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Cited by 11Analytical chemistry methods developmentElectrochemical Analysis and ApplicationsEnvironmental and Analytical Chemistry Studies

Green and deep eutectic solvent microextraction method for faas determination of trace level cadmium in water samples using multivariate strategic approach

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Tuzen, Mustafa·2016·Atomic Spectroscopy
DOI 10.46770/as.2016.06.005
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Abstract

An innovative green, deep eutectic solvent microextraction (DES-ME) approach was developed for the preconcentration of trace level cadmium (Cd) in fresh canal and wastewater samples prior to flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) determination.The Cd was complexed with ammonium pyrolidine dithiocarbmate (APDC) to enhance the extraction capability in the deep eutectic solvent (DES).DES exhibits similar physico-chemical properties of the traditionally used ionic liquids, but is less costly, environmentally friendly, and offers a green alternative to conventional ionic liquid extraction.Separation of the metalenriched DES from the aqueous medium can be induced by using the Triton X-114 surfactant.The metal-enriched phase was subjected to FAAS using conventional nebulization.The multivariate strategy was applied to estimate the optimum values of the experimental factors for the recovery of metal ions under study.The results showed that the pH, volume mixing ratios of the DES, and their interaction are the most statistically significant variables.Under the optimized experimental conditions, the limit of detection was found to be 0.504 µg L -1 and the enhancement factor was 51.The validity and accuracy of proposed method were checked by the analysis of real water samples using the standard addition method and the TM-28.3Fortified Water sample.The proposed method was successfully applied to the trace level determination of Cd in canal water and wastewater samples.

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  • The first DES used in LPME of metals was a combination of choline chloride and urea, applied as a solvent for magnetic nanoparticles and APDC in the microextraction of Pb and Cd.

    “The first DES used in LPME of metals was the result of a combination of choline chloride and urea, which was applied as a solvent for magnetic nanoparticles and APDC, in the microextraction of Pb and Cd [35,36].”

    From Advances in ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents-based liquid phase microextraction of metals for sample preparation in Environmental Analytical Chemistry (2021) · cites this paper as [36]

    The Introduction and Procedure for DES-ME (pages unavailable) support the use of a deep eutectic solvent with APDC to extract cadmium. But the Preparation of Deep Eutectic Solvents section specifies zinc chloride and acetamide, not choline chloride and urea. The paper does not establish that this was the first such use or describe magnetic nanoparticles or lead extraction. (LLM, conf=0.88)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • The determination of metals using FAAS and ICP OES involves extract pre-dilution with water or alcohol to reduce DES phase viscosity and increase the volume available for nebulization.

    “The determination of metals using FAAS [51 -53] and ICP OES [62] involves extract pre-dilution with water or alcohol to reduce the DES phase viscosity and increase the volume available for nebulization.”

    From Application of deep eutectic solvents in analytical chemistry. A review (2017) · cites this paper as [51]

    The Procedure for DES-ME (page not specified) says acidic ethyl alcohol was added to the viscous, metal-enriched surfactant-rich phase to decrease its viscosity before FAAS. It does not say the alcohol was added to increase the volume available for nebulization; ICP OES is attributed to a different citation in the citing sentence. (LLM, conf=0.86)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • With respect to water samples, polyaromatic hydrocarbons, pesticides, and metals are the most determined analytes, with extraction procedures based on ChCl:phenol, ChCl:glycerol, ChCl:urea, ChCl:glucose and ChCl:p-chlorophenol compositions.

    “With respect to water samples, polyaromatic hydrocarbons [55], pesticides [38], and metals [51,52] are the most determined analytes, with extraction procedures based on the use of ChCl:phenol, ChCl:glycerol, ChCl:urea, ChCl:glucose and ChCl: p -chlorophenol compositions.”

    From Application of deep eutectic solvents in analytical chemistry. A review (2017) · cites this paper as [51]

    The Conclusion reports a method for determining cadmium, a metal, in canal and wastewater samples. But the Preparation of Deep Eutectic Solvents section specifies ZnCl₂ and acetamide, not any of the listed ChCl compositions; the paper also does not establish which analytes are most commonly determined in water. (LLM, conf=0.88)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • DES were incorporated in the LPME of metals in 2016.

    “They were incorporated in the LPME of metals in 2016 [35,36].”

    From Advances in ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents-based liquid phase microextraction of metals for sample preparation in Environmental Analytical Chemistry (2021) · cites this paper as [36]

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Authors
Tuzen, M.
Venue
Atomic Spectroscopy
Publisher
Atomic Spectroscopy Press Limited
Published
2016-12-25
Volume
37
Issue
6
Pages
244-251
ISSN
  • 0195-5373 (ISSN-L)
  • 2708-521X
DOI
10.46770/as.2016.06.005
OpenAlex
W3047960684
Cited by
11
References
0
Citations by year
2025: 2 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 2 · 2017: 2
FWCI
0.53
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
Atomic Spectroscopy (publishedVersion)
Funders
  • Türkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Araştırma Kurumu
  • Türkiye Bilimler Akademisi
  • Gaziosmanpasa Üniversitesi
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Analytical Chemistry › Analytical chemistry methods development
  • Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Electrochemistry › Electrochemical Analysis and Applications
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Environmental and Analytical Chemistry Studies
Keywords
cadmium determination, deep eutectic solvents, green extraction, microextraction, pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate, multivariate optimization, trace metal preconcentration, canal water, wastewater, flame atomic absorption spectrometry

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