. (2022) · TESOL Quarterly · doi:10.1002/tesq.3132 · Cited by 31
Evaluation of Features and Classifiers for Classification of Early-stage Breast Cancer
Conceição, R. C., O’Halloran, M., Glavin, M., & Jones, E. (2010) · Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications · doi:10.1163/156939311793898350 · Cited by 31
Zhang, Y., Tian, Y., Yao, L., Duan, C., Sun, X., & Niu, G. (2023) · Teaching and Teacher Education · doi:10.1016/j.tate.2023.104167 · Cited by 30
Propensity Score Analysis With Fallible Covariates
Raykov, T. (2012) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/0013164412440999 · Cited by 30
“One can submit that this error will be smaller in cases where the fallible covariates are associated with higher commonality, leading to better true score estimates (Johnson & Wichern, 2002; Raykov & Marcoulides, 2008).”
BackgroundSelf-citationParametric Optimization in Rougher Flotation Performance of a Sulfidized Mixed Copper Ore
Azizi, A., Masdarian, M., Hassanzadeh, A., Bahri, Z., Niedoba, T., & Surowiak, A. (2020) · Minerals · doi:10.3390/min10080660 · Cited by 35
The utility of item response modeling in marketing research
Raykov, T., & Calantone, R. J. (2014) · Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science · doi:10.1007/s11747-014-0391-8 · Cited by 30
“Accordingly, for each item there is a corresponding (symmetric) information matrix associated with its parameters that is of size up to 2 × 2 (in the 2PL-model of main relevance in marketing and business research; e.g., Raykov and Marcoulides 2008, ch. 2).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationHarvey, P. D., Raykov, T., Twamley, E. W., Vella, L., Heaton, R. K., & Patterson, T. L. (2013) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617713000179 · Cited by 32
“All analyses performed used the Full Information Maximum Likelihood method of model fitting and parameter estimation (e.g., Raykov & Marcoulides, 2008).”
MethodSelf-citationde Colombia, U. N., Carrillo, G. M., Herrera, B. S., et al. (2015) · Investigación y Educación en Enfermería · doi:10.17533/udea.iee.v33n3a08 · Cited by 30
Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology Model (UTAUT)
Ursavaş, Ö. F. (2022) · Springer texts in education · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-10846-4_6 · Cited by 29
Raykov, T. (2011) · Structural Equation Modeling A Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1080/10705511.2011.534319 · Cited by 29
“…7): ¡ D 1=.1 C e ›/: (10) 2When alternatively the simple hypothesis H0: ¡ D ¡0 is of interest to test, one can also use the duality principle between CI and hypothesis testing and employ the following CI in Equation (11), at a corresponding confidence level; (e.g., Raykov & Marcoulides, 2008).”
BackgroundSelf-citationInvestigating the antecedents of engagement in online learning: do achievement emotions matter?
Bakır-Yalçın, E., & Usluel, Y. K. (2023) · Education and Information Technologies · doi:10.1007/s10639-023-11995-z · Cited by 30
“Using the Raykov and Marcoulides (2008) formula, p ( p + 2) was calculated as 3599.”
Understanding Chinese University EFL Learners' Perceptions of AI in English Writing
Liang, J., Huang, F., & Teo, T. P. (2024) · International Journal of Computer-Assisted Language Learning and Teaching · doi:10.4018/ijcallt.358918 · Cited by 39
“To assess the multivariate normality of the observed variables, we calculated the multivariate kurtosis value, which was 277.861, less than the recommended value ( p [ p + 2]) by Raykov and Marcoulides (2008), where p stands for the total number of observed items (30 [32] = 960).”
InfluentialDevelopment and psychometric appraisal of the Pain Management Self‐Efficacy Questionnaire
Macindo, J. R. B., Soriano, C. A. F., Gonzales, H. R. M., Simbulan, P. J. T., Torres, G. C. S., & Que, J. C. (2018) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1111/jan.13582 · Cited by 29
Maciel-Monteón, M., Limón-Romero, J., Gastelum-Acosta, C., Tlapa, D., Baez-Lopez, Y. A., & Lamphar, H. A. S. (2019) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2019.2962521 · Cited by 31
“Factor analysis is a statistical methodology that addresses indirectly observable variables such as constructs [30] and is used to assess the reliability and validity of the construct [11], [30], [32], [33].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialZhang, X. S., & Zhang, L. J. (2022) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su142214686 · Cited by 35
Young Children With ASD: Parent Strategies for Interaction During Adapted Book Reading Activity
Tipton, L. A., Blacher, J. B., & Eisenhower, A. (2016) · Remedial and Special Education · doi:10.1177/0741932516677831 · Cited by 27
“Raykov and Marcoulides (2008) recommended oblique rotations when using the maximum likelihood method because the factors are assumed to be correlated to some extent (Whitehurst et al., 1988) and because the oblique rotation maximizes the factor loadings for each factor.”
