The DOI matches its Crossref record; 49 of the 49 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 18 of the 94 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Telemedicine for Developing Countries
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Developing countries need telemedicine applications that help in many situations, when physicians are a small number with respect to the population, when specialized physicians are not available, when patients and physicians in rural villages need assistance in the delivery of health care. Moreover, the requirements of telemedicine applications for developing countries are somewhat more demanding than for developed countries. Indeed, further social, organizational, and technical aspects need to be considered for successful telemedicine applications in developing countries. OBJECTIVE: We consider all the major projects in telemedicine, devoted to developing countries, as described by the proper scientific literature. On the basis of such literature, we want to define a specific taxonomy that allows a proper classification and a fast overview of telemedicine projects in developing countries. Moreover, by considering both the literature and some recent direct experiences, we want to complete such overview by discussing some design issues to be taken into consideration when developing telemedicine software systems. METHODS: We considered and reviewed the major conferences and journals in depth, and looked for reports on the telemedicine projects. RESULTS: We provide the reader with a survey of the main projects and systems, from which we derived a taxonomy of features of telemedicine systems for developing countries. We also propose and discuss some classification criteria for design issues, based on the lessons learned in this research area. CONCLUSIONS: We highlight some challenges and recommendations to be considered when designing a telemedicine system for developing countries.
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Claims the paper makes
69 No basis given · 38 No full text of the sources · 15 Sources not found · 12 Own result · 11 Own interpretation · 8 Partly supported · 8 Not checked yet · 5 Supported · 1 Not supported · 1 Couldn’t confirm · accuracy not yet measured
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“The Government of Paraiba (North-East of Brazil) started a telemedicine project for remote screening of hearth defects in children [43], over a global population of some 3.7 million inhabitants.”
§ Telemedicine for Developing Countries A Survey and Some Design Issues > Brazil
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [43] source
The Abstract’s Approach section says the Government of Paraíba established a remotely supervised paediatric cardiology network with protocols for screening heart defects. The Local setting section states that Paraíba has 3.7 million inhabitants; that figure describes the state’s population, not the number of children screened. (LLM, conf=0.94)
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Some 857 congenital diseases were identified”
§ Telemedicine for Developing Countries A Survey and Some Design Issues > Brazil
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [43] source
The Relevant changes section reports that 857 screening echocardiograms demonstrated congenital heart disease. The claim matches the reported count, though the paper specifies congenital heart disease rather than congenital diseases generally. (LLM, conf=0.91)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“This telemedicine project required an initial investment of some US$1.2 million for the first year, covering 12 major centers”
§ Telemedicine for Developing Countries A Survey and Some Design Issues > Brazil
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [43] source
The Relevant changes section reports US$1.2 million as the total cost of establishing and operating the network in its first year. The Network structure section says the initial network included the 12 largest public maternity centres, together with a paediatric hospital. Thus, “initial investment” is a loose description of a first-year cost that included operations. (LLM, conf=0.88)
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“The empirical evidence is very limited on the criteria according to which the proper technology would be selected, as Chan et al. write”
§ Telemedicine for Developing Countries A Survey and Some Design Issues > 4. Design Issues in Telemedicine Systems
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [58] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Section 2.3, “Empirical evidence,” says evidence to inform technology selection in developing countries “may be sparse” or “may be lacking.” That supports the general point, but the citing sentence turns a qualified possibility into the categorical claim that evidence is “very limited.” (LLM, conf=0.86)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Some 73,751 children were analyzed in remote health facilities during 2012-2014.”
§ Telemedicine for Developing Countries A Survey and Some Design Issues > Brazil
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [43] source
The Abstract’s Relevant changes section reports that 73,751 babies were screened for heart defects from 2012 to 2014. The full Relevant changes section identifies them as neonates seen at participating centres in Paraíba, Brazil; the claim’s “children” is a broader term for that group. (LLM, conf=0.91)
hedgedn = 73,751- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Rather than selecting the system or the tool according to their main features or to the requirements of the project, design experts apply filters which consider situational factors, technology and target patients, and the empirical evidence [58].”
§ Telemedicine for Developing Countries A Survey and Some Design Issues > 4. Design Issues in Telemedicine Systems
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [58] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Section 2 describes high-level filters for selecting patient-oriented technology, and the paper identifies situational factors, technology and target patients, and empirical evidence as its three levels. The paper does not support the contrast that selection is made instead of considering tool features or project requirements: Section 2.3 says the fit between the task, technology, and population informs selection. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.85)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
In the paper
“Major difficulties encountered refer to poor national ICT policies”
§ Telemedicine for Developing Countries A Survey and Some Design Issues > Sub-Saharan Africa
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [14] Wootton R. Telemedicine and developing countries-successful implementation will require a shared approach. J Telemed Telecare 2001; 7 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“very limited ICT infrastructure (despite the number of mobile subscribers has been observed to grow up at a rate of 82% a year)”
§ Telemedicine for Developing Countries A Survey and Some Design Issues > Sub-Saharan Africa
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Much less effort has been spent for similar initiatives in developing countries.”
§ Telemedicine for Developing Countries A Survey and Some Design Issues > 1. Introduction
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The major and most relevant conferences on the same topic are the Annual Conference of the American Telemedicine Association, the European Telemedicine Conference, the Annual International Congress on Telehealth and Telecare, the eTelemed, and the mHealth + Telehealth World.”
§ Telemedicine for Developing Countries A Survey and Some Design Issues > 2. A Taxonomy for Projects
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 80
- Probably not a substantial claim. 95
At least one cited source doesn’t support this claim or points to a different paper, and none confirmed it — see the verdicts below.
In the paper
“Mobile terminals, conversely, feature a higher portability: typically, mobile phones mainly help in behavioral health interventions, and fail in real clinical situations [58].”
§ Telemedicine for Developing Countries A Survey and Some Design Issues > Fixed versus mobile
What the sources say
- Disputedcites [58] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Section 3.1 describes mobile phones as mobile, and section 3.2.2 discusses their use in behavioral health interventions. But section 3.3 gives contrary clinical examples: phone-based reminders improved tuberculosis medication adherence, and mobile technologies supported remote monitoring and treatment. The paper does not say mobile phones fail in clinical situations. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Disputed
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“Some more studies over the decades from 1995 to 2014 report a ratio between 5.9 and 7.7 for high income countries and a ratio between 1.5 and 2.4 for low income countries [26].”
§ Telemedicine for Developing Countries A Survey and Some Design Issues > Economic effort required/investment
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [26] The World Bank. Health expenditure, public (% of GDP). 2016. Available from: http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.XPD.PUBL.ZS sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The indexed copy identifies DOI 10.1596/25062 as the Mexico Public Expenditure Review and discusses public spending on health in Mexico (unlabeled passages; no page numbers available). Searches for the 1995–2014 period, the stated ranges, and high- and low-income country comparisons found no passage reporting the claimed figures. (LLM, conf=0.76)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Could not verify
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“It can be easily observed that the infrastructure dimension mainly affects developing countries [32,33,34], while developed countries featuring very good infrastructures are less impaired by this dimension.”
