Egyptian Control in the Southern Levant and the Late Bronze Age Crisis

May combine two claims.

During the 12th century new western migrants appeared in Philistia and settled there in numbers large enough to leave behind distinct material culture, but they lived in the same settlements with people who still used the Bronze Age Canaanite material culture.

“During the 12 th century new western migrants appeared in Philistia and settled there in numbers large enough to leave behind distinct material culture, but they lived in the same settlements with people who still used the Bronze Age Canaanite material culture.”

May combine two claims.

The crisis did not bring destruction everywhere; many locations like Cyprus, Phoenicia or Carchemish either survived the crisis or even benefited from it and were not negatively affected.

“It was not a crisis that brought destruction everywhere and many locations like Cyprus, Phoenicia or Carchemish, all of which either survived the crisis or even benefitted from it, were not negatively affected.129”

• cites [129]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Ashkelon has no signs of destruction, although the settlement was possibly abandoned.

“At the same time Ashkelon has no signs of destruction, although the settlement was possibly abandoned.88”

• cites [88]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Egyptian sources indicate a destructive wave of people coming towards Egypt but do not mention any attacks on the specific towns in the Southern Levant.

“Egyptian sources indicate a destructive wave of people coming towards Egypt, but do not mention any attacks on the specific towns in the Southern Levant.91”

• cites [91]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age Gaza is archaeologically largely unknown, and the Onomasticon of Amenemope lists Gaza, Ashkelon and Ashdod before Peleset, but these words are not distinctly associated with each other.

“Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age Gaza is archaeologically largely unknown, and the first written source to refer to the Peleset and Gaza -the Onomasticon of Amenemope -lists Gaza, Askhelon and Ashdod before Peleset, but these words are not distinctly associated with each other.122”

• cites [122]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Two notable city-states, Ugarit and Emar, were destroyed by enemy raids and not settled again.

“Two notable city-states -Ugarit and Emar -were destroyed by the enemy raids and not settled again.128”

• cites [128]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

In some places the whole settlement suffered, while elsewhere only selected buildings were destroyed.

“In some places the whole settlement suffered while elsewhere only selected buildings were destroyed.89”

• cites [89]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

There are possible signs of destruction in Gath and of partial destruction in Ashdod and Ekron.

“There are possible signs of destruction in Gath and of partial destruction in Ashdod and Ekron.87”

• cites [87]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

There were definitely at least limited destructions in some towns, including destruction and abandonment of some former city-state centers such as Lachish and Megiddo.

“There were definitely at least limited destructions in some towns, even a destruction and abandonment of some former city-state centers (Lachish, Megiddo).125”

• cites [125]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

There were Egyptian campaigns in Canaan, some within the Egyptian controlled territories.

“There were Egyptian campaigns in Canaan, some within the Egyptian controlled territories.”

May combine two claims.

Several settlements, including former city-state centers, were destroyed, abandoned or saw the arrival of new people from the west, while Egypt withdrew from the region.

“Several settlements, including former city-state centers, were destroyed, abandoned or saw the arrival of new people from the west, while Egypt withdrew from the region.”

May combine two claims.

Some settlements (like Lachish) were abandoned, while settlements in Philistia saw the arrival of new people.

“Some settlements (like Lachish) were abandoned, while settlements in Philistia saw the arrival of new people.148”

• cites [148]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

No Egyptian campaigns into the Levant were recorded after that point.

“However, no Egyptian campaigns into Levant were recorded after that point.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The lack of town walls may have been related to the intentional Egyptian policy of keeping the city-states weak enough to keep them in check, or because of the lacking resources and manpower of local settlements.

“We can only speculate about the causes, but the lack of walls may have been related to the intentional Egyptian policy of keeping the city-states weak enough to keep them in check, in case some of them were thinking about rebelling, or because of the lacking resources and manpower of local settlements.”

• cites BUNIMOVITZ 1998Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites NA'AMAN 2005Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The Late Bronze Age in the Southern Levant ended with a crisis that considerably changed local power structures and coincided with the disappearance of the Egyptian empire in the region.

“However, the period ended with a crisis that seems to have considerably changed the local power structures along with the disappearance of the Egyptian empire in the region.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Among these local factors is the nature of the Egyptian control and Egyptian activities in Levant.