MethodInfluentialLeggat, S. G., Karimi, L., & Bartram, T. (2017) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-017-2718-x · Cited by 35
“09) meets the multivariate normality assumptions by comparing it with the formula p(p+2) where p is the number of observed variables in the model [46].”
BackgroundResultDimitrova, R., Buzea, C., Wiium, N., Kosic, M., Ștefenel, D., & Chen, B. (2021) · Springer series on child and family studies · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-70262-5_18 · Cited by 27
Karatepe, O. M., & Kim, T. T. (2022) · Tourism Management Perspectives · doi:10.1016/j.tmp.2022.101065 · Cited by 30
Body shape analysis and identification of key dimensions for apparel sizing systems
Zakaria, N. (2014) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1533/9780857096890.1.95 · Cited by 27
Paulson, D. L., Shah, M., Herring, D., Scott, R. G., Herrera, M. J., Brush, D., & Bassett, R. (2017) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.4746 · Cited by 27
Zhang, X., Wang, Y., & Leung, S.-O. (2022) · Technology, Pedagogy and Education · doi:10.1080/1475939x.2022.2152861 · Cited by 19
“In this study, Mardia’s value was 196.181, which is lower than the value of 255 calculated based on the formula p ( p + 2) ( p means the number of observed valuables; Raykov & Marcoulides, 2008).”
InfluentialTeaching Traditions in Science Teachers’ Practices and the Introduction of National Testing
Lidar, M., Karlberg, M., Almqvist, J., et al. (2017) · Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.1080/00313831.2017.1306802 · Cited by 26
“Since the data for Subscale 2 were non-normal and had a kurtosis value above an absolute value of two, non-parametric tests were used in the comparison (Raykov & Marcoulides, 2008).”
MethodZakaria, N., & Ruznan, W. S. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-102604-5.00004-4 · Cited by 26
Psychological effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on Wuhan’s high school students
Yang, D., Swekwi, U., Tu, C.-C., & Dai, X.-Y. (2020) · Children and youth services review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105634 · Cited by 25
Digital Storytelling: Changing Learners’ Attitudes and Self-efficacy Beliefs
Tecedor, M. (2023) · Applied Linguistics · doi:10.1093/applin/amad002 · Cited by 27
Essential Unidimensionality Examination for Multicomponent Scales
Raykov, T., & Pohl, S. (2013) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/0013164412470451 · Cited by 25
“Indeed, as is well known, within the framework of factor analysis one of the characteristic features of common factors is their ability to explain interrelationships between observed variables (e.g., Bartholomew, Knott, & Moustaki, 2011; Raykov & Marcoulides, 2008, 2011).”
BackgroundSelf-citationSkinner, E. A., & Saxton, E. A. (2020) · International Journal of Behavioral Development · doi:10.1177/0165025419896423 · Cited by 25
Islam, M. M. (2013) · Annals of Human Biology · doi:10.3109/03014460.2012.760649 · Cited by 24
Correa, E. S., Sletta, H., Ellis, D. I., Hoel, S., Ertesvåg, H., Ellingsen, T. E., Valla, S., & Goodacre, R. (2012) · Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry · doi:10.1007/s00216-012-6068-6 · Cited by 24
An Integrated Approach for Preservice Teachers’ Acceptance and Use of Technology: UTAUT-PST Scale
Yurdakul, I. K., Ursavaş, Ö. F., & İşçitürk, G. B. (2014) · Eurasian Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.14689/ejer.2014.55.2 · Cited by 24
Saturated Versus Just Identified Models
Raykov, T., Marcoulides, G. A., & Patelis, T. (2012) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/0013164412457367 · Cited by 23
“0 (e.g., Raykov & Marcoulides, 2008; this loss of generality of the following argument; proof that such a choice is possible, can be obtained from the authors on request).”