§ Telemedicine for Developing Countries A Survey and Some Design Issues > Infrastructure
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [32] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
In the main text (page unavailable), the paper contrasts the benefits of information and communication technologies in many developed countries with barriers to information access and a digital divide in developing countries. It also calls for investment in information infrastructure in developing countries. This supports the cited comparison in the context of information infrastructure. (LLM, conf=0.82)
- Partly supportedcites [33] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The “Technology Infrastructure, Market Determinants, and Operational Issues” section (page unavailable) identifies poor telecommunications infrastructure as a major impediment to Internet applications in developing societies. The paper does not establish the claimed comparison that developed countries are less impaired by infrastructure; its “Socioeconomic and Development Constraints” section notes that technology-access inequalities occur in both industrialized and developing countries. (LLM, conf=0.85)
- Supportedcites [34] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
In “Information Technology, Globalization, and Social and Geographic Inequality,” the paper contrasts weak computer networks and limited resources in developing countries with the concentration of Internet access in higher-income countries. This supports the claimed difference in infrastructure-related constraints, without implying that everyone in developed countries has equal access. (LLM, conf=0.88)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“In rural regions of developing countries, communication media [31] mainly include voice (typically, via a VHF transceiver) and text (typically, via e-mail messages), while rural regions of developed countries feature very different and more powerful communication media.”
§ Telemedicine for Developing Countries A Survey and Some Design Issues > Infrastructure
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [31] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The EHAS system section (p. 3) describes voice communication by VHF transceiver and email at rural health posts in Peru. The Discussion (p. 6) suggests the results apply to areas with similar conditions, but the paper does not establish that these are the main media across rural developing countries or compare them with more powerful media in developed countries. (LLM, conf=0.88)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“the annual cost increased to US$2.0 million in the second year, extending the project to 21 centers and services.”
§ Telemedicine for Developing Countries A Survey and Some Design Issues > Brazil
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [43] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Relevant changes section reports that annual cost rose from US$1.2 million in the first year to US$2.0 million when the network expanded to 21 centres and perinatology services in 2014. It does not call 2014 the second year; the same section reports network activity beginning in January 2012, so the claimed timing is not supported. (LLM, conf=0.88)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“The project reported that major critical issues include infrastructure problems, lack of human resources, competence and financing.”
§ Telemedicine for Developing Countries A Survey and Some Design Issues > Other case studies
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [57] Bhatta, 2015, J Nepal Health Res Counc source
The paper’s discussion identifies inadequate infrastructure and technology, insufficient skilled health personnel, and insufficient budgeting as challenges. The body also describes a lack of competence and training among program personnel. Together, these passages support all four issues in the citing sentence. (LLM, conf=0.94)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“The main project started in 2001 and aimed at setting up an e-mail connection between 39 previously isolated health facilities and the main hospital in Lima.”
§ Telemedicine for Developing Countries A Survey and Some Design Issues > Amazon region of Peru (rural)
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [31] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Summary (p. 1) confirms that email facilities were installed in 39 previously isolated health facilities in Peru. The EHAS system section (p. 2) says installation occurred during 2000 and 2001, not that the project started in 2001. It identifies a main server in Lima, not a main hospital there; the provincial hospital was in Yurimaguas. (LLM, conf=0.90)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“A pilot project in Nepal [57] by the local government, involving some thirty peripheral district hospitals, mainly focused on the challenges in telemedicine.”
§ Telemedicine for Developing Countries A Survey and Some Design Issues > Other case studies
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [57] Bhatta, 2015, J Nepal Health Res Counc sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction and Abstract say Nepal’s government implemented the rural-telemedicine program in 30 remote district hospitals. But the program aimed to improve access to specialist care; it was the study that examined opportunities and challenges, not a project mainly focused on challenges. (LLM, conf=0.87)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“When facing telemedicine projects, and particularly when project designers are not aware about all the characteristics of the remote environment, some features such as language, culture, local habits, religion, and lack of resources may strongly affect the project.”
§ Telemedicine for Developing Countries A Survey and Some Design Issues > 5.1.2 Major Recommendations
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [33] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The “Bridging the Digital Divide” section identifies language barriers and calls for applications in national languages; the challenges sections describe resource constraints and say organizational culture can impede project results (no page numbers provided). The paper does not identify religion or local habits as barriers, or specifically link these factors to telemedicine designers’ unfamiliarity with a remote setting. (LLM, conf=0.84)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [39] source
- Not checked yetcites [57] Bhatta, 2015, J Nepal Health Res Counc
- Partly supportedcites [64] Shiferaw F, Zolfo M. The role of information communication technology (ICT) towards universal health coverage: the first steps of a telemedicine project in Ethiopia. Global Health Act 2012; 5 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion (page unavailable) says eHealth strategies should address cultural and language differences and adapt to the local traditional context; it also describes funding and infrastructure constraints. It does not specifically identify religion as a factor or link these effects to designers being unfamiliar with the remote setting. (LLM, conf=0.84)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [16] Combi C, Pozzani G, Pozzi G. Design, development, deployment of a telemedicine system in a developing country: Dealing with organizational and social issues. In 2015 International Conference on Healthcare Informatics, ICHI 2015, Dallas, TX, USA, October 21-23, IEEE Computer Society 2015; 545-554. source
boostedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Partly supported
In the paper
“Major difficulties encountered by the projects are bureaucracy and protectionist policies [39], despite the provided services were free and recipients have been generally satisfied with the projects.”
§ Telemedicine for Developing Countries A Survey and Some Design Issues > India
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [39] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“More simple systems provide users with an asynchronous connection, mainly based on e-mail messages.”
§ Telemedicine for Developing Countries A Survey and Some Design Issues > Synchronous vs. asynchronous
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“More simple systems permit one to have a point-to-point connection, only: this means that two locations can be involved in the telemedicine communication at a time, only, and there is no way of simultaneously involving more locations.”
§ Telemedicine for Developing Countries A Survey and Some Design Issues > Point-to-point vs. multipoint connection
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Simple information that can be transmitted from the remote hospital to the telemedicine center (and, obviously, vice versa) are alphanumerical (text).”
§ Telemedicine for Developing Countries A Survey and Some Design Issues > Transferred information
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This architecture requires to launch applications, generally written in Java, within a Web browser.”
§ Telemedicine for Developing Countries A Survey and Some Design Issues > Web app
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“First experiments were done mainly focusing on teleconsulting for pediatric cardiology [16].”
§ Telemedicine for Developing Countries A Survey and Some Design Issues > Burundi
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [16] Combi C, Pozzani G, Pozzi G. Design, development, deployment of a telemedicine system in a developing country: Dealing with organizational and social issues. In 2015 International Conference on Healthcare Informatics, ICHI 2015, Dallas, TX, USA, October 21-23, IEEE Computer Society 2015; 545-554. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“identifying 25 suspected cases of rheumatic and congenital cardiovascular patients (50% of them were pediatric ones).”