“Among these local factors is the nature of the Egyptian control and Egyptian activities in Levant.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

In the Late Bronze Age, Egypt controlled the city-states of the Southern Levant, even though local rulers maintained partial autonomy.

“In the Late Bronze Age, Egypt controlled the city-states of the Southern Levant, even though local rulers maintained partial autonomy.”

May combine two claims.

In addition to the permanent military presence, especially in the 13th century and early 12th century, the campaigning Egyptian armies could march through the Southern Levant without any powerful opposition.

“In addition to the permanent military presence, especially in the 13 th century and early 12 th century, the campaigning Egyptian armies could march through the Southern Levant without any powerful opposition, like in the case of the battle of Qadesh or the attacks against specific settlements.”

• cites CLINE 2014 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites HASEL 1998Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The crisis in the 12th century is evidenced by destruction in the area, the fading of Egyptian control, the arrival of new migrant groups, and reduced overall political complexity.

“The crisis in the 12 th century is evidenced by the destruction in the area while Egyptian control faded, new migrant groups arrived and overall political complexity was reduced.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Gradual worsening of the climate, famine, the political disintegration of the Hittite empire and attacks on Levantine cities by unknown assailants seem most likely among the many reasons proposed to have brought about the crisis.

“Gradual worsening of the climate, famine, the political disintegration of the Hittite empire and attacks on Levantine cities by unknown assailants seem most likely among the many reasons proposed to have brought about the crisis.”

• cites BECKMAN 2007Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites BRYCE 2005 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites LANGGUT et al. 2013 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

This may have led to the interdependence of the armies, meaning that Egypt depended on the forces of its vassals to a certain extent, while the vassals may have relied on the Egyptian forces, when they were in trouble.

“This may have led to the interdependence of the armies, meaning that Egypt depended on the forces of its vassals to a certain extent, while the vassals may have relied on the Egyptian forces, when they were in trouble.”

• cites AVRUCH 2002Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites MORRIS 2015Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Gradually, Egyptian dominance was lost; if the statue base of Ramesses VI indicates influence or even control over Megiddo, then this pharaoh still held onto the northern part of the Southern Levant and possibly Jaffa.

“Gradually, dominance was lost, although if the statue base of Ramesses VI should indicate influence or even control over Megiddo, then this pharaoh still held onto the northern part of the Southern Levant and possibly Jaffa.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Following the arrival of the western settlers there were developments in ceramics and extensive building work in a new style, and the Egyptians or the local Canaanites may have appreciated people with artisanal expertise, especially as Mycenaean-style ceramics were appreciated in the Bronze Age Levant.

“Given that following their arrival there were developments in ceramics and extensive building work in a new style, the Egyptians or the local Canaanites may have also appreciated people with artisanal expertise, 123 especially as Mycenaean-style ceramics were appreciated in the Bronze Age Levant.124”

• cites [123]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites [124]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The change in the local climate and resulting agricultural pressure, attacks by hostile groups of people or other states, and imperial incapability to handle these crises caused considerable changes in the Eastern Mediterranean.

“It seems that the change in the local climate and resulting agricultural pressure, attacks by hostile groups of people or other states, and imperial incapability to handle these crises caused considerable changes in the Eastern Mediterranean.”

May combine two claims.

There are debates over whether Philistine 1 pottery arrived ca. 1175 or ca. 1125, and the loss of Egyptian control seems to be a drawn-out process, impossible to date accurately because of the ambivalence of archaeological material.

“Not only are there debates over whether Philistine 1 pottery arrived ca.1175 or ca.1125, but as outlined above, the loss of the Egyptian control seems to be a drawn-out process, impossible to be dated accurately because of the ambivalence of archaeological material.114”

• cites [114]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The nature of the Egyptians' control over the Southern Levant can explain a part of what happened in the region: why some settlements were destroyed, why the political system seems to have collapsed, and how the situation favoured the settling of migrants in Philistia.

“The nature of the Egyptians' control over the Southern Levant can explain a part of what happened in the region: why were some settlements destroyed; why the political system seems to have collapsed; and even how did the situation favour the settling of migrants in Philistia.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

No archaeological or written evidence, at least, would indicate the contrary to Egyptian control at the beginning of the 12th century and collapse by the end of the century.

“No archaeological or written evidence, at least, would indicate the contrary.”

May combine two claims.

Somewhat more reliable findings, like a stone block of Ramesses IV in Tel Delhamiya and a bronze statue base of Ramesses VI in Megiddo, may indicate Egyptian control, although they have also been found out of their original context.

