The DOI matches its Crossref record; 114 of the 114 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Earth's energy imbalance and implications
Open accessAbstract
Abstract. Improving observations of ocean heat content show that Earth is absorbing more energy from the Sun than it is radiating to space as heat, even during the recent solar minimum. The inferred planetary energy imbalance, 0.58 ± 0.15 W m−2 during the 6-yr period 2005–2010, confirms the dominant role of the human-made greenhouse effect in driving global climate change. Observed surface temperature change and ocean heat gain together constrain the net climate forcing and ocean mixing rates. We conclude that most climate models mix heat too efficiently into the deep ocean and as a result underestimate the negative forcing by human-made aerosols. Aerosol climate forcing today is inferred to be −1.6 ± 0.3 W m−2, implying substantial aerosol indirect climate forcing via cloud changes. Continued failure to quantify the specific origins of this large forcing is untenable, as knowledge of changing aerosol effects is needed to understand future climate change. We conclude that recent slowdown of ocean heat uptake was caused by a delayed rebound effect from Mount Pinatubo aerosols and a deep prolonged solar minimum. Observed sea level rise during the Argo float era is readily accounted for by ice melt and ocean thermal expansion, but the ascendency of ice melt leads us to anticipate acceleration of the rate of sea level rise this decade.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Trends, Rhythms, and Aberrations in Global Climate 65 Ma to Present
Zachos, J., Pagani, M., Sloan, L., Thomas, E., & Billups, K. (2001) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1059412 · Cited by 10,458
Climate Change 2007: Mitigation of Climate Change
Change, I. P. O. C. (2007) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511546013 · Cited by 7,729
Oceanic phytoplankton, atmospheric sulphur, cloud albedo and climate
Charlson, R. J., Lovelock, J. E., Andreae, M. O., & Warren, S. G. (1987) · Nature · doi:10.1038/326655a0 · Cited by 4,305
Aerosols, Climate, and the Hydrological Cycle
Ramanathan, V., Crutzen, P. J., Kiehl, J. T., & Rosenfeld, D. (2001) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1064034 · Cited by 3,831
Global surface temperature change
Hansen, J., Ruedy, R., Sato, M., & Lo, K. (2010) · Reviews of Geophysics · doi:10.1029/2010rg000345 · Cited by 3,081 · cited 4×
“Temperature changes of the surface layer were driven by the global-land mean temperature change in the GISS data set (Hansen et al., 2010); a graph of global-land temperature is available at http://www.columbia. edu/ ∼ mhs119/Temperature/T moreFigs/.”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationVolcanic eruptions and climate
Robock, A. (2000) · Reviews of Geophysics · doi:10.1029/1998rg000054 · Cited by 2,806
Orbital and Millennial Antarctic Climate Variability over the Past 800,000 Years
Jouzel, J., Masson-Delmotte, V., Cattani, O., Dreyfus, G., Falourd, S., Hoffmann, G., Minster, B., Nouet, J., Barnola, J. M., Chappellaz, J., et al. (2007) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1141038 · Cited by 2,589
Mayewski, P. A., Rohling, E. E., Curt Stager, J., Karlén, W., Maasch, K. A., Meeker, L. D., Meyerson, E. A., Gasse, F., van Kreveld, S., Holmgren, K., et al. (2004) · Quaternary Research · doi:10.1016/j.yqres.2004.07.001 · Cited by 2,587
Gordon, C., Cooper, C., Senior, C. A., Banks, H., Gregory, J. M., Johns, T. C., Mitchell, J. F. B., & Wood, R. A. (2000) · Climate Dynamics · doi:10.1007/s003820050010 · Cited by 2,578
High-resolution carbon dioxide concentration record 650,000–800,000 years before present
Lüthi, D., Le Floch, M., Bereiter, B., Blunier, T., Barnola, J.-M., Siegenthaler, U., Raynaud, D., Jouzel, J., Fischer, H., Kawamura, K., et al. (2008) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature06949 · Cited by 2,564
Cited by
Climate sensitivity, sea level and atmospheric carbon dioxide
Hansen, J., Sato, M., Russell, G., & Kharecha, P. (2013) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences · doi:10.1098/rsta.2012.0294 · Cited by 660
Self-citationAn apparent hiatus in global warming?
Trenberth, K. E., & Fasullo, J. T. (2013) · Earth's Future · doi:10.1002/2013ef000165 · Cited by 645
An imperative to monitor Earth's energy imbalance
von Schuckmann, K., Palmer, M. D., Trenberth, K. E., Cazenave, A., Chambers, D., Champollion, N., Hansen, J., Josey, S. A., Loeb, N., Mathieu, P.-P., et al. (2016) · Nature Climate Change · doi:10.1038/nclimate2876 · Cited by 445
Self-citationA review on progress made in direct air capture of CO 2
Sodiq, A., Abdullatif, Y., Aissa, B., Ostovar, A., Nassar, N., El-Naas, M., & Amhamed, A. (2023) · Environmental Technology & Innovation · doi:10.1016/j.eti.2022.102991 · Cited by 285
Young people's burden: requirement of negative CO 2 emissions
Hansen, J., Sato, M., Kharecha, P., von Schuckmann, K., Beerling, D. J., Cao, J., Marcott, S., Masson-Delmotte, V., Prather, M. J., Rohling, E. J., et al. (2017) · Earth System Dynamics · doi:10.5194/esd-8-577-2017 · Cited by 266
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Hansen, J., Sato, M., Kharecha, P., & von Schuckmann, K.
- Venue
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics
- Publisher
- Copernicus GmbH
- Published
- 2011-12-22
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 24
- Pages
- 13421-13449
- ISSN
- 1680-7316 (ISSN-L)
- 1680-7324
- OpenAlex
- W1993713496
- Cited by
- 586
- References
- 114
- FWCI
- 38.97
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Earth's energy imbalance and implications. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.5194/acp-11-13421-2011
- The paper
- Hansen, J., Sato, M., Kharecha, P., & von Schuckmann, K. (2011). Earth's energy imbalance and implications. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-13421-2011
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.