§ Telemedicine for Developing Countries A Survey and Some Design Issues > Burundi
plainn = 25- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Conversely, more powerful systems permit one to have a multipoint connection: this means that users can simultaneously involve different centers for remote counseling”
§ Telemedicine for Developing Countries A Survey and Some Design Issues > Multipoint connection
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The telemedicine project sets up a teleconsulting system, which also enables the staff of the hospital to access historical data of patients, basically consisting of lab exams and X-ray images stored in remote facilities.”
§ Telemedicine for Developing Countries A Survey and Some Design Issues > Zambia
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [44] Nexus Mundi Foundation. Chikuni Mission Hospital. 2014. Available from: http://s328691085.onlinehome.us/
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Micro and macro images are stored locally (patient-side), and remote consulting is performed by expert physicians from Italian hospitals.”
§ Telemedicine for Developing Countries A Survey and Some Design Issues > Zambia, Congo, Madagascar (ZCM) and other regions
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [46] Patologi Oltre Frontiera. Available from: http://www.apof.eu/
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although the project focused on cardiovascular diseases, the proposed system has been used also to ask for a second opinion about cases of cancer, pneumonia, and laryngomalacia.”
§ Telemedicine for Developing Countries A Survey and Some Design Issues > Burundi
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This architecture basically requires a Web browser, only.”
§ Telemedicine for Developing Countries A Survey and Some Design Issues > Web based
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The project from the Italian association Patologi Oltre Frontiera [46] aimed at setting up laboratories to perform preventive examinations to fight cancer in developing countries.”
§ Telemedicine for Developing Countries A Survey and Some Design Issues > Zambia, Congo, Madagascar (ZCM) and other regions
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [46] Patologi Oltre Frontiera. Available from: http://www.apof.eu/
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Some of the consultations confirmed the suspects and identified patients for surgical intervention.”
§ Telemedicine for Developing Countries A Survey and Some Design Issues > Burundi
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The Italian association Cuore un Mondo, in cooperation with the Ospedale del Cuore, Massa (Italy), the Tuscany Region (Italy), and the CNR of Pisa (Italy) developed a teleconsulting system based on open source systems [45].”
§ Telemedicine for Developing Countries A Survey and Some Design Issues > Balkans
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [45] Gori, 2010, Comput Cardiol
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Education was extended, too, so that remote education could take place also among African countries (South to South) as well as from Africa back to Europe (South to North) for African and tropical diseases.”
§ Telemedicine for Developing Countries A Survey and Some Design Issues > Occidental Africa
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Major feature of this project is that the server is local, i.e., patient-side, and remote experts connect via a web-browser.”
§ Telemedicine for Developing Countries A Survey and Some Design Issues > Zambia, Congo, Madagascar (ZCM) and other regions
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [46] Patologi Oltre Frontiera. Available from: http://www.apof.eu/
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Major difficulties encountered by the projects in Egypt include the technical, financial, and human resources aspect [40].”
§ Telemedicine for Developing Countries A Survey and Some Design Issues > Egypt
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [40] Hussein, 2012, GMS Medizinische Informatik, Biometrie und Epidemiologie
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“The hospital serves some 180 small villages, thus covering a strictly rural area.”
§ Telemedicine for Developing Countries A Survey and Some Design Issues > Zambia
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [44] Nexus Mundi Foundation. Chikuni Mission Hospital. 2014. Available from: http://s328691085.onlinehome.us/
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No more recent projects seem to have been started in this area.”
§ Telemedicine for Developing Countries A Survey and Some Design Issues > Pacific Islands and Micronesia
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The project is based on an open source platform for remote consulting, namely iPath [50], developed at the University of Basel, Switzerland.”
§ Telemedicine for Developing Countries A Survey and Some Design Issues > Occidental Africa
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [50] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Evaluating the deployed systems and tools, in order to identify some suggestions and recommendations for future similar initiatives in the field of telemedicine and telecounseling, is an extremely challenging task.”
§ Telemedicine for Developing Countries A Survey and Some Design Issues > 4. Design Issues in Telemedicine Systems
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Voice must have a synchronous transmission, preferably.”
§ Telemedicine for Developing Countries A Survey and Some Design Issues > Transferred information
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Most projects, instead, are generally based on a remote server (expert-side, and not patient-side) which receives connections from patient-side physicians.”
§ Telemedicine for Developing Countries A Survey and Some Design Issues > Zambia, Congo, Madagascar (ZCM) and other regions
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“On the other side, more powerful systems provide users with a synchronous connection, which includes chat and voice;”
§ Telemedicine for Developing Countries A Survey and Some Design Issues > Synchronous vs. asynchronous
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This architecture just requires a dumb terminal locally deployed, which connects to a remote processing system.All the control logics are defined and stored within the remote system.”
§ Telemedicine for Developing Countries A Survey and Some Design Issues > Remote app
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This telemedicine project, funded by the Veneto Region and by the University of Verona, considers requirement collection and analysis, design, implementation, and deployment of a prototype aimed at providing local physicians of the Hospital of Ngozi, Burundi, with expert second opinions from their colleagues in the University of Verona, Italy, on interpreting ECG signals, ultrasound and X-ray imag”
§ Telemedicine for Developing Countries A Survey and Some Design Issues > Burundi
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [16] Combi C, Pozzani G, Pozzi G. Design, development, deployment of a telemedicine system in a developing country: Dealing with organizational and social issues. In 2015 International Conference on Healthcare Informatics, ICHI 2015, Dallas, TX, USA, October 21-23, IEEE Computer Society 2015; 545-554. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The project started by the University Hospital of Geneva, Switzerland, initially involved Mali in 2001, and then was extended to include Morocco, Tunisia, Cameroon, Madagascar, Ivory Coast, Niger, Burkina Faso and Djibouti [47,48,49,50].”
§ Telemedicine for Developing Countries A Survey and Some Design Issues > Occidental Africa
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [47] Geissbuhler A, Ly O, Lovis C, L‘Haire JF. Telemedicine in Western Africa: lessons learned from a pilot project in Mali, perspectives and recommendations. In AMIA Annual Symposium Proceedings, volume 2003. American Medical Informatics Association, p.249
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [48] Bagayoko CO, Muller H, Geissbuhler A. Telemedicine network in French-speaking Africa (RAFT). In Medical Imaging and Telemedicine. pp. 108-113
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [49] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [50] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The main original goal of the project was remote education (North to South) for physicians in Occidental Africa, receiving education from Geneva, Switzerland.”
§ Telemedicine for Developing Countries A Survey and Some Design Issues > Occidental Africa
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the project trained 20 nurses on how to better use the ECG machine, and 5 physicians on how to use the ultrasound system for performing echocardiographic examinations.”
§ Telemedicine for Developing Countries A Survey and Some Design Issues > Burundi
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In order to avoid the major pitfalls, the project provided the local users with the proper skills before deploying the system, and then performing a continuous follow up of the system and of its usage in the everyday practice.”
§ Telemedicine for Developing Countries A Survey and Some Design Issues > Burundi
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“some limitations apply, such as limited functionality and limited storage possibilities.”