“Somewhat more reliable findings, like a stone block of Ramesses IV in Tel Delhamiya and a bronze statue base of Ramesses VI in Megiddo, may indicate Egyptian control, although they have also been found out of their original context.99”

• cites [99]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The Egyptian empire was seemingly in control of the region at the beginning of the 12th century, but the empire had collapsed by the end of the century.

“The Egyptian empire was seemingly in control of the region in the beginning of the 12 th century, but the empire had collapsed by the end of the century.”

May combine two claims.

Megiddo contained a statue base of Ramesses VI, which shows Egyptian influence but not necessarily direct control.

“The city contained a statue base of Ramesses VI (a reason for Ussishkin's late dating), which shows Egyptian influence, although not necessarily direct control.81”

• cites [81]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Egyptians had to deal with an assassination attempt on Ramesses III, the short reigns of the succeeding pharaohs, the rise in grain price and the workers' strike in Deir el-Medina.

“Egyptians had to deal with an assassination attempt on Ramesses III, the short reigns of the succeeding pharaohs, the rise in grain prize and the workers' strike in Deir el-Medina.109”

• cites [109]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

These collapses may have been a result of a number of smaller problems, such as agricultural problems, raids, attacks by enemies and disputes over the throne in the Hittite empire, the cumulative effect of which proved fatal for the existing states.

“These collapses may have been a result of a number of smaller problems (agricultural problems, raids, attacks by enemies, disputes over the throne in the Hittite empire) the cumulative effect of which proved fatal for the existing states.127”

• cites [127]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Although the local city-states had military forces, at least in the Amarna Age, they were limited and were not a match for the organized Egyptian army.

“Although the local city-states had military forces, at least in the Amarna Age, they were limited and were not a match for the organized Egyptian army.130”

• cites [130]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Political control meant control over foreign politics, during the Late Bronze Age it meant that city-states had to stay loyal to the Egyptians and not collaborate with the Mitanni or the Hittite empire.

“Political control meant control over foreign politics, during the Late Bronze Age it meant that city-states had to stay loyal to the Egyptians and not collaborate with the Mitanni or the Hittite empire.”

• cites COHEN 2002Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites COHEN and WESTBROOK 2002Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The large-scale crisis can explain some of the events in the Levant, but only when regional factors are also taken into account.

“This large-scale crisis can explain some of the events in Levant, but only when regional factors are also taken into account.”

May combine two claims.

Local rulers had considerable autonomy, but when Egyptian interests were threatened, the Egyptian empire got involved, as in the case of Amurru and Shechem.

“As said, local rulers had considerable autonomy, but when Egyptian interests were threatened, the Egyptian empire got involved, as in the case of Amurru and Shechem.”

• cites BRYCE 2005 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites JAMES 2002Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Signs of Egyptian control disappeared after Ramesses VI, which suggests that the empire had collapsed.

“Signs of Egyptian control disappeared after his time, which suggests that the empire had collapsed.106”

• cites [106]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

Both the Egyptians and the local residents may have felt the benefits of these new western settlers coming there.

“In fact, both the Egyptians and the local residents may have felt the benefits of these new western settlers coming there.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Egyptian propaganda may have differed considerably from the historical reality.

“However, one has to take into account that Egyptian propaganda may have differed considerably from the historical reality.”

May combine two claims.

Egyptian control seems to have disappeared around the middle of the 12th century, but connecting the loss of dominance to a specific pharaoh may not be possible or relevant given the short reigns of the pharaohs.

“It seems to have disappeared at some time around the middle of the 12 th century, but connecting the loss of dominance to a specific pharaoh may not be possible, or perhaps even not relevant given the short reigns of the pharaohs.108”

• cites [108]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

It is possible that the Egyptians were not actively trying to stop the migration into their territory.

“However, it is possible that the Egyptians were not actively trying to stop the migration into their territory.118”

• cites [118]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Egyptian sources place the destruction to ca. 1175, but the Low Chronology would date the destructions in Philistia to a later period, ca. 1125.

“They place the destruction to ca 1175, but as mentioned, the Low Chronology would date the destructions in Philistia into a later period (ca.1125).92”

• cites [92]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The early 13th century pharaoh Seti I recorded capturing Hammath, Yeno'am and Pella, which had risen up against Egypt and had attacked other cities like the Egyptian center Beth Shean.

