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Disinformation and social bot operations in the run up to the 2017 French presidential election
Open accessAbstract
Recent accounts from researchers, journalists, as well as federal investigators, reached a unanimous conclusion: social media are systematically exploited to manipulate and alter public opinion. Some disinformation campaigns have been coordinated by means of bots, social media accounts controlled by computer scripts that try to disguise themselves as legitimate human users. In this study, we describe one such operation that occurred in the run up to the 2017 French presidential election. We collected a massive Twitter dataset of nearly 17 million posts, posted between 27 April and 7 May 2017 (Election Day). We then set to study the MacronLeaks disinformation campaign: By leveraging a mix of machine learning and cognitive behavioral modeling techniques, we separated humans from bots, and then studied the activities of the two groups independently, as well as their interplay. We provide a characterization of both the bots and the users who engaged with them, and oppose it to those users who didn’t. Prior interests of disinformation adopters pinpoint to the reasons of scarce success of this campaign: the users who engaged with MacronLeaks are mostly foreigners with pre-existing interest in alt-right topics and alternative news media, rather than French users with diverse political views. Concluding, anomalous account usage patterns suggest the possible existence of a black market for reusable political disinformation bots.
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“To identify automated agents in the data set, we developed a deep neural network model (see Methods and SI), which classified 13.4% of users as bots, a value compatible to estimations during other voting events [10, 11, 12].”
From Influence of augmented humans in online interactions during voting events (2019) · cites this paper as [11]
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“Nowadays, bots can produce credible content with human-like temporal patterns [10, 11, 12].”
From Influence of augmented humans in online interactions during voting events (2019) · cites this paper as [11]
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Social networks bot detection using Benford’s law
Kalameyets, M., Levshun, D. S., Soloviev, S., Chechulin, A. A., & Kotenko, I. V. (2020) · International Conference on Security of Information and Networks (SIN) · doi:10.1145/3433174.3433589 · Cited by 5
Uluslararası Siber Güvenlik Normları ve Sorumlu Siber Egemenlik
Eldem, T. (2021) · İstanbul Hukuk Mecmuası / Istanbul Law Review · doi:10.26650/mecmua.2021.79.1.0010 · Cited by 5
Zhang, M., Qi, X., Liu, X., & Zhang, K. (2024) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/21582440241248891 · Cited by 5
RetractedSpettel, S., & Vagianos, D. (2019) · Big Data and Cognitive Computing · doi:10.3390/bdcc3030038 · Cited by 5
Metadata
- Authors
- Ferrara, E.
- Affiliations
- University of Southern California (US)
- Corresponding author
- Ferrara, Emilio
- ORCID
- Ferrara, Emilio
- Venue
- First Monday
- Publisher
- University of Illinois Libraries
- Published
- 2017-07-31
- ISSN
- 1396-0458 (ISSN-L)
- 1396-0466
- OpenAlex
- W2724523750
- Cited by
- 524
- References
- 65
- Citations by year
- 2026: 32 · 2025: 39 · 2024: 56 · 2023: 43 · 2022: 64 · 2021: 73 · 2020: 92 · 2019: 64 · 2018: 52 · 2017: 4
- FWCI
- 148.49
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Locations
- First Monday (publishedVersion)
- SSRN Electronic Journal (publishedVersion)
- First Monday (acceptedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Funders
- Air Force Office of Scientific Research
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Misinformation and Its Impacts
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Spam and Phishing Detection
- Social Sciences › Communication › Social Media and Politics
- Keywords
- disinformation, social bots, 2017 French presidential election, Twitter, bot detection, human-bot interaction, public opinion manipulation, alt-right
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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