§ Telemedicine for Developing Countries A Survey and Some Design Issues > Web based
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This architecture requires to download an application and the run it directly, typically on most recent mobile systems such as smartphones and tablets.”
§ Telemedicine for Developing Countries A Survey and Some Design Issues > App
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Major feature of this project is the deployment of open source systems, only.”
§ Telemedicine for Developing Countries A Survey and Some Design Issues > Balkans
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [45] Gori, 2010, Comput Cardiol
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“The Nexus Mundi Foundation [44] in Zambia takes care of the Chikuni Mission Hospital, where one physician and some nurses manage a 95 bed hospital.”
§ Telemedicine for Developing Countries A Survey and Some Design Issues > Zambia
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [44] Nexus Mundi Foundation. Chikuni Mission Hospital. 2014. Available from: http://s328691085.onlinehome.us/
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Most of the limitations of a pure Web based architecture are overridden by this approach: however, full and deep control over the application may lack.”
§ Telemedicine for Developing Countries A Survey and Some Design Issues > Web app
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“More powerful system include voice and sound (e.g., typically sounds from the internal of the body are detected by auscultation), static images, and sequences of images and movies.”
§ Telemedicine for Developing Countries A Survey and Some Design Issues > Transferred information
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In fact, hard working conditions (temperature, humidity, dust) may strongly challenge the computer systems: moreover, spare parts are hardly delivered to remote locations in developing countries, thus a redundant and fault tolerant architecture can permit a safer storage.”
§ Telemedicine for Developing Countries A Survey and Some Design Issues > Fixed versus mobile
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Typically, fixed terminals provide users with higher performances (e.g., video resolution of highest frame rates for video rendering), feature low portability (e.g., to move to the place where the patient is for a visual inspection by remote physicians), but require more resources -also in term of power consumption”
§ Telemedicine for Developing Countries A Survey and Some Design Issues > Fixed versus mobile
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This screening and consultation process involved two physicians in Ngozi and four physicians in Verona.”
§ Telemedicine for Developing Countries A Survey and Some Design Issues > Burundi
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The project has then been enriched to cover remote consulting for pathologist, neurosurgeons, and oncologists.”
§ Telemedicine for Developing Countries A Survey and Some Design Issues > Occidental Africa
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While major advantages include ease-ofuse, non installation required, and multi-platform execution”
§ Telemedicine for Developing Countries A Survey and Some Design Issues > Web based
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The experiments of telemedicine date back to 1996, and were mainly devoted to remote medical education.”
§ Telemedicine for Developing Countries A Survey and Some Design Issues > Pacific Islands and Micronesia
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [41] Bice SD, Dever G, Mukaida L, Norton SA, Samisone J. Telemedicine and telehealth in the Pacific islands region: A survey of applications, experiments, and issues. In Peacesat. Pacific Telecommunications Council, pp. 574-581
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [42] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“More powerful telemedicine systems provide the remote computers with redundant storage, so that failures (typically, hard disk failures) do not wipe all the information stored.”
§ Telemedicine for Developing Countries A Survey and Some Design Issues > Fixed versus mobile
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This architecture is providing full control of the processing system, including storage, transmission and vital sign analysis, and may also include advanced control logics.”
§ Telemedicine for Developing Countries A Survey and Some Design Issues > App
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The literature considers many other case studies, which, however, are poorly described or cover a very narrow geographical area.”
§ Telemedicine for Developing Countries A Survey and Some Design Issues > Other case studies
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Open source tools come for free but in most cases carry along a very poor assistance and documentation, making their use extremely challenging for relevant projects.”
§ Telemedicine for Developing Countries A Survey and Some Design Issues > iv. Technology acceptance
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The more resources are needed, the higher will be the cost of the overall system as well as the cost for keeping it running, also in terms of electric power consumption.”
§ Telemedicine for Developing Countries A Survey and Some Design Issues > ii. Lightweight, in terms of needed hardware resources
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In fact, the number of teleconsultations per month can be extremely low at the project onset, requiring a very limited set of resources.After tuning the components and staring up the project, the number of participants to the project -according to the spent efforts and to the success of the project itself -can increase very rapidly”
§ Telemedicine for Developing Countries A Survey and Some Design Issues > iv. Scalability
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“If the project is to be deployed in a rural location or on a mobile facility (in order to have a wider coverage in terms of assisted population), the power consumption, together with network and telecommunication requirements, becomes one of the most relevant issues in terms of the real success for the telemedicine system.”
§ Telemedicine for Developing Countries A Survey and Some Design Issues > ii. Lightweight, in terms of needed hardware resources
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“More powerful tools are suitable for research-oriented prototypes and systems, and may lead to fragile applications: more reliable tools are suitable for systems deployed in the everyday practice, focusing on more robust applications.”
§ Telemedicine for Developing Countries A Survey and Some Design Issues > vii. Appropriateness
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Tools used in developing telemedicine systems would preferably be powerful, so that few instructions/commands achieve the required goal, and easy to use, so that developers do not need extensive (and expensive) training courses on getting skills on the used technology and tools [36].”
§ Telemedicine for Developing Countries A Survey and Some Design Issues > vi. Powerful yet easy to use
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [36] Moodley D, Pillay AW, Seebregts CJ. Position paper: Researching and developing open architectures for national health information systems in developing African countries. In Liu Z, Wassyng A, editors, FHIES, volume 7151 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer, pp. 129-139 source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Very simple information management tools (FileMaker in [62]) may be a very good starting point.”
§ Telemedicine for Developing Countries A Survey and Some Design Issues > vii. Appropriateness
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [62] source
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In the paper
“Such considerations are confirmed by our taxonomy and by the survey based on it.”
§ Telemedicine for Developing Countries A Survey and Some Design Issues > 5.1.1 Major Challenges
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- Rests on an assumption: The taxonomy dimensions used in Tables 1 and 2 are sufficient to categorize the projects and support the discussion's conclusions.
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In the paper
“follow-up studies, aimed at evaluating the real advantages and usefulness of every project, are extremely complex, as too many success factors must be considered and suitably weighted to achieve a Success/Failure evaluation of the project.”
§ Telemedicine for Developing Countries A Survey and Some Design Issues > 5. Discussion
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In the paper
“Reusability enables the developers to deploy new systems moving by difference with respect to already developed one, thus reducing both costs”
§ Telemedicine for Developing Countries A Survey and Some Design Issues > v. Flexible, adaptable, reusable
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In the paper
“As for the acceptance, user interface obviously is one of the most important issues: however, local languages -especially in developing countries -must be suitably adopted, as the use of the local language may be the only way for a proper interaction with the local users.”
§ Telemedicine for Developing Countries A Survey and Some Design Issues > iv. Technology acceptance
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In the paper
“However, very few projects in developed country feature a follow-up study, too”
§ Telemedicine for Developing Countries A Survey and Some Design Issues > 5. Discussion
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In the paper
“The results of the entire project strongly depend on the acceptance of the application and of the telemedical service, too.”
