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Sacred Ecology
Abstract
Sacred Ecology examines bodies of knowledge held by indigenous and other rural peoples around the world, and asks how we can learn from this knowledge and ways of knowing. Berkes explores the importance of local and indigenous knowledge as a complement to scientific ecology, and its cultural and political significance for indigenous groups themselves. With updates of relevant links for further learning and over 180 new references, the fourth edition gives increased voice to indigenous authors, and reflects the remarkable increase in published local observations of climate change.
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“A wide range of practices of Indigenous Peoples and local communities maintain and enhance wild and domestic biodiversity.”
From Pervasive human-driven decline of life on Earth points to the need for transformative change (2019) · cites this paper as [116]
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“Doing so will likely enable the identification of new objectives and parameters for models to fit better with the realities of conservation practice58–63.”
From Connectivity modelling in conservation science: a comparative evaluation (2022) · cites this paper as [61]
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“Two‐Eyed Seeing”: An Indigenous framework to transform fisheries research and management
Reid, A. J., Eckert, L. E., Lane, J., Young, N., Hinch, S. G., Darimont, C. T., Cooke, S. J., Ban, N. C., & Marshall, A. (2021) · Fish and Fisheries · doi:10.1111/faf.12516 · Cited by 652
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Scientists' Warning to Humanity on Threats to Indigenous and Local Knowledge Systems
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Disentangling ‘ecosystem services’ and ‘nature’s contributions to people’
Kadykalo, A. N., López-Rodríguez, M. D., Ainscough, J., Droste, N., Ryu, H., Ávila-Flores, G., Clec’h, S. L., Muñoz, M. C., Nilsson, L., Rana, S., et al. (2019) · Ecosystems and People · doi:10.1080/26395916.2019.1669713 · Cited by 336
“For example, the context-specific perspective implies a puzzling enigma: context-specific worldviews or cosmologies have their own concept of how and what the world is and how humans fit in (Berkes 2017).”
BackgroundIncorporate Indigenous perspectives for impactful research and effective management
Ban, N. C., Frid, A., Reid, M., Edgar, B., Shaw, D., & Siwallace, P. (2018) · Nature Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1038/s41559-018-0706-0 · Cited by 246
Towards reconciliation: 10 Calls to Action to natural scientists working in Canada
Wong, C., Ballegooyen, K., Ignace, L., Johnson, M. J. (., & Swanson, H. K. (2020) · FACETS · doi:10.1139/facets-2020-0005 · Cited by 229
“We focus on natural scientists because of the strong connections between Indigenous peoples and the land (Berkes 2017; Ban et al. 2018).”
BackgroundReyes-García, V., Fernández-Llamazares, Á., Aumeeruddy-Thomas, Y., Benyei, P., Bussmann, R., Diamond, S. K., García-del-Amo, D., Guadilla-Sáez, S., Hanazaki, N., Kosoy, N., et al. (2021) · Ambio · doi:10.1007/s13280-021-01561-7 · Cited by 185
“For example, sacred forests -where no extractive activities occur- are common in IPLC lands and allow for the maintenance of forest cover and structure (Samakov and Berkes 2017).”
BackgroundAdaptation to Climate Change: Does Traditional Ecological Knowledge Hold the Key?
Hosen, N., Nakamura, H., & Hamzah, A. (2020) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su12020676 · Cited by 201
Jenkins, W., Tarrant, K., Veldman, R. G., & Zuckerman, D. (2018) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780197851746.003.0984 · Cited by 232
Effective Biodiversity Conservation Requires Dynamic, Pluralistic, Partnership-Based Approaches
Gavin, M. C., McCarter, J., Berkes, F., Mead, A. T. P., Sterling, E. J., Tang, R., & Turner, N. J. (2018) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su10061846 · Cited by 224
Self-citationReduced deforestation and degradation in Indigenous Lands pan-tropically
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Banerjee, S., & Arjaliès, D.-L. (2021) · Organization Theory · doi:10.1177/26317877211036714 · Cited by 126
“Relational values ‘are not present in things but derivative of relationships and responsibilities to them’ (Chan et al., 2016, p. 1462; Tadaki, Sinner, & Chan, 2017; cited in Berkes, 2017, p. 296).”
BackgroundCognitive imperialism in artificial intelligence: counteracting bias with indigenous epistemologies
Ofosu-Asare, Y. (2025) · AI & SOCIETY · doi:10.1007/s00146-024-02065-0 · Cited by 97
“Moreover, indigenous social systems, often based on principles of collective ownership and stewardship, present alternative models for community organisation and resource management that challenge dominant economic paradigms (Berkes 2017).”
