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Land Reform in Developing Countries: Property Rights and Property Wrongs
Abstract
Land reforms are laws that are intended, and likely, to cut poverty by raising the poor’s share of land rights. That raises questions about property rights as old as moral philosophy, and issues of efficiency and fairness that dominate policy from Bolivia to Nepal. Classic reforms directly transfer land from rich to poor. However, much else has been marketed as land reform: the restriction of tenancy, but also its de-restriction; collectivisation, but also de-collectivisation; land consolidation, but also land division. In 1955-2000, genuine land reform affected over a billion people, and almost as many hectares. Is land reform still alive, for example in Bolivia, South Africa and Nepal? Or is it dead and, if so, is this because it has succeeded, or because it has failed? There has been massive research on land reform and this book builds on some surprising findings. Small farms’ share in land is rising in most of Asia and Africa. This is not driven (as widely claimed) by growth in rural population or farm productivity, but by the relative efficiency of small farms, and in some cases by land reform. Whether land reform helps the poor depends not only on land transfers, but at least as much on its effects through employment, non-farm activity, GDP growth and distribution, as well as the village status and power of the poor. Avoidance, evasion and even distortion of land reform laws sometimes advance their main aims. Liberalisation and its accompaniments (such as supermarkets) can be powerful friends or fatal foes of small farms and land reform. This book will be of great interest to students, researchers and consultants working on agriculture, farm organisation, rural development and poverty reduction, with special emphasis on developing countries.
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“Various scholars have noted that the misgivings that prevail about small-scale farming influence land (reform) policies in many countries (Hughes, 2006;Scott, 1998), despite growing evidence of small holder productivity (Lipton, 2009).”
From Land Reform in Southern Africa: Myths, Visions and the Harsh Realities of Development and Justice: Review Essay: Land Reform in Southern Africa (2011) · cites this paper as Lipton, 2009
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Asongu, S. A., & Nguena, C. (2015) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2586628 · Cited by 8
“According to the narrative, economists have emphasized the relevance of a smallholder poverty reduction structure because majority of the poor are still based in local areas (World Bank, 2007; Lipton, 2009).”
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“According to the narrative, economists have emphasized the relevance of a smallholder poverty reduction structure because majority of the poor are still based in local areas (World Bank 2007; Lipton 2009).”
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“The formalization and clarification of land rights in poor countries have been advocated by global North states for generations (Lipton, 2009).”
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Larson, D. F., Muraoka, R., & Otsuka, K. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-42148-9_4 · Cited by 8
“Furthermore, there is evidence, mostly from Asia, that an agrarian structure composed mainly of small farms is a better foundation for technology diffusion and overall economic growth (Lipton 2009, Chap.”
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“The term land reform, however, covers a wide spectrum of ownership structural changes from small adjustments through to the breaking up of large estates and distribution of their lands to small farmers in (forced) collectivisation (Albertus, 2015; Barlowe, 1953; Eckstein, 1954–1955; Lipton, 2009).”
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Jin, S., Yadav, V., & Deininger, K. (2011) · UNU Collections (United Nations University) · Cited by 5
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“In addition, locally organised peasants can resist powerful landlords, contributing to deploy reform where the state is weak (Lipton, 2009, p. 62, Finkel et al., 2015).”
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“It mainly results in laws that are ena cted to increase the poor’s rights to land, thereby reducing poverty (Lipton, 2009; Manenzhe et al ., 2016).”
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“These measures have been known to increase inequality, even as they lead to short-term gains in economic growth (Lipton, 2009).”
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“As a result, many developing countries that traditionally lack clear property rights have been reforming their land systems to grant more explicit and secured land rights to rural households (Lipton 2009).”
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“…secure tenure, such as we have found in this study, undermines the potential of land reform to achieve its intended outcomes: reduced poverty, improved rural liveli-hoods, and stronger local economic linkages (Lipton 2009; Binswanger, Deininger, and Feder 1995; Borras, Kay, and Lahiff 2008).”
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“Lipton (2009) shows the positive effect on growth of egalitarian rural regimes in a large sample of countries.”
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“Lipton (2009) confirms that land reform is about instituting ‘laws with the main aim of reducing poverty by substantially increasing the proportion of farmland controlled by the poor, and thereby their income, power, or status’.”
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“…of land reform—the focus of this paper—aims to redistribute land rights from state-owned and private, usually fallow, large landholdings to the landless, tenants, small-scale farmers, or historical indigenous landowners (Lipton 2009; Sikor and Muller 2009; Borras and Franco 2010; Pedersen 2012).”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Lipton, M.
- Affiliations
- University of Sussex (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Lipton, Michael
- Venue
- Routledge eBooks
- Publisher
- Routledge
- Published
- 2009-06-24
- OpenAlex
- W2798728184
- Cited by
- 244
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 30 · 2020: 35 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 10.50
- Type
- book
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Routledge eBooks (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Soil Science › Land Rights and Reforms
- Social Sciences › Development › Agriculture, Land Use, Rural Development
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › General Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Agricultural Innovations and Practices
- Keywords
- land reform, property rights, land redistribution, smallholder farming, poverty reduction, rural development, land tenure, land consolidation, land division, collectivization, rural employment, off-farm activities, developing countries
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