§ Telemedicine for Developing Countries A Survey and Some Design Issues > iv. Technology acceptance
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In the paper
“These features of the tools enable the developers to achieve a final system which can be easily adapted and extended to cover wider application scenarios”
§ Telemedicine for Developing Countries A Survey and Some Design Issues > v. Flexible, adaptable, reusable
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Probably not a substantial claim.
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In the paper
“On the other side, proprietary tools are generally expensive but more documented, constantly updated and maintained over time.”
§ Telemedicine for Developing Countries A Survey and Some Design Issues > iv. Technology acceptance
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
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In the paper
“Low budgets are affecting all the projects of developing countries, also outside the strict health care sector.”
§ Telemedicine for Developing Countries A Survey and Some Design Issues > 5.1.1 Major Challenges
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In the paper
“Interoperable tools can be easily interconnected each other, when developing the system.”
§ Telemedicine for Developing Countries A Survey and Some Design Issues > iii. Interoperability
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In the paper
“Interoperability calls for standard mechanisms for sharing and exchanging information among the modules, including file formats and remote invocation of procedures and services.”
§ Telemedicine for Developing Countries A Survey and Some Design Issues > iii. Interoperability
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In the paper
“The tools must be appropriate to the goals targeted by the project.”
§ Telemedicine for Developing Countries A Survey and Some Design Issues > vii. Appropriateness
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“A new prototype, namely TeleDI-COM, introduces new essential features, like multipoint-to-multipoint communication -although a very good bandwidth is required.”
§ Telemedicine for Developing Countries A Survey and Some Design Issues > vii. Appropriateness
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In the paper
“Furthermore, training of personnel on how to use the system is another fundamental issue to achieve a pretty good technology acceptance: in fact, the difficulties encountered at the very early interaction with the system may discourage further use of the system itself.”
§ Telemedicine for Developing Countries A Survey and Some Design Issues > iv. Technology acceptance
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In the paper
“While most systems for Electronic Medical Record (EMR) in developed countries are computerbased, most EMR of developing countries are paper-based.”
§ Telemedicine for Developing Countries A Survey and Some Design Issues > vii. Appropriateness
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Generally, proprietary tools require more resources than open source ones -but many counterexamples exist.”
§ Telemedicine for Developing Countries A Survey and Some Design Issues > ii. Lightweight, in terms of needed hardware resources
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In the paper
“Scalable and extensible tools imply that the resulting system can be easily enriched to cover more cases, wider areas, greater population, more pathologies and more health care centers.”
§ Telemedicine for Developing Countries A Survey and Some Design Issues > iv. Scalability
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All the considered projects include in the goals the”
§ Telemedicine for Developing Countries A Survey and Some Design Issues > 5. Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Generally speaking, performance considerably differs between open source and proprietary tools, especially when the size and the workload of the project increase during project deployment, and resources need to be scaled up.”
§ Telemedicine for Developing Countries A Survey and Some Design Issues > iv. Technology acceptance
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The impact of the telemedicine system on everyday practice is absolutely relevant and must not be neglected.”
§ Telemedicine for Developing Countries A Survey and Some Design Issues > iv. Technology acceptance
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Very few project reports describe the real economic effort spent in deploying the project itself: such data, which are generally expressed as percentage of the GDP, are reported only for a few of the major projects, and are not available at all for mid or small size projects.”
§ Telemedicine for Developing Countries A Survey and Some Design Issues > 5. Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Success rate, even if the information is extracted from the description of the project as presented by the literature and not clearly stated, is not related to the dimension of the project.”
§ Telemedicine for Developing Countries A Survey and Some Design Issues > 5. Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The project descriptions in the surveyed literature are accurate and complete enough to support the survey's comparisons and conclusions.
- Rests on an assumption: A project's success rate can be inferred from its description in the literature even when the description does not clearly state it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The location addressed by the project is preferably rural for major projects, and urban for minor projects.”
§ Telemedicine for Developing Countries A Survey and Some Design Issues > 5. Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Highly interoperable tools and higher interoperability levels provide higher information sharing, thus easily increasing the functionalities of the telemedicine system and the number of health care centers involved in the project.”
§ Telemedicine for Developing Countries A Survey and Some Design Issues > iii. Interoperability
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Preferably, the telemedicine system can also enable the remote system to locally store information from the other corresponding facility/facilities, i.e., the telemedicine center can make local copies of the files from the remote hospital(s) in the developing country, and vice versa.This permits the users to have an off-line analysis, too.”
§ Telemedicine for Developing Countries A Survey and Some Design Issues > Fixed versus mobile
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“In developed countries several programs have been deployed, and they have been promptly reported for 10-15 years (e.g., in the United Kingdom [4,5], in Finland [6], in Europe [7], in Taiwan [8], and world-wide [9]).”
§ Telemedicine for Developing Countries A Survey and Some Design Issues > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
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In the paper
“the WHO (World Health Organization) in 2009 counted 104 distinct, peer-reviewed definitions of the concept [1].”
§ Telemedicine for Developing Countries A Survey and Some Design Issues > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [1] World Health Organization. Telemedicine: opportunities and developments in Member States: report on the second global survey on eHealth. Global Observatory for eHealth Series, 2, World Health Organization. 2009
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In Africa alone, fifty percent of the responding nations believed infrastructure to be a barrier to telemedicine in general [1], and in particular to teleradiology in the Sub-Saharan area [35].”
§ Telemedicine for Developing Countries A Survey and Some Design Issues > Infrastructure
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [1] World Health Organization. Telemedicine: opportunities and developments in Member States: report on the second global survey on eHealth. Global Observatory for eHealth Series, 2, World Health Organization. 2009
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [35] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“The main telemedicine projects are known as Apollo, Otri, and Asia Heart Foundation.All of them mainly involved Indian national locations, and focused on major needs from cardiology, emergency, radiology, ophthalmology, and nephrology departments.”
§ Telemedicine for Developing Countries A Survey and Some Design Issues > India
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [39] source
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Signals, diagnostic images and videos are transferred among workstations based on Intel computers: some peaks of 750 sessions per month have been achieved, thus proving a real deployment on the field for the project.”
§ Telemedicine for Developing Countries A Survey and Some Design Issues > India
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [39] source
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Developing countries are not an exclusive deployment field for telemedicine projects: they can be fruitfully deployed also in locations where resources are limited or some external constraints apply, such as airplanes or maritime media [21,22,23], as well as to reduce the overwhelming costs of a National Health Service [4].”
§ Telemedicine for Developing Countries A Survey and Some Design Issues > Country
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“According to the World Bank [24], GDP is the proper figure of merit to distinguish emerging countries still have a GDP (or a per capita income) comparably low with respect to developed countries (i.e., a GDP per capita per year smaller than US$ 12,475), however they are rapidly growing up and reducing their gap from developed countries; developing countries, instead, still lack a growth in their G”
§ Telemedicine for Developing Countries A Survey and Some Design Issues > Country
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [24] The World Bank. The World Bank - Working for a World Free of Poverty [Internet]. 2016. Available from: http://www.worldbank.org/ source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“some 70% of the 40 million worldwide people suffering from this disease live in the SSA”
§ Telemedicine for Developing Countries A Survey and Some Design Issues > Sub-Saharan Africa
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [35] source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The authors also sum up the net saving of some US$ 2.3 million for patients (diagnosed in the rural hospital, patients did not need to move to the main hospital) and of some US$ 3.7 million for specialists (specialists did not need to move to the rural hospital to complete the diagnosis or to validate the treatment).”
