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Parafusion: A Large-Scale LLM-Driven English Paraphrase Dataset Infused with High-Quality Lexical and Syntactic Diversity
Open accessAbstract
Paraphrase generation is a pivotal task in natural language processing (NLP). Existing datasets in the domain lack syntactic and lexical diversity, resulting in paraphrases that closely resemble the source sentences. Moreover, these datasets often contain hate speech and noise, and may unintentionally include non-English language sentences. This research introduces ParaFusion, a large-scale, high-quality English paraphrase dataset developed using Large Language Models (LLM) to address these challenges. ParaFusion augments existing datasets with high-quality data, significantly enhancing both lexical and syntactic diversity while maintaining close semantic similarity. It also mitigates the presence of hate speech and reduces noise, ensuring a cleaner and more focused English dataset. Results show that ParaFusion offers at least a 25% improvement in both syntactic and lexical diversity, measured across several metrics for each data source. The paper also aims to set a gold standard for paraphrase evaluation as it contains one of the most comprehensive evaluation strategies to date. The results underscore the potential of ParaFusion as a valuable resource for improving NLP applications.
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“Currently, there are 2 major streams of LLM-generated text detectors: (i) zero-shot classifiers [25, 33], which identify LLM-generated text based on the pattern and characteristics of the input, and (ii) watermark detectors [17], which rely on detecting the presence of watermarks which are imprinted into the text during the generation process [16], and are effective in the cases where the waterm”
From Understanding the effects of human-written paraphrases in LLM-generated text detection (2025) · cites this paper as [17]
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“[17] performed the attack by replacing words with tokens generated from T5 model and noticed a significant watermark degradation with AUROC decreasing from 99.8% to 69.6%.”
From Understanding the effects of human-written paraphrases in LLM-generated text detection (2025) · cites this paper as [17]
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“The watermark detector classifies text by computing the number of green tokens and the probability of its existence in the given input [17].”
From Understanding the effects of human-written paraphrases in LLM-generated text detection (2025) · cites this paper as [17]
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Citations
Cites
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Best practices for the human evaluation of automatically generated text
van der Lee, C., Gatt, A., van Miltenburg, E., Wubben, S., & Krahmer, E. (2019) · Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Natural Language Generation · doi:10.18653/v1/w19-8643 · Cited by 205
Stanza: A Python Natural Language Processing Toolkit for Many Human Languages
Qi, P., Zhang, Y., Zhang, Y., Bolton, J., & Manning, C. D. (2020) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2003.07082 · cited 1×
“The ”Ted-F Score” and ”Ted-3 Score” are calculated by building constituency parse trees for the source and paraphrase sentences using Stanza [22], converting the trees to bracket notation using the NLTK library [23] and regex, and then using the APTED library [24] to calculate the Full Tree Edit…”
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Understanding the effects of human-written paraphrases in LLM-generated text detection
Lau, H. T., & Zubiaga, A. (2025) · Natural Language Processing Journal · doi:10.1016/j.nlp.2025.100151 · Cited by 13
Metadata
- Authors
- Jayawardena, L., & Yapa, P.
- Affiliations
- Informatics Institute of Technology (LK)
- Venue
- Artificial Intelligence and Big Data
- Published
- 2024-02-24
- Pages
- 219-238
- OpenAlex
- W4392345938
- Cited by
- 4
- References
- 4
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 3
- FWCI
- 1.18
- Type
- conference paper
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Big Data (AIBD) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Open Access Institutional Repository at Robert Gordon University (Robert Gordon University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (cc-by)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Natural Language Processing Techniques
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Topic Modeling
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Speech and dialogue systems
- Keywords
- paraphrase generation, paraphrase dataset, lexical diversity, syntactic diversity, large language models, data augmentation, noise reduction, paraphrase evaluation
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