“The early 13 th century pharaoh Seti I recorded capturing Hammath, Yeno'am and Pella, which had risen up against Egypt and had attacked other cities, like the Egyptian center Beth Shean.73”

• cites [73]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

What can be said with confidence about the late 13th and 12th century Canaan is limited due to the dating problems, the archaeological ambiguities and the scarcity of written sources.

“What can be said with confidence about the late 13 th and 12 th century Canaan is limited due to the dating problems, the archaeological ambiguities and the scarcity of written sources.”

May combine two claims.

The main argument for attesting Egyptian presence and dating Egypt's loss of control over the Southern Levant is the disappearance of items bearing the names of Egyptian pharaohs after Ramesses VI.

“The main argument for attesting the Egyptian presence and dating the Egypt's loss of control over the Southern Levant is the disappearance of items bearing the names of Egyptian pharaohs after Ramesses VI. 97”

• cites [97]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Written sources about the political situation in Canaan disappear until the Wenamun story from the 11th century, which implies that Egyptians had lost their influence, and respect towards them, in the Central Levant.

“Written sources about the political situation in Canaan disappear until the Wenamun story from the 11 th century, which implies that Egyptians had lost their influence, and respect towards them, in the Central Levant.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Some city-states were fairly small and this kind of effort, even temporary, may have been quite costly and exhausting for the locals.

“It is good to bear in mind that some citystates were fairly small and this kind of effort, even temporary, may have been quite costly and exhausting for the locals.”

May combine two claims.

These processes can be seen as symptoms of a serious crisis in the region, and some, such as Egyptian decline, may have in turn amplified the crisis.

“Processes such as these can be seen as symptoms of a serious crisis in the region, and some (such as Egyptian decline) may have in turn amplified the crisis.85”

• cites [85]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Even items found in archaeological contexts, like jewelry and scarabs, say little about political control, although they can be used for dating.

“Even the items found in archaeological contexts, like jewelry and scarabs, say little about political control (although can be used for dating).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

It is not clear if any other city-states survived the crisis or until the 12th century, even if the settlements were not destroyed.

“It is not clear if any other city-states survived the crisis (or until the 12 th century) either, even if the settlements were not destroyed.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The collapse of the Hittite empire and the palatial Mycenaean states brought about considerable political changes.

“At the same time the collapse of the Hittite empire and the palatial Mycenaean states brought about considerable political changes.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

It is not clear how Egyptian control or the lack of it related to the arrival of the western migrants.

“It is not clear how Egyptian control (or the lack of it) related to the arrival of the western migrants.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Depending on the dating of the destructions, these happened either despite Egyptian control over the area or at a time after Egypt had lost dominance of the area.

“Depending on the dating of the destructions, these happened either despite the Egyptian control over the area or at a time after Egypt had lost dominance of the area.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

It is difficult to pinpoint the time when Egyptians lost control over the Southern Levant.

“It is difficult, then, to pinpoint the time when Egyptians lost control over the Southern Levant.”

May combine two claims.

Egypt had military, political and economic control over the region of the Southern Levant, as seen from the Amarna letters and archaeological records.

“Egypt thus had military, political and economic control over the region of the Southern Levant, as seen from the letters of the Amarna Age and the archaeological records.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The Amarna letters and archaeological records reliably indicate Egyptian military, political, and economic control over the Southern Levant.

May combine two claims.

There are signs that the climate changed in the 13th-12th century, which could have led to agricultural problems and famine.

“There are signs that the climate changed in the 13 th -12 th century, which could have led to agricultural problems and famine.126”

• cites [126]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Weinstein points out that there are three Egyptian officials connected to the time of Ramesses III from Megiddo, Timna and Beth Shean.

“Weinstein points out that there are three Egyptian officials connected to the time of Ramesses III from Megiddo, Timna and Beth Shean.102”

• cites [102]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

There was a two-fold change in the political system: the disappearance of Egyptian dominance and the possible collapse of the vassal city-state system.

“a two-fold change in the political system: the disappearance of the Egyptian dominance and along with that the possible collapse of the vassal city-state system.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

All these reconstructions see the Egyptians as opposing the western settlers in some way or another.

“All these reconstructions see the Egyptians as opposing the western settlers in some way or another.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

It is possible that the western settlers did not threaten Egyptians in Gaza.