§ Telemedicine for Developing Countries A Survey and Some Design Issues > China
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [15] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Some more recent programs were devoted to include also medical education, such as in Western Australia [10], where the program has been mainly used for remote education (76% of the considered cases), without neglecting other goals such as wound cases (55%), and psychiatry cases (54%), and store-and-forward ECG (ElectroCardioGraphy) recordings.”
§ Telemedicine for Developing Countries A Survey and Some Design Issues > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [10] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“One of the most relevant projects covered the Sichuan area (West China) from 2002 to 2013 [15]: the telemedicine network connected some 249 spoke hospitals in 112 rural cities with some highly specialized urban hospitals, focusing on 40 medical expertise areas.”
§ Telemedicine for Developing Countries A Survey and Some Design Issues > China
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [15] source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“One more taxonomy by Tulu et al. [20] in 2007 identifies five major dimensions of classifications: application purpose, application area, environmental setting, communication infrastructure, and delivery options.”
§ Telemedicine for Developing Countries A Survey and Some Design Issues > 2. A Taxonomy for Projects
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [20] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“39.8% of the original diagnoses were modified after the teleconsulting; 55% of the original treatments were modified after the teleconsulting.”
§ Telemedicine for Developing Countries A Survey and Some Design Issues > China
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [15] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A good evaluation of the project and of its success is the lifespan of the project [36].”
§ Telemedicine for Developing Countries A Survey and Some Design Issues > Success rate and SWOT (strength and weakness of treatment) analysis
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [36] Moodley D, Pillay AW, Seebregts CJ. Position paper: Researching and developing open architectures for national health information systems in developing African countries. In Liu Z, Wassyng A, editors, FHIES, volume 7151 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer, pp. 129-139 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The physician-to-population ratio ranges from 1:5,000 to 1:30,000, while in developed countries the typical ratio is 1:300 [35].”
§ Telemedicine for Developing Countries A Survey and Some Design Issues > Sub-Saharan Africa
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [35] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“With a population of some 725 million inhabitants, the Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) [35] region”
§ Telemedicine for Developing Countries A Survey and Some Design Issues > Sub-Saharan Africa
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [35] source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Efficacy and the cost-effectiveness of telemedicine compared with conventional health care still are to be properly evaluated [14]:”
§ Telemedicine for Developing Countries A Survey and Some Design Issues > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [14] Wootton R. Telemedicine and developing countries-successful implementation will require a shared approach. J Telemed Telecare 2001; 7 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The current (2014) Chinese technological infrastructure has greatly improved the communication quality of the telemedicine projects, and most rural locations are now (2014) covered by a good communication infrastructure.”
§ Telemedicine for Developing Countries A Survey and Some Design Issues > China
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [38] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“During the 12-year period, some 11,987 teleconsultations were performed, mainly devoted to diagnosing neoplasms, injuries, and cardiovascular diseases.”
§ Telemedicine for Developing Countries A Survey and Some Design Issues > China
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [15] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“in fact, multipoint-tomultipoint communication is sometimes needed, which is much more powerful than a simple point-to-point architecture, particularly when critical cases may require different teams of expert to be involved in the discussion [37].”
§ Telemedicine for Developing Countries A Survey and Some Design Issues > Communication requirements
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [37] source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In India the life expectancy at birth is of 52 years, and the technological infrastructure reaches over 65% of the Indian landmass and 80% of its population.The percentage of GDP devoted to health-care is estimated to be 4.9% (as of 2005).”
§ Telemedicine for Developing Countries A Survey and Some Design Issues > India
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [39] source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Nevertheless, telemedicine applications in developing countries could be a leverage to provide wide populations with basic health care services and to close the distance between rural areas and specialized hospitals usually located in big cities.”
§ Telemedicine for Developing Countries A Survey and Some Design Issues > 1. Introduction
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This paper by Tulu et al. focuses on telemedicine in general, without distinguishing projects deployed for developed or for developing countries: moreover, only few technical details are considered, such as application purpose, size of the hospital/healthcare center, bandwidth usage, type of connection (synchronous vs. asynchronous), and no other dimension is considered by the taxonomy.”
§ Telemedicine for Developing Countries A Survey and Some Design Issues > 2. A Taxonomy for Projects
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [19] Tulu B, Chatterjee S, Laxminarayan S. A taxonomy of telemedicine efforts with respect to applications, infrastructure, delivery tools, type of setting and purpose. In 38th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS-38 2005), CD-ROM / Abstracts Proceedings, 3-6 January 2005, Big Island, HI, USA. IEEE Computer Society. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“malaria (killing more than 1 million children every year)”
§ Telemedicine for Developing Countries A Survey and Some Design Issues > Sub-Saharan Africa
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [35] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“the average electric power consumption in Sub-Saharan Africa is 124 KWh per capita per year, only a tenth of what found elsewhere in the developing world, and barely enough to power one 100-W light bulb per person for three hours a day [29]”
§ Telemedicine for Developing Countries A Survey and Some Design Issues > Infrastructure
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [29] The World Bank. Fact sheet: Infrastructure in sub-Saharan Africa. 2014. Available from: http://go.worldbank.org/SWDECPM5S0
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“In China [38] 20% of the resources are available to 900 million rural people, which represent some 70% of the entire Chinese population (as of 2007, no further studies available).”
§ Telemedicine for Developing Countries A Survey and Some Design Issues > China
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [38] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Again, no distinction applies on project targets between developed and developing countries, and no particular technical detail is considered.”
§ Telemedicine for Developing Countries A Survey and Some Design Issues > 2. A Taxonomy for Projects
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [20] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“poor-quality water supplies; poor-quality telephone services; isolation and lack of continuing medical education (CME) for health care staff; and poor supervision of health care staff [30].”
§ Telemedicine for Developing Countries A Survey and Some Design Issues > Infrastructure
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [30] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Despite its rapidly growing economy, the overall health systems performance of China is ranked 144, as of 2007 [38].”
§ Telemedicine for Developing Countries A Survey and Some Design Issues > China
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [38] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“major issues concern the lack of medical supplies, especially drugs, poor referral system (and usually no feedback to the person originating the referral), and lack of transportation [30].”
§ Telemedicine for Developing Countries A Survey and Some Design Issues > Organization
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [30] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“estimating that 45% of the population is under 15.”
§ Telemedicine for Developing Countries A Survey and Some Design Issues > Pacific Islands and Micronesia
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [41] Bice SD, Dever G, Mukaida L, Norton SA, Samisone J. Telemedicine and telehealth in the Pacific islands region: A survey of applications, experiments, and issues. In Peacesat. Pacific Telecommunications Council, pp. 574-581
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [42] source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“the total population of some 160,000 inhabitants is spread over 97 islands, villages are densely populated, while some 2,000 islands are not inhabited.”
