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Shadow Economies Around the World: Size, Causes, and Consequences

Open access
Schneider, Friedrich, Enste, Dominik, FSchneider@imf.org, DEnste@imf.org·2000·IMF Working Papers

Abstract

This paper presents estimates of the size of the shadow economy in 76 developing, transition, and OECD countries, which are derived by combining figures from different estimation methods. We describe and discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the different estimation methods. We find that the growth of the shadow economy—which is now remarkably large in the 76 countries—is strongly related to increasing burdens of taxation and social security contributions, as well as to the extent of state regulatory activities. Rising corruption also has a clearly positive impact on the growth of the shadow economy.

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Metadata

Authors
Schneider, F., Enste, D., FSchneider@imf.org, & DEnste@imf.org
Venue
IMF Working Papers
Published
2000
Volume
00
Issue
26
Pages
1
ISSN
1018-5941 (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W3124804219
Cited by
264
References
1
FWCI
33.95
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
bronze

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CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Shadow Economies Around the World: Size, Causes, and Consequences. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.5089/9781451844375.001
The paper
Schneider, F., Enste, D., FSchneider@imf.org, & DEnste@imf.org. (2000). Shadow Economies Around the World: Size, Causes, and Consequences. IMF Working Papers. https://doi.org/10.5089/9781451844375.001

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Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).

Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.