Nitrogen allocation of Gracilaria tikvahiae grown in urbanized estuaries of Long Island Sound and New York City, USA: a preliminary evaluation of ocean farmed Gracilaria for alternative fish feeds
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The red seaweed, Gracilaria tikvahiae McLachlan, was cultivated in open water farms in urbanized estuaries of Long Island Sound (26-30 psu of salinity) and New York City (20-25 psu), USA in 2011.Plants were harvested monthly from summer (August, 24°C) to fall (November, 13°C) and analyzed for total nitrogen, protein, and amino acid content.On a dry matter (DM) basis, nitrogen and protein significantly increased over the harvest period until October and then plateaued.Nitrogen increased from 22 ± 1 g kg -1 DM in August to 39 ± 3 g kg -1 DM in October (p < 0.001).Protein increased from 107 ± 13 g kg -1 DM in August to 196 ± 5 g kg -1 DM in November (p < 0.001).With two exceptions, amino acid concentrations expressed on a crude protein (CP) basis were similar over the harvest period.Essential amino acids accounted for 48 ± 1% of all amino acids present with lysine and methionine averaging 56 ± 2 g kg -1 CP and 18 ± 1 g kg -1 CP, respectively.Histidine was underrepresented among essential amino acids and averaged 13 ± 1 g kg -1 CP.Taurine ranged from 2.1 to 3.2 g kg -1 DM.With its moderate levels of lysine, methionine and taurine, ocean farmed G. tikvahiae has the potential of overcoming many nutrient deficiencies currently associated with terrestrial plant ingredients in alternative feeds for fish and shrimp.
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During periods of nutrient limitation such as during the summer stratification of coastal waters, macroalgal protein content decreases, and the relative proportions of amino acids change.
“During periods of nutrient limitation such as during the summer stratification of coastal waters, however, macroalgal protein content decreases, and the relative proportions of amino acids change (Online Resource 2; Galland-Irmouli et al. 1999; Johnson et al. 2014; Schiener et al. 2015).”
From Algae as nutritional and functional food sources: revisiting our understanding. (2017) · cites this paper as Johnson et al. 2014
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Johnson, R. B., Kim, J. K., Armbruster, L. C., & Yarish, C.
- Affiliations
- NOAA National Marine Fisheries Service Northwest Fisheries Science Center (US)
- University of Connecticut (US)
- Corresponding author
- Johnson, Ronald B.
- Venue
- ALGAE
- Publisher
- The Korean Society of Phycology
- Published
- 2014-09-15
- Volume
- 29
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 227-235
- ISSN
- 1226-2617 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2055231045
- Cited by
- 33
- References
- 63
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 5.07
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- ALGAE (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Fish and Wildlife Foundation (1401.10.024266)
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
- Connecticut Sea Grant, University of Connecticut
- National Marine Fisheries Service
- Northeast Fisheries Science Center
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Aquatic Science › Aquaculture Nutrition and Growth
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Oceanography › Marine and coastal plant biology
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Aquatic Science › Seaweed-derived Bioactive Compounds
- Keywords
- Gracilaria tikvahiae, nitrogen partitioning, seaweed cultivation, ocean farming, alternative fish feed, protein content, amino acid composition, essential amino acids, lysine, methionine, taurine, urban estuaries, Long Island Sound, New York City, seasonal variation, red seaweed
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