§ Telemedicine for Developing Countries A Survey and Some Design Issues > Pacific Islands and Micronesia
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [41] Bice SD, Dever G, Mukaida L, Norton SA, Samisone J. Telemedicine and telehealth in the Pacific islands region: A survey of applications, experiments, and issues. In Peacesat. Pacific Telecommunications Council, pp. 574-581
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [42] source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In this way, design experts derive the choices which will then determine the main functionality of the project -as well as its success.”
§ Telemedicine for Developing Countries A Survey and Some Design Issues > 4. Design Issues in Telemedicine Systems
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One possible interpretation is that major projects, which require major economic efforts, can be deployed by countries whose economy is not extremely poor: such countries may have already given higher priority to telemedicine projects in urban locations, and -as a second intervention -have then focused on rural locations”
§ Telemedicine for Developing Countries A Survey and Some Design Issues > 5. Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Typically, projects are funded for a period of three years, and then the deployed telemedicine service needs to be evaluated and, eventually, to be continued or discontinued [59].”
§ Telemedicine for Developing Countries A Survey and Some Design Issues > ix. Define a suitable duration for the project.
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [59] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Consequently, as stated above, bigger projects come with bigger budgets and may focus on rural locations where higher power consumption and greater bandwidth availability result in a bigger economic effort.”
§ Telemedicine for Developing Countries A Survey and Some Design Issues > 5. Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“E-mail communication is cheap, hardware and software requirements are simple, and the information transmission could be in store and forward mode [35].”
§ Telemedicine for Developing Countries A Survey and Some Design Issues > ix. Define a suitable duration for the project.
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [35] source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“On the other side, minor projects come from poorer countries with a very restricted economy, and whose governments are now committed to providing urban locations with an health-service coverage: extending the project to rural locations is probably set as second-level priority for that country.”
§ Telemedicine for Developing Countries A Survey and Some Design Issues > 5. Discussion
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
In developing countries, telemedicine is often the only or even the only alternative to conventional health care.
“in developing countries telemedicine in most cases is an alternative, or even the only alternative, to conventional health care.”
“in developing countries, whose GDP is remarkably low if compared to the GDP of a developed country, no alternative seems to exist to telemedicine.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Telemedicine is the only chance of medical care for people in rural locations of developing countries.
“telemedicine is the only chance of a medical care for such people.”
The paper relies on this without support.
A low percentage of citizens in developed countries rely on telemedicine as the only medical care system, while a remarkable percentage in developing countries do.
“a low percentage of citizens in developed countries relies on telemedicine as the only medical care system: instead, a remarkable percentage of citizens in developing countries looks at telemedicine as the only medical care system”
The paper relies on this without support.
Most telemedicine projects are successful as long as financial support is conspicuous, and decline after initial funding reduces.
“It is generally observed that most telemedicine projects are successful as long as the financial support is conspicuous, and this typically occurs at project onset time: after the initial honeymoon, most projects reduce fund availability and, consequently, projects decline as time goes by.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Organizational issues are critical in developing countries, while developed countries are not expected to experience them or very seldom.
“Generally, these issues for the organization are critical in developing countries, while developed countries are not expected to experience them -or experience them very seldom.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Most hardware requirements are not critical in developed countries but can be critical in rural and some urban locations of developing countries.
“While most of these requirements are not critical for telemedicine projects in developed countries, the same requirements can be critical in rural locations, and even in some urban locations, of developing countries.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Most communication requirements can be critical in developing countries, both rural and urban.
“As for the hardware requirements, most of the communication requirements can be critical in developing countries, both rural and urban locations.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Major limiting software requirements come from the client side.
“Major limiting requirements come from the client side.”
The paper relies on this without support.
If a limited budget is available, the difference between commercial software and public domain/freeware/shareware becomes extremely relevant.
“Moreover, if a limited budget is available, the difference between commercial software and public domain/freeware/shareware becomes extremely relevant.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Reduced bandwidth enables only asynchronous communications and simple textual information, while larger bandwidth enables synchronous communications and complex information including voice, sounds, still images, dynamic images and movies.
“a reduced bandwidth enables asynchronous communications only, while synchronous communications require a larger bandwidth; a reduced bandwidth enables transmitting simple information, mainly textual one, while a larger bandwidth enables one to transmit more complex information, including voice, sounds (e.g., stethoscope), still images, dynamic images and movies.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The project descriptions in the surveyed literature are accurate and complete enough to support the survey's comparisons and conclusions.
“Success rate, even if the information is extracted from the description of the project as presented by the literature and not clearly stated, is not related to the dimension of the project.”
The paper relies on this without support.
A project's success rate can be inferred from its description in the literature even when the description does not clearly state it.
“Success rate, even if the information is extracted from the description of the project as presented by the literature and not clearly stated, is not related to the dimension of the project.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The taxonomy dimensions used in Tables 1 and 2 are sufficient to categorize the projects and support the discussion's conclusions.
“By considering the scenario summarized by ▶ Table 1 and ▶ Table 2, we are now able to draw some conclusions and then sketch out challenges, recommendations, and the lessons we learned.”
The paper relies on this without support.
In most rural areas, the required ICT infrastructure is below minimal acceptable levels, impairing connection with remote centers and facilities.
“In most rural areas the required ICT infrastructure can be below minimal acceptable levels, thus impairing any type of connection with remote centers and facilities.”
The paper relies on this without support.
No organization currently handles accreditation of telemedicine service providers.
“To the best of our knowledge, no organization is currently taking care of such accreditation procedures.”
The paper relies on this without support.
No well-identified business model has been defined to ensure the sustainability of telemedicine.
“At present, no well identified business model has been defined yet to ensure the sustainability of telemedicine.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Insurance claims may not cover telemedicine services because the delivered healthcare does not follow traditional techniques, leading to limited or null reimbursement for insured people.
“Would a patient be taken care of by using a telemedicine system, insurance claims may not cover such circumstances as the delivered healthcare service does not follow traditional techniques.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Major needs in developing countries involve infectious diseases, sexually transmitted diseases, pulmonology, and Ebola.
“As an example, major needs in developing countries involve infectious diseases, STD (sexually transmitted diseases), pulmonology, as well as Ebola, more recently.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Some resistance may persist in mid-to-low profile personnel in developing countries, negatively affecting adoption of telemedicine systems.
“Personal resistance and opposition to using a computer system is nowadays a completely obsolete problem in developed countries, as young generations are getting more and more connected to the Internet: on the other side, some resistance may persist in mid-to-low profile personnel in developing countries, thus affecting in a negative manner the real adoption of telemedicine systems.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Locally organized courses may significantly increase overall acceptance of the telemedicine system, thus increasing overall results.
“Locally organized courses may significantly increase the overall acceptance of the telemedicine system, thus increasing the overall results.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Even the most well-designed telemedicine system may result in a low quality system if connectivity with remote health care centers is poor.
