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Dangerous Speech
Abstract
The concept of “dangerous speech,” which I proposed in the early 2010s, illuminates a key fact that is often missed: hate speech (and related categories like toxic and extreme speech) affects people gradually, cumulatively, and by dint of repetition. Dangerous speech is defined based on the specific harm it engenders (inspiring intergroup violence) rather than its content alone or the intent of those who spread it, allowing for a more consistent definition and broader consensus that it should be addressed. In this article, I explain why this concept is useful; describe the five aspects of speech that must be evaluated in order to determine dangerousness; share examples of projects that have been conducted to monitor, evaluate, and counteract dangerous speech; and suggest future avenues for research.
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“In fact, the algorithms and the inherent characteristics of digital platforms can amplify these harmful narratives (Benesch, 2023;UN Interregional Crime and Justice Research Institute, 2020).”
From Exploring the Challenges of Generative AI on Public Sector Communication in Europe (2025) · cites this paper as Benesch, 2023
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Cited by
Exploring the Challenges of Generative AI on Public Sector Communication in Europe
Lovari, A., & De Rosa, F. (2025) · Media and Communication · doi:10.17645/mac.9644 · Cited by 22
Metadata
- Authors
- Benesch, S.
- Venue
- Freie Universität Berlin
- Publisher
- Freie Universität Berlin
- Published
- 2023
- References
- 0
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Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