“It is therefore possible that the western settlers did not threaten Egyptians in Gaza.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Different scenarios have been put forward depending on the chronological reconstructions and the ways the Egyptian sources are interpreted.

“Different scenarios can be and have been put forward depending on the chronological reconstructions and the ways the Egyptian sources are interpreted.”

May combine two claims.

Although pharaohs lost some territories in the northern part of the Southern Levant during the last centuries of the Bronze Age, their control over most of the city-states of the Southern Levant was not weakened.

“Although pharaohs lost some territories in the northern part of the Southern Levant during the last centuries of the Bronze Age, it seems that their control over most of the city-states of Southern Levant was not weakened.71”

• cites [71]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The Wenamun account is essentially a work of fiction.

“However, the account is essentially a work of fiction.107”

• cites [107]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The western settlers would have provided additional workforce and boosted the defensive capabilities.

“They would have provided additional workforce and boosted the defensive capabilities.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The city-states or settlements, if the Egyptians were directly controlling them, would have depended on the Egyptian military for protection against both foreign and local elements.

“The city-states or settlements (if the Egyptians were directly controlling these) would have depended on the Egyptian military for protection against both foreign and local elements.”

May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

The scenario of towns being more exposed to raids due to lack of Egyptian support seems to have taken place in Ugarit, where local military forces were weakened when the enemy came.

“This scenario seems to have taken place in Ugarit in the north, where the local military forces were weakened at the time the enemy came.132”

• cites [132]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Egypt controlled the area through military, economic and political hegemony, although local city-states could act relatively autonomously.

“Egypt controlled the area through military, economic and political hegemony, although local city-states could act relatively autonomously.”

May combine two claims.

The Apiru and the Shasu threatened and probably sometimes successfully attacked the settlements.

“the people like the Apiru and the Shasu threatened and probably sometimes successfully attacked the settlements”

• cites [134]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

One cannot exclude that the Egyptians may have attacked the Canaanite cities when they acted against their interest.

“Neither can one exclude the Egyptians, who may have attacked the Canaanite cities when they acted against their interest.135”

• cites [135]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

The vassal states and settlements had to supply these.

“The vassal states and settlements had to supply these.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The dating of the destructions and the retreat of the Egyptians from the area in the 12th century is debated, but at least the Egyptian retreat probably took place gradually over a long period of time.

“The dating of the destructions and the retreat of the Egyptians from the area in the 12 th century is debated, but at least the Egyptian retreat probably took place gradually over a long period of time.”

May combine two claims.

It is not clear if local conflicts or external forces were behind the destruction, abandonment or the settlement of western migrants, but it seems that the local settlements or polities had to increasingly fend for themselves.

“It is not clear, if local conflicts or external forces were behind the destruction, abandonment or the settlement of western migrants, but it seems that the local settlements or polities had to increasingly fend for themselves.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

In a situation where troubles in neighbouring regions and stress on agriculture created favourable conditions for increased conflict in the Late Bronze Age, military forces would have become very important.

“In a situation where troubles in neighbouring regions and stress on the agriculture created favourable conditions for increased conflict in the Late Bronze Age, military forces would have become very important.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

The Egyptian policy and influence in the region played an important role in worsening the crisis.

“Yet, the Egyptian policy and influence in the region played an important role in worsening the crisis.”

May combine two claims.

Along with the lack of military protection it became a serious issue when Egypt withdrew its presence, while new foreign or local enemies started to attack.

“Along with the lack of military protection it became a serious issue when Egypt withdrew its presence, while new foreign or local enemies started to attack.147”

• cites [147]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Over time, the Egyptians' direct control may have increased, but there are signs in Megiddo and in the Egyptian written sources that city-states survived the 13th century.

“Over time, the Egyptians' direct control may have increased, but there are signs in Megiddo and in the Egyptian written sources that city-states survived the 13 th century.”

May combine two claims.

Although the crisis in the Southern Levant was created by climate change, the economic changes and the increased regional insecurity, the Egyptian control of the area in the Late Bronze Age probably had effects which rather deepened the crisis than alleviated it.

“Although the crisis in the Southern Levant was created by climate change, the economic changes and the increased regional insecurity, the Egyptian control of the area in the Late Bronze Age probably had effects which rather deepened the crisis than alleviated it.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The Late Bronze Age crisis in the Southern Levant was created by climate change, economic changes, and increased regional insecurity.