“Even the most well designed telemedicine system may result in a low quality system if the connectivity with the remote health care center(s) is poor.”
The paper relies on this without support.
After the initial enthusiastic approach, everyday practice forgets about the telemedicine system.
“While it is quite easy to have the system used at its early stage, mid-term and long-term analysis highlight that after the initial enthusiastic approach, the everyday practice forgets about the telemedicine system.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Adopting standards, shared protocols and guidelines helps a lot in enabling easy communication between different health care centers.
“As already mentioned, adopting standards, shared protocols and guidelines helps a lot in enabling easy communication between different health care centers.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Large-scale projects require more time to be completed and evaluated, and thus are more prone to failures than small-scale and agile projects.
“Large-scale projects require more time to be completed and to be evaluated, and thus are more prone to failures then small-scale and agile projects.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Cost-effectiveness and user satisfaction are hardly measured.
“Even though such parameters are hardly measured, at the end of the initial stage of the project some conclusions must be drawn.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Disregarding local habits (medical, cultural, religious) causes a telemedicine project to fail even before its start.
“Introducing some techniques which strongly differ from the local practices or that may result as offending according to the local habits or religion, must be absolutely avoided, or the project will fail even before its start.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Not providing users with proper training in ICT and the specific adopted system is a major pitfall.
“ii.Not providing the users with the proper training in ICT in general and with the specific adopted system.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Abandoning local users after releasing the system, without continual assistance, training and guidance, endangers continuing use.
“iii.Abandoning the local users after releasing the system, without providing them with a continual assistance, training and guidance.In fact, the initial enthusiasm may hide some critical aspects, which -after having become evidentmay endanger the continuing use of the system.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Telehealth technology is also relevant in developing countries where the healthcare system is expanding and where healthcare infrastructure can be designed to meet the current needs [3].”
From The rise of artificial intelligence in healthcare applications (2020) · cites this paper as [3]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Telemedicine for Developing Countries A Survey and Some Design Issues > 2. A Taxonomy for Projects
“The major reference we identified on this topic is [19], which dates back to 2005.”
§ Telemedicine for Developing Countries A Survey and Some Design Issues > References
“19. Tulu B, Chatterjee S, Maheshwari M. Telemedicine taxonomy: A classification tool. Telemed J E Health 2007; 13(3): 349-353. doi:10.1089/tmj.2006.0055.”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Telemedicine for Developing Countries A Survey and Some Design Issues > 2. A Taxonomy for Projects
“we started by performing a query over the PubMed bibliographic system [17]”
§ Telemedicine for Developing Countries A Survey and Some Design Issues > References
“17. Ley M. DBLP -Computer Science Bibliography [Internet]. 2016. Available from: http://dblp.uni-trier.de/.”
Citations
Cites
Effectiveness of telemedicine: A systematic review of reviews
Ekeland, A. G., Bowes, A., & Flottorp, S. (2010) · International Journal of Medical Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2010.08.006 · Cited by 1,162
Short Message Service (SMS) Applications for Disease Prevention in Developing Countries
Déglise, C., Suggs, L. S., & Odermatt, P. (2012) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.1823 · Cited by 206
Methodologies for assessing telemedicine: A systematic review of reviews
Ekeland, A. G., Bowes, A., & Flottorp, S. (2012) · International Journal of Medical Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2011.10.009 · Cited by 187
Shiferaw, F., & Zolfo, M. (2012) · Global Health Action · doi:10.3402/gha.v5i0.15638 · Cited by 161
Geissbuhler, A., Bagayoko, C. O., & Ly, O. (2007) · International Journal of Medical Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2007.01.012 · Cited by 135
Analysis of Information and Communication Needs in Rural Primary Health Care in Developing Countries
Martínez-Fernández, A., Villarroel, V., Seoane, J., & del Pozo, F. (2005) · IEEE Transactions on Information Technology in Biomedicine · doi:10.1109/titb.2004.842411 · Cited by 114
Key challenges in the development and implementation of telehealth projects
Joseph, V., West, R. M., Shickle, D., Keen, J., & Clamp, S. (2011) · Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare · doi:10.1258/jtt.2010.100315 · Cited by 113
A cloud computing based 12-lead ECG telemedicine service
Hsieh, J.-C., & Hsu, M.-W. (2012) · BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making · doi:10.1186/1472-6947-12-77 · Cited by 109
Telemedicine Diffusion in a Developing Country: The Case of India (March 2004)
Pal, A., Mbarika, V. W. A., Cobb-Payton, F., Datta, P., & McCoy, S. (2005) · IEEE Transactions on Information Technology in Biomedicine · doi:10.1109/titb.2004.842410 · Cited by 92
(2003) · PubMed · Cited by 92
Research works printed but not linked: 7
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- Hussein, 2012, GMS Medizinische Informatik, Biometrie und Epidemiologie, 8, 1
- Bice SD, Dever G, Mukaida L, Norton SA, Samisone J. Telemedicine and telehealth in the Pacific islands region: A survey of applications, experiments, and issues. In Peacesat. Pacific Telecommunications Council, pp. 574-581
- Gori, 2010, Comput Cardiol, 37, 481
- Bagayoko CO, Muller H, Geissbuhler A. Telemedicine network in French-speaking Africa (RAFT). In Medical Imaging and Telemedicine. pp. 108-113
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- Shiferaw F, Zolfo M. The role of information communication technology (ICT) towards universal health coverage: the first steps of a telemedicine project in Ethiopia. Global Health Act 2012; 5 · DOI · Paper page
Cited by
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Items 201–288 of 288
Rwebembera, J., & Nascimento, B. R. (2021) · doi:10.32388/00mw2o
Overview of Telemedicine Services in Mongolia
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Telemedicine and Teleducation in Portugal
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Metadata
- Authors
- Combi, C., Pozzani, G., & Pozzi, G.
- Affiliations
- University of Verona (IT)
- Politecnico di Milano (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Pozzi, Giuseppe
- Venue
- Applied Clinical Informatics
- Publisher
- Georg Thieme Verlag KG
- Published
- 2016-10
- Volume
- 07
- Issue
- 04
- Pages
- 1025-1050
- ISSN
- 1869-0327 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5228142
- OpenAlex
- W2548368723
- Cited by
- 286
- References
- 48
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 34 · 2024: 36 · 2023: 43 · 2022: 51 · 2021: 59 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 7
- FWCI
- 1.08
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- public-domain
- Locations
- Applied Clinical Informatics (publishedVersion, public-domain)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Virtual Community of Pathological Anatomy (University of Castilla La Mancha) (submittedVersion, public-domain)
- Funders
- Regione Veneto through the “Cooperazione decentrata allo sviluppo” program (CUP B48I13000590003, B42C14000270002)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Telemedicine and Telehealth Implementation
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › ICT in Developing Communities
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Technology and Human Factors in Education and Health
- Keywords
- telemedicine, developing countries, rural health care, health care access, physician shortage
- MeSH terms
- Developing Countries, Humans, Surveys and Questionnaires, Telemedicine
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
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