Overcoming racism in the twin spheres of conservation science and practice
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Connectivity modelling in conservation science: a comparative evaluation
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Unnithan Kumar, S., Turnbull, J., Hartman Davies, O., Hodgetts, T., & Cushman, S. A. (2022) · Landscape Ecology · doi:10.1007/s10980-022-01504-x · Cited by 71
Developing biocultural indicators for resource management
Dacks, R. S., Ticktin, T., Mawyer, A., Caillon, S., Claudet, J., Fabre, P., Jupiter, S. D., McCarter, J., Mejia, M., Pascua, P., et al. (2019) · Conservation Science and Practice · doi:10.1111/csp2.38 · Cited by 81
“This conceptualization is compatible with the worldviews of diverse communities, including those of many Indigenous peoples (Strathern, 1980), whose placebased ecological expertise is increasingly recognized for its contributions to resource management and conservation science (Berkes, 2017).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialBraga‐Pereira, F., Morcatty, T. Q., Bizri, H. R. E., Tavares, A. S., Roncal, C. M., González‐Crespo, C., Bertsch, C., Rodriguez, C. R., Bardales‐Alvites, C., von Mühlen, E. M., et al. (2021) · Methods in Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.1111/2041-210x.13773 · Cited by 64
“The integration of natural and social science methodologies in conservation studies has gained traction over the past three decades, mainly through the ‘citizen science’ and the ‘ethnoscience’ approaches (Berkes, 2017).”
BackgroundTraditional medicinal plants in South Tyrol (northern Italy, southern Alps): biodiversity and use
Petelka, J., Plagg, B., Säumel, I., & Zerbe, S. (2020) · Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine · doi:10.1186/s13002-020-00419-8 · Cited by 64
What is sacred in sacred natural sites? A literature review from a conservation lens
Nieto, J. T., & de Diego, A. M. (2023) · Ecology and Society · doi:10.5751/es-13823-280112 · Cited by 56
Impacts of colonization on Indigenous food systems in Canada and the United States: a scoping review
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Heredia-R, M., Torres, B., Cayambe, J., Ramos, N., Luna, M., & Díaz‐Ambrona, C. G. H. (2020) · Agronomy · doi:10.3390/agronomy10121973 · Cited by 60
Indigenous Resilience to Disasters in Taiwan and Beyond
Berkes, F., Tsai, H.-M., Bayrak, M. M., & Lin, Y.-R. (2021) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su13052435 · Cited by 53
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Barkin, D., & Sánchez, A. (2019) · Third World Quarterly · doi:10.1080/01436597.2019.1636370 · Cited by 42
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“This method is often applied in studies of traditional ecological knowledge, since it is known that local experts within a community are acknowledged by the community (Berkes 2018).”
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“…and cultural impacts such as loss of heritage and ability to maintain cultural rituals or adapt to cultural expectations of host communities, can result in community divisions and potential violence between groups with further knock on effects for health (De Sherbinin et al. 2011; Berkes 2017).”
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15. Indigenous leadership is essential to conservation
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“The focus for PFM therefore ought to be broadened to include present day local perceptions, attitudes, values, and intra-ethnic relations (Shepheard-Walwyn 2014; Berkes 2017).”
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Ivașcu, C. M., & Biro, A. (2020) · Journal of Ethnobiology · doi:10.2993/0278-0771-40.4.465 · Cited by 25
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“Despite it representing a trove of insight into ecological management issues (Berkes 2017), Indigenous knowledge has similarly been excluded from many conservation decisions.”
BackgroundKotut, L., & Mccrickard, D. (2022) · International Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3491102.3502094 · Cited by 23
“We build on work that studied how communities leverage social media to meet local environmental needs [4, 65, 66], and the impact it has on indigenous cultures [39], by studying how community members leverage Facebook to express their culture, and how the challenges inherent in digitizing oral…”
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Rani, J., Gulia, V., Sangwan, A., Dhull, S. S., & Манджиева, С. С. (2025) · Sustainable development and biodiversity · doi:10.1007/978-981-96-2413-3_2 · Cited by 30
De l’« efficacité » symbolique des interdits à leur fonctionnalité écologique
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“This is according to Berkes (2017).”
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“Ecocentrism fosters a more comprehensive understanding of the relationship between humans and nature, emphasizing the interconnectedness of all elements within an ecosystem, in contrast to viewing humans as separate or above nature (Berkes, 2017).”
InfluentialKervran, D. D., Kleiche‐Dray, M., & Quet, M. (2017) · Revue d anthropologie des connaissances · doi:10.3917/rac.036.0423 · Cited by 28
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“Yet that construction ignores the strong historical evidence that many Indigenous peoples have systematically observed, recorded, and responded to such changes from their own perspectives (Berkes, 2017, pp. 171 – 192; Nunn & Reid, 2016; Nyong et al., 2007).”
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“The terms ‘traditional’ or ‘local’ knowledge refer to the range of knowledge about nature (Berkes, 2017), but in the European context, these terms are problematic, since tradition is often intertwined with scientific knowledge (Katelieva et al., 2019) and for this reason, the term ‘nature-related…”
BackgroundYao, C. Y. A., Kpangui, K. B., Vroh, B. T. A., et al. (2016) · Revue d’ethnoécologie · doi:10.4000/ethnoecologie.2474 · Cited by 17
Species perceived to be dangerous are more likely to have distinctive local names
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Renck, V., Ludwig, D., Santos, I. D. J., et al. (2023) · Ethnobiology and Conservation · doi:10.15451/ec2023-02-12.04-1-8 · Cited by 16
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“Recognizing the interconnectedness of indigenous knowledge with ecological sustainability can lead to more sustainable and contextually appropriate water management strategies that align with the values and aspirations of local communities [76,79].”