BackgroundSelf-citationKorur, F., Toker, Ş., & Eryılmaz, A. (2016) · Journal of Science Education and Technology · doi:10.1007/s10956-016-9618-4 · Cited by 24
BAKİ, Y. (2017) · TED EĞİTİM VE BİLİM · doi:10.15390/eb.2017.7223 · Cited by 23
“In examining the assumption of multivariable normality, Mardia's normalized multivariate kurtosis coefficient was calculated (Raykov & Marcoulides, 2008).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialDevelopment and validation of a genre-based second language (L2) writing self-efficacy scale
Zhang, J., Zhang, L. J., & Zhu, Y. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181196 · Cited by 31
“Before conducting CFA on all 16 items in the GL2WSS scale, we examined the multivariate normality by using Mardia’s kurtosis value, whose critical ratio is 1.96 (Raykov and Marcoulides, 2008).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialNink, S., Hill, J., Buddenbaum, H., Stoffels, J., Sachtleber, T., & Langshausen, J. (2015) · Remote Sensing · doi:10.3390/rs70912009 · Cited by 23
Beach, K. D., & O’Connor, R. E. (2013) · Journal of Learning Disabilities · doi:10.1177/0022219413495451 · Cited by 23
Lalor, J., Lorenzi, F., & Rami, J. (2015) · Eurasian Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.14689/ejer.2015.58.6 · Cited by 40
Gerpott, T. J., & Meinert, P. (2015) · Telecommunications Policy · doi:10.1016/j.telpol.2015.09.004 · Cited by 23
Changing Attitudes Toward People With Disabilities Using Public Media: An Experimental Study
Lu, J., Webber, W. B., Romero, D. E., & Chirino, C. (2017) · Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0034355217700820 · Cited by 23
“Bartlett’s test of sphericity yielded a significant result, which signifies the appropriateness to proceed with factor analysis (Raykov & Marcoulides, 2008).”
MethodFactor Structure of the Gratitude Questionnaire in a Spanish Sample
Magallares, A., Recio, P., & Sanjuán, P. (2018) · The Spanish Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1017/sjp.2018.55 · Cited by 23
Katrancı, Y., & Şengül, S. (2019) · TED EĞİTİM VE BİLİM · doi:10.15390/eb.2019.7315 · Cited by 17
Vascular depression and frailty: a compound threat to longevity among older-old women
Paulson, D. L., & Lichtenberg, P. A. (2013) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2013.799115 · Cited by 23
“We tested a model of temporal change that uses the intercept-and-slope model (Raudenbush & Bryk, 2002; Raykov & Marcoulides, 2008).”
MethodFaith and Sustainability: Exploring Religiosity’s Impact on Intentions to Reduce Food Waste
Baran, T., Lupu, C., & Privitera, D. S. (2024) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su16114852 · Cited by 25
Determinants of Affective Factors in Mathematics Achievement: Structural Equation Modeling Approach
Khine, M. S., Al-Mutawah, M. A., & Afari, E. (2015) · Journal of Studies in Education · doi:10.5296/jse.v5i2.7484 · Cited by 22
“As suggested by Raykov & Marcoulides, 2008, this value was less than p (p + 2) where p = total number of observed indicators; 20(22) = 440.”
BackgroundLatent Growth Modeling for Information Systems: Theoretical Extensions and Practical Applications
Zheng, Z., Pavlou, P. A., & Gu, B. (2014) · Information Systems Research · doi:10.1287/isre.2014.0528 · Cited by 23
“Detailed criteria for evaluation of model fitness based on these indices can be found in Hu and Bentler (1999), Marcoulides and Hershberger (1997), and Raykov and Marcoulides (2008).”
BackgroundMethodHeberle, T., Ávila, B. P., do Nascimento, L. Á., et al. (2022) · Applied Food Research · doi:10.1016/j.afres.2022.100142 · Cited by 21
Metadata
- Authors
- Raykov, T., & Marcoulides, G. A.
- ORCID
- Raykov, Tenko
- Venue
- Routledge eBooks
- Publisher
- Routledge
- Published
- 2008-03-10
- OpenAlex
- W619790032
- Cited by
- 716
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 30 · 2025: 54 · 2024: 48 · 2023: 52 · 2022: 55 · 2021: 51 · 2020: 52 · 2019: 57 · 2018: 34 · 2017: 38 · 2016: 42 · 2015: 52 · 2014: 36 · 2013: 50 · 2012: 19
- FWCI
- 5.12
- Type
- book
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Routledge eBooks (publishedVersion)
- CERN Document Server (European Organization for Nuclear Research) (submittedVersion)
- Routledge eBooks
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods and Applications
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Advanced Statistical Methods and Models
- Keywords
- multivariate analysis, multivariate techniques, behavioral science, social sciences, educational sciences, statistical analysis
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