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Pan-Arctic aerosol number size distributions: seasonality and transport patterns
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Abstract
Abstract. The Arctic environment has an amplified response to global climatic change. It is sensitive to human activities that mostly take place elsewhere. For this study, a multi-year set of observed aerosol number size distributions in the diameter range of 10 to 500 nm from five sites around the Arctic Ocean (Alert, Villum Research Station – Station Nord, Zeppelin, Tiksi and Barrow) was assembled and analysed.A cluster analysis of the aerosol number size distributions revealed four distinct distributions. Together with Lagrangian air parcel back-trajectories, they were used to link the observed aerosol number size distributions with a variety of transport regimes. This analysis yields insight into aerosol dynamics, transport and removal processes, on both an intra- and an inter-monthly scale. For instance, the relative occurrence of aerosol number size distributions that indicate new particle formation (NPF) event is near zero during the dark months, increases gradually to ∼ 40 % from spring to summer, and then collapses in autumn. Also, the likelihood of Arctic haze aerosols is minimal in summer and peaks in April at all sites.The residence time of accumulation-mode particles in the Arctic troposphere is typically long enough to allow tracking them back to their source regions. Air flow that passes at low altitude over central Siberia and western Russia is associated with relatively high concentrations of accumulation-mode particles (Nacc) at all five sites – often above 150 cm−3. There are also indications of air descending into the Arctic boundary layer after transport from lower latitudes.The analysis of the back-trajectories together with the meteorological fields along them indicates that the main driver of the Arctic annual cycle of Nacc, on the larger scale, is when atmospheric transport covers the source regions for these particles in the 10-day period preceding the observations in the Arctic. The scavenging of these particles by precipitation is shown to be important on a regional scale and it is most active in summer. Cloud processing is an additional factor that enhances the Nacc annual cycle.There are some consistent differences between the sites that are beyond the year-to-year variability. They are the result of differences in the proximity to the aerosol source regions and to the Arctic Ocean sea-ice edge, as well as in the exposure to free-tropospheric air and in precipitation patterns – to mention a few. Hence, for most purposes, aerosol observations from a single Arctic site cannot represent the entire Arctic region. Therefore, the results presented here are a powerful observational benchmark for evaluation of detailed climate and air chemistry modelling studies of aerosols throughout the vast Arctic region.
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“Additionally, Freud et al. (2017) reported concentrations between roughly 190 and 250 cm -3 in the size range 10 to 500 nm at Utqiaġvik/Barrow for the months of January and February.”
From In situ vertical observations of the layered structure of air pollution in a continental high-latitude urban boundary layer during winter (2025) · cites this paper as Freud et al. (2017)
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“The observed distribution is very similar to the distribution observed by Freud et al. (2017) at Utqiaġvik/Barrow for the months of January and February and to their accumulation mode cluster (cluster 1) representative of Arctic haze.”
From In situ vertical observations of the layered structure of air pollution in a continental high-latitude urban boundary layer during winter (2025) · cites this paper as Freud et al. (2017)
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Atmospheric new particle formation and growth: review of field observations
Kerminen, V., Chen, X., Vakkari, V., Petäjä, T., Kulmala, M., & Bianchi, F. (2018) · Environmental Research Letters · doi:10.1088/1748-9326/aadf3c · Cited by 739
New Particle Formation in the Atmosphere: From Molecular Clusters to Global Climate
Lee, S., Gordon, H., Yu, H., Lehtipalo, K., Haley, R., Li, Y., & Zhang, R. (2019) · Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres · doi:10.1029/2018jd029356 · Cited by 458
Overview of the MOSAiC expedition: Atmosphere
Shupe, M. D., Rex, M., Blomquist, B. W., Persson, O., Schmale, J., Uttal, T., Althausen, D., Angot, H., Archer, S. D., Bariteau, L., et al. (2022) · Elementa Science of the Anthropocene · doi:10.1525/elementa.2021.00060 · Cited by 411
Wendisch, M., Macke, A., Ehrlich, A., Lüpkes, C., Mech, M., Chechin, D., Dethloff, K., Velasco, C. B., Bozem, H., Brückner, M., et al. (2018) · Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society · doi:10.1175/bams-d-18-0072.1 · Cited by 390
Aerosols in current and future Arctic climate
Schmale, J., Zieger, P., & Ekman, A. M. L. (2021) · Nature Climate Change · doi:10.1038/s41558-020-00969-5 · Cited by 380
Metadata
- Authors
- Freud, E., Krejci, R., Tunved, P., Leaitch, R., Nguyen, Q. T., Massling, A., Skov, H., & Barrie, L.
- Affiliations
- Stockholm University (SE)
- Aarhus University (DK)
- Corresponding author
- Freud, Eyal
- ORCID
- Venue
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics
- Publisher
- Copernicus GmbH
- Published
- 2017-07-04
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 13
- Pages
- 8101-8128
- ISSN
- 1680-7316 (ISSN-L)
- 1680-7324
- OpenAlex
- W2586516499
- Cited by
- 169
- References
- 90
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 35 · 2021: 40 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 4
- FWCI
- 6.82
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Atmospheric chemistry and physics (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Villum Fonden
- Svenska Forskningsrådet Formas
- Naturvårdsverket
- Vetenskapsrådet
- Miljøstyrelsen
- Ministère de la Défense Nationale
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Atmospheric Science › Atmospheric chemistry and aerosols
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Atmospheric aerosols and clouds
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Atmospheric Science › Atmospheric Ozone and Climate
- Keywords
- Arctic aerosols, aerosol number size distribution, new particle formation, Arctic haze, accumulation mode particles, aerosol transport, Lagrangian back trajectories, seasonal cycle, precipitation scavenging, cloud processing, Arctic boundary layer, sea ice edge, Arctic climate change
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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