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“Moreover, beyond commitment and responsibility (withmoralethical foundations), we need affective relationships of respect and reverence for all expressions of life and nature (including some lifesustaining components, such as water, wind, rocks), since humans and nonhuman entities are interwoven in deep relationships…”
BackgroundMa, J., Tam, C., Li, T., Yu, G., Guanghui, H., Yang, F., Wang, J., & Wu, R. (2022) · Conservation Science and Practice · doi:10.1111/csp2.12638 · Cited by 17
“With an increasing understanding of SNSs as providers of material services (Berkes, 2017; Sheppard, 2021; Verschuuren et al., 2021), Rutte classified SNS into four types based on institutional economic theory (Rutte, 2011): private goods, one person's consumption subtracts from the availability of…”
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Integrated study on the conservation of ecocultural heritage in the Tiantai Mountain area, China
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“Berkes highlights that many indigenous cultures connect with nature through a spiritual perspective, where conservation is often a byproduct of religious practices aimed at maintaining the balance between humans and the natural world [48].”
BackgroundBerseth, V., & Matthews, R. W. (2020) · Environment and Planning E Nature and Space · doi:10.1177/2514848620945315 · Cited by 14
“Many Indigenous knowledge systems similarly view nature as dynamic, animate, and that emphasize the entanglements between humans and their surroundings (Atleo, 2010; Berkes, 2017; Vannini and Vannini, 2019).”
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A Two-Eyed Seeing Teaching and Learning Framework for Science Education
Cirkony, C., Kenny, J., & Zandvliet, D. (2023) · Canadian Journal of Science, Mathematics and Technology Education · doi:10.1007/s42330-023-00276-z · Cited by 14
“Knowledge holders do not have to relinquish either position: instead, they work collaboratively across knowledge systems on a common problem to understand perspectives of both (Berkes, 2017; Reid et al., 2021).”
BackgroundSacred Trees, Mystic Caves, Holy Wells: Devotional Titles in Spanish Rural Sanctuaries
Nieto, J. T. (2021) · Religions · doi:10.3390/rel12030183 · Cited by 13
Contreras-Medina, D. I., Medina–Cuéllar, S. E., Gómez, J. S., et al. (2021) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su132111706 · Cited by 13
Drake, A., Perković, A., Reeve, C., Alexander, S. M., Nguyen, V. M., & Dunmall, K. M. (2022) · FACETS · doi:10.1139/facets-2021-0067 · Cited by 13
LeFebvre, M. J., Ardren, T., Thompson, V. D., et al. (2022) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su14116552 · Cited by 13
Das, B. K. (2024) · Environmental Management · doi:10.1007/s00267-024-02056-3 · Cited by 17
“The local communities often believe themselves an integral component of nature and nature is closely linked with social, cultural and spiritual values (Berkes 2017).”
Ba, Q.-X., Wang, H., & Wang, M.-H. (2023) · Human Ecology · doi:10.1007/s10745-023-00463-4 · Cited by 12
Religiosity and climate change: An eco-religious approach
Agusalim, L., & Karim, M. (2024) · Environmental & Socio-economic Studies · doi:10.2478/environ-2024-0004 · Cited by 12
Fan, G. H. (2024) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-024-05634-x · Cited by 13
“…is generally regarded as a body of knowledge and practices, accumulated from generation to generation through oral tradition by evolving with and adapting to the changing environment, regarding the relationships of all lifeforms with one another and with nature (Armstrong, 2009; Berkes, 2017).”
InfluentialCaudill, C. M., Pulsifer, P., Thumbadoo, R. V., & Taylor, D. R. F. (2024) · ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information · doi:10.3390/ijgi13040110 · Cited by 14
Climate Change Adaptation Strategies for Coastal Resilience: A Stakeholder Surveys
Roukounis, C. N., & Tsihrintzis, V. A. (2024) · Water · doi:10.3390/w16111519 · Cited by 12
“Berkes [28] promotes integrating local knowledge and community-based approaches in climate adaptation, emphasizing bottom-up perspectives in effective policy interventions.”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Berkes, F.
- Corresponding author
- Berkes, Fikret
- ORCID
- Berkes, Fikret
- Venue
- Routledge eBooks
- Publisher
- Routledge
- Published
- 2017-09-01
- OpenAlex
- W4240356230
- Cited by
- 632
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 188 · 2025: 90 · 2024: 56 · 2023: 154 · 2022: 44 · 2021: 37 · 2020: 25 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 3
- FWCI
- 15.81
- Type
- book
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Routledge eBooks (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Environmental and Cultural Studies in Latin America and Beyond
- Social Sciences › Anthropology › Indigenous Studies and Ecology
- Social Sciences › Anthropology › Indigenous Knowledge Systems and Agriculture
- Keywords
- sacred ecology, indigenous knowledge, local knowledge, rural population, ways of knowing, indigenous peoples, climate change monitoring
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