CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 16Wildlife Ecology and ConservationRangeland and Wildlife ManagementConservation, Biodiversity, and Resource Management

The impact of land reform in Zimbabwe on the conservation of cheetahs and other large carnivores

Open access
Williams, Samual Thomas·2011·Zenodo
DOI 10.5281/zenodo.21001
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

Prior to 2000 Zimbabwe was hailed as a conservation success story, with large areas of commercial (private) land outside of national parks being used to support wildlife. In 2000, however, a Fast-Track Land Reform Programme (FTLRP) was initiated, resulting in the resettlement of most commercial land. This had well known socio-economic impacts, but to date little research has been conducted on the effects on wildlife and human-wildlife conflict. This study aimed to determine the impact of the FTLRP on the conservation of large carnivores and on human-carnivore conflict, focussing on the cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus). A case study compared three land use types (LUTs): commercial (Savé Valley Conservancy private wildlife reserve); resettlement (area of the conservancy that had been resettled); and neighbouring communal land. Spoor density of large carnivores was on average 98% lower in the resettlement LUT than the commercial LUT, while sighting reports and historical written records showed that the abundance of large carnivores had declined since the onset of the FTLRP. Aerial census data demonstrated a reduction in carnivore carrying capacity in both the commercial and resettlement areas. Habitat loss and fragmentation, alongside poaching, appeared to be the main mechanisms affecting changes in carnivore abundance. Interviews revealed that in the resettlement LUT, rates of livestock losses to large carnivores were perceived to be greater than in the communal LUT, and attitudes towards carnivores were more negative than the commercial LUT. It appears that the FTLRP had a significant negative impact on wildlife conservation and human-carnivore conflict, and is estimated to have driven a 70% decline in Zimbabwe’s cheetah population. It is recommended that future resettlement is carefully planned to mitigate these problems, and that schemes are established to allow communities to benefit from wildlife while minimising the impact of resettlement on human-wildlife conflict.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

DataCite · 10.5281/zenodo.21001

Cites

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Carnivore population sizes in the private LUT appear to have been below carrying capacity estimates based on prey availability and rainfall.

    “Even so, carnivore population sizes appear to have been below carrying capacity estimates based on prey availability and rainfall (Williams, 2011)”

    From The impact of land reform on the status of large carnivores in Zimbabwe (2016) · cites this paper as Williams, 2011

    The Methods (section 5.2; page not available) describe carrying-capacity estimates based on prey density or rainfall. Results (section 5.3.2; page not available) report that cheetah, lion and spotted hyena densities were below predicted capacity, but leopard and wild dog densities were above it. The claim omits those exceptions. (LLM, conf=0.88)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • It seems unlikely that the patterns reported were due to low population densities in the resettlement areas prior to resettlement.

    “Although there are no comparable density estimates from before resettlement, it seems unlikely that the patterns we report were due to low population densities in the resettlement areas prior to resettlement.”

    From The impact of land reform on the status of large carnivores in Zimbabwe (2016) · cites this paper as Williams, 2011

  • Sighting frequencies of cheetah on Senuko ranch declined markedly following the onset of the FTLRP and resettlement on other properties in SVC.

    “Sighting frequencies of cheetah on Senuko ranch declined markedly following the onset of the FTLRP and resettlement on other properties in SVC (Williams, 2011)”

    From The impact of land reform on the status of large carnivores in Zimbabwe (2016) · cites this paper as Williams, 2011

  • Carrying capacity estimates for large carnivores based on the biomass of potential prey species from aerial surveys decreased between 2004 and 2008.

    “and carrying capacity estimates for large carnivores based on the biomass of potential prey species from aerial surveys decreased between 2004 and 2008 (Williams, 2011).”

    From The impact of land reform on the status of large carnivores in Zimbabwe (2016) · cites this paper as Williams, 2011

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

No references could be resolved yet.

Research works printed but not linked: 186

  1. [5]5. James Currey, Oxford.
  2. [9]9. Anderson, M.D., Richardson, P.R.K. and Woodall, P.F. (1992) Functional analysis of the feeding apparatus and digestive tract anatomy of the aardwolf Proteles cristatus. Journal of Zoology 228, 423-434.
  3. [11]11. Averbeck, C., Apio, A., Plath, M. and Wronski, T. (2009) Environmental parameters and anthropogenic effects predicting the spatial distribution of wild ungulates in the Akagera savannah ecosystem. African Journal of Ecology 47, 756-766.
  4. [14]14. Balme, G.A., Hunter, L.T.B., Goodman, P., Fergusson, H., Craigie, J. and Slotow, R. (2010) An adaptive management approach to trophy hunting of leopards (Panthera pardus): a case study from KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, In The biology and conservation of wild felids. Eds D.W. Macdonald and A.J. Loveridge, pp. 341-352. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
  5. [15]15. Balme, G.A., Hunter, L.T.B. and Slotow, R. (2009) Evaluating methods for counting cryptic carnivores. Journal of Wildlife Management 73, 433-441.
  6. [17]17. Bashir, S., Daly, B., Durant, S.M., Forster, H., Grisham, J., Marker, L., Wilson, K. and Friedmann, Y. (2004) Global cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) monitoring workshop: final workshop report., p.
  7. [18]18. Bauer, H. (2003) Lion conservation in West and Central Africa: integrating social and natural science for wildlife conflict resolution around Waza National Park, Cameroon. PhD Thesis, Leiden University.
  8. [22]22. Beach, D.N. (1994) The Shona and their neighbours. Blackwell, Oxford.
  9. [25]25. Bissett, C. and Bernard, R.T.F. (2007) Habitat selection and feeding ecology of the cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) in thicket vegetation: is the cheetah a savanna specialist? Journal of Zoology 271, 310-317.
  10. [27]27. Bohner, G. and Wanke, M. (2002) Attitudes and attitude change. Psychology Press, East Sussex.
  11. [28]28. Bond, I., Child, B., de la Harpe, D., Jones, B., Barnes, J. and Anderson, H. (2004) Private land contribution to conservation in South Africa, In Parks in transition: biodiveristy, rural development, and the bottom line. Ed. B. Child, pp. 29-61. Earthscan, London.
  12. [30]30. Bourdillon, M.F.C. (1994) The Shona peoples. Mambo press, Gweru.
  13. [33]33. Breitenmoser, U., Angