Cited by 854Urban, Neighborhood, and Segregation StudiesHousing, Finance, and NeoliberalismHousing Market and Economics

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Race for Profit: How Banks and the Real Estate Industry Undermined Black Homeownership

Taylor, Keeanga-Yamahtta·2019·University of North Carolina Press eBooks

DOI 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469653662.001.0001

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Abstract

By the late 1960s and early 1970s, reeling from a wave of urban uprisings, politicians finally worked to end the practice of redlining. Reasoning that the turbulence could be calmed by turning Black city-dwellers into homeowners, they passed the Housing and Urban Development Act of 1968, and set about establishing policies to induce mortgage lenders and the real estate industry to treat Black homebuyers equally. The disaster that ensued revealed that racist exclusion had not been eradicated, but rather transmuted into a new phenomenon of predatory inclusion. Race for Profit uncovers how exploitative real estate practices continued well after housing discrimination was banned. The same racist structures and individuals remained intact after redlining’s end, and close relationships between regulators and the industry created incentives to ignore improprieties. Meanwhile, new policies meant to encourage low-income homeownership created new methods to exploit Black homeowners. The federal government guaranteed urban mortgages in an attempt to overcome resistance to lending to Black buyers – as if unprofitability, rather than racism, was the cause of housing segregation. Bankers, investors, and real estate agents took advantage of the perverse incentives, targeting the Black women most likely to fail to keep up their home payments and slip into foreclosure, multiplying their profits. As a result, by the end of the 1970s, the nation’s first programs to encourage Black homeownership ended with tens of thousands of foreclosures in Black communities across the country. The push to uplift Black homeownership had descended into a goldmine for realtors and mortgage lenders, and a ready-made cudgel for the champions of deregulation to wield against government intervention of any kind. Narrating the story of a sea-change in housing policy and its dire impact on African Americans, Race for Profit reveals how the urban core was transformed into a new frontier of cynical extraction.

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Items 301–400 of 845

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Influential
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Background
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Background
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Background
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“Sociologist Cybelle Fox (2012) found that white Americans strongly opposed the distribution of relief services into the hands 3 For more about predatory inclusion with regard to African Americans and the Fair Housing Act, see Yamahtta-Taylor (2019). of Blacks and Mexican immigrants over whites.”
Background
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Background
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Background
Centering Multilingual Learners and Countering Racism in Teacher Education
Bale, J., & Lackner, L. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-16193-3_35 · Cited by 5
Race, Property, and Erasure in the Rust Belt
Herbert, C. W., & Brown, M. (2023) · Du Bois Review Social Science Research on Race · doi:10.1017/s1742058x23000061 · Cited by 2
“Home-ownership rates in Detroit were historically very high, but subprime mortgage lending practices targeted poor Black homeowners in cities like Detroit: a form of exploitation through predatory inclusion (Taylor 2019).”
Background
Health and Healthcare Access Among Adults Living in Affordable Housing: National Estimates for the Low-Income Housing Tax Credit
Gensheimer, S. G., Eisenberg, M. D., Wu, A. W., & Pollack, C. E. (2023) · Housing Policy Debate · doi:10.1080/10511482.2023.2237496 · Cited by 2
“…a long history of systemic racism in housing policies (e.g., redlining) and ongoing practices (e.g., housing discrimination), low-income households and people racialized as Black are more likely than higher income White households to be burdened by housing costs (Rothstein, 2018; Taylor, 2019).”
Making low-income and minority homeownership work: non-profit intermediary networks in the Chicago region
Balachandran, S. (2023) · International Journal of Housing Policy · doi:10.1080/19491247.2023.2232201 · Cited by 2
“The racialised and financialised systems in housing and credit markets in the US have resulted in unequal outcomes from homeownership across race and class (Shlay, 2006; Taylor, 2019).”
Property Markers and the Hassle of Leniency: Building Code Enforcement in the Courtroom
Bartram, R. (2023) · Law & Social Inquiry · doi:10.1017/lsi.2023.55 · Cited by 2
“Additional research points to the racist historical and contemporary state-regulated and -sponsored practices that have caused this situation by both denying and extracting wealth in communities of color (Bartram 2023; Taylor 2019; Zaimi 2021).”
Examining discrimination in home improvement financing (Home Mortgage Disclosure Act 2012–2016) and neighborhood health in the United States
Davis, B. A., Arcaya, M. C., Williams, D. R., Metzger, M. W., & Krieger, N. (2023) · Cities & Health · doi:10.1080/23748834.2023.2260188 · Cited by 3
“…segregated neighborhoods were intentional decisions reinforced through racial terror-ism and deception to ensure the most desirable resources remained in white communities – actively preventing Black and other minoritized families from moving there (Rothstein 2017, Taylor 2019, Williams et al .”
BackgroundInfluential
The Influence of Large Corporate Investors on Homeownership: Who Gets Pushed Out of the Local Market?Preprint
An, B. (2022) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4156851 · Cited by 2
Algorithmic ExclusionPreprint
Albert, K., & Delano, M. K. (2022) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4122529 · Cited by 2
Mapping Out Institutional Discrimination: The Economic Effects of Federal “Redlining”Preprint
Hynsjö, D., & Perdoni, L. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4820845 · Cited by 2

Authors: Taylor, K.-Y.
Corresponding author: Taylor, Keeanga-Yamahtta
Venue: University of North Carolina Press eBooks
Publisher: University of North Carolina Press
Published: 2019-10-21
DOI: 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469653662.001.0001
OpenAlex: W4234153941
Cited by: 854
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 103 · 2025: 179 · 2024: 154 · 2023: 145 · 2022: 100 · 2021: 124 · 2020: 48 · 2019: 1
FWCI: 72.25
Type: book
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: University of North Carolina Press eBooks (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Urban, Neighborhood, and Segregation Studies
Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Finance › Housing, Finance, and Neoliberalism
Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Housing Market and Economics
Keywords: redlining, Black homeownership, predatory lending, mortgage lending, real estate industry, foreclosure, Black women, residential segregation, urban revolt, deregulation, federal housing policy, African American community

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Race for Profit: How Banks and the Real Estate Industry Undermined Black Homeownership

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