Competitiveness, Technology and Skills

“Lall (2001) stated that technological advancement heavily relies on technological efforts made and firms’ absorption capacity.”

“However, when it comes to the indirect implication of IT services industry, only a few studies (Basant & Sharma, 2014; Joseph & Abraham, 2007; Lall, 2001) have analysed that aspect.”

“Although there is not a definition of competitiveness that is universally accepted, company or firm competitiveness can be thought as a company’s ability to perform better than similar companies in terms of sales, profitability, quality, efficiency, among others (Lall, 2001).”

“Lall (2001) defines competitiveness as the ability of firms to do better than their competitors in terms of sales, profitability, and market share.”

“…equipment, turbines, power generating equipment Other High Technology (HT2) Pharmaceuticals, aerospace, optical/measuring instruments Source: Collected based on the classification by Lall (2001) Source: Figures are calculated using the data provided by the UN Comtrade database”

“This is something that firms certainly try to do constantly in their bargaining with labor, especially in developing countries, due to the lack of organized labor through unions, and due to the existence of surplus labor, even though there is agreement that this is not a wise long-term strategy (Lall 2001), and nomina…”

“Lall (2001) believes that the Asian growth experience went well beyond neutral ‘market-friendly’ intervention and rested instead on the concept of selectivity involved in different levels of policy making.”

“Furthermore, many Asian countries initially focused on labor-intensive industries such as textiles and electronics assembly, leveraging their large, low-cost labor force to gain a competitive edge in global markets (Lall, 2001).”

“SME‟s are usually financially weak in the developing world mainly due to lack of access to loans (Lall, 2001).”

“Since measures to strengthen the supply side have already been defined by other authors ([3], [4], [15]), the focus of this study is on a smaller part of the framework, the linkage and demand part, shown by the hatched portion in figure 11.”

“Competitiveness is a concept not well-understood despite its widespread usage (Onyemenam, 2014) and a complete competitiveness analysis must define how it is measured and identify the most important factors that influence it (Lall, 2001).”

“…of novel and non-commoditized knowledge than market-based avenues such as exports or licensing, as cutting-edge knowledge is rarely available on the Interpersonal ties abroad Daniel Z Levin and Helena Barnard 678 Journal of International Business Studies market (Lall, 2001; Narula & Dunning, 2000).”

“Sector ISIC 3-digits Lall (2000) Tech.”

“evolve as they go through structural transformation, based on the quality of institutions, and as a result of entering into global markets (Lall, 2001; Hausmann, Hwang, & Rodrik, 2007).”

“…environmental regulations, the level of economic development, the quality of infrastructure, institutional quality, human capital, and the technological gap between domestic and foreign fi rms (Lall 2001; Girma 2005; Lan et al. 2011; Perkins and Neumayer 2012; Wang et al. 2016; Mai Lan et al. 2024).”

“Technological intensity in exports fosters dynamic comparative advantage and innovation spillovers, increasing export revenues and terms of trade (Fagerberg 1994; Verspagen 2000; Lall 2001).”

“The changes in the world of work are a reaction to the realities of technological production and advancement, articulated clearly in the work of Sanjaya Lall (2001, 2003).”

“The innovation, adaptability, and forward-looking nature of proprietary technologies directly determine a computing power center’s stable operational capability in complex environments and its future growth potential [22].”

“In middle-income and emerging economies, physical capital – particularly the ability to acquire and deploy appropriate machinery and equipment (M&E) – is a critical differentiating factor among firms (Lall, 2001; Sutton, 2012).”

“…satisfaction in this production sector are just some of them (Rybakovas, 2009) In other words, the competitiveness of the industry implies its ability to successfully compete in order to achieve sustainable growth within the global environment (Lall, 2001; Esterhuizen, Rooyen & D’Haese, 2008).”

“214-238, 2nd Semester/2019 The share of the different sectors in a country»s total exports, according to Lall»s (2011) classification, can be found at the website of the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean, in the Interactive Graphic System of International Economics Trends section (IGSIET).”

“Some of the leading authors (e.g. Trail and da Silva, 1996; Lall, 2001) therefore suggest a composite approach specifically designed according to the focus of analysis.”

“(Lall, 2001).”

“On the basis of the first classification, it is divided into investment, production and linkage capabilities([12-13]).”

“O significado de competitividade para Lall (2001) está ligado ao desenvolvimento de um nível de eficiência relativa à atividade industrial, considerando o crescimento de práticas sustentáveis ao mesmo tempo.”

“Successful technological catching up was actually a more active process than initially foreseen, as it required adaptation, learning and developing the capacity to innovate –areas that would be later emphasized by Lall (2001), among others.”