May combine two claims.

The Egyptians used the Canaanite food resources and human work-force, possibly even to the extent that caused towns to rise up or the local people to flee to other areas.

“The Egyptians nevertheless used the Canaanite food resources and human work-force, possibly even to the extent that caused towns to rise up or the local people to flee to other areas.”

• cites [142]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The economic situation worsened due to disruptions to the trade routes and the loss of partners.

“However, the economic situation worsened due to disruptions to the trade routes and the loss of partners.”

May combine two claims.

The Hittite king asked for food from his vassals, at least from Ugarit, and Ugarit had to justify why it did not send any, citing lack of food.

“The Hittite king asked for food from his vassals, at least from Ugarit, and the latter had to justify why it did not send any, citing the lack of food as a reason.140”

• cites [140]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The situation was worsened by another outcome of Egyptian policy, or at least a factual result of Egyptian dominance, namely the lack of city-walls.

“The situation was worsened by another outcome of the Egyptian policy, or at least a factual result of the Egyptian dominance, namely the lack of city-walls.136”

• cites [136]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The exact circumstances and nature of the western migration into Philistia are dependent on dating, which has remained ambiguous.

“The exact circumstances and nature of this western migration into Philistia are, however, dependent on dating, which has remained ambiguous.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

At the same time the Egyptian empire either lost its hold on Levant against its intentions, or because of the problems in Egypt proper it felt no need to hold onto Levant.

“At the same time the Egyptian empire either lost its hold on Levant against its intentions, or because of the problems in Egypt proper it felt no need to hold onto Levant.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Other towns may have also lacked a local government to organize defence while not getting any help from the Egyptians.

“Other towns may have also lacked a local government to organize defence while not getting any help from the Egyptians.”

May combine two claims.

Tribute included luxury goods and metals, and to meet these requirements the vassal states must have continued to participate in international trade not only for their own sake, but also for Egypt's.

“Tribute included luxury goods and metals, and to meet these requirements the vassal states must have continued to participate in the international trade not only for their own sake, but also for Egypt's.144”

• cites [144]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

There was no time to build up fortifications, armies and alliances in the changing situation, while Egypt did not seem to be able or willing to help.

“There was no time to build up fortifications, armies and alliances in the changing situation, while Egypt did not seem to be able or willing to help.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The previous long dependence on the empire for security had reduced the willingness to make changes, which could besides have angered the Egyptians.

“The previous long dependence on the empire for security had reduced the willingness to make changes, which could besides have angered the Egyptians.”

May combine two claims.

This indicates that the autonomous city-state had come to an end and the settlers from the west could have easily taken over Ashkelon.

“This indicates that the autonomous city-state had come to an end and the settlers from the west could have easily taken over the town.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Supplying Egypt with food and materials or luxury goods in a time of crisis may have been too much.

“Supplying Egypt with food and materials or luxury goods in a time of crisis may have been too much.”

May combine two claims.

Ashkelon was attacked and pacified by Merneptah at the end of the 13th century, according to the pharaoh's account, and an Egyptian-style garrison building was subsequently built there.

“The town was attacked and pacified by Merneptah at the end of the 13 th century, according to the pharaoh's account, and an Egyptian-style garrison building was subsequently built there.”

• cites [149]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Egypt weathered this crisis, which might apply also for the nearby Southern Levant, although the price of grain in Egypt did eventually rise and it is not out of the question that Egypt demanded additional food or other resources from its vassals.

“It looks as though Egypt weathered this crisis, which might apply also for the nearby Southern Levant, although the price of grain in Egypt did eventually rise and it is not out of the question that Egypt demanded additional food or other resources from its vassals.141”

• cites [141]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

As the political system changed in a short time, the city-states had not enough time to adapt to the changing conditions, to start building fortifications, armies, trade networks and alliances.

“Lastly, as the political system changed in a short time, the city-states had not enough time to adapt to the changing conditions, to start building fortifications, armies, trade networks and alliances.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The Egyptian forces had previously attacked the area, and Egypt was not interested in having strong vassals, which may have led to a policy banning fortifications, and maybe even large armies, for the city-states.

“Firstly, the Egyptian forces had previously attacked the area, and Egypt was not interested in having strong vassals, which may have led to a policy banning fortifications, and maybe even large armies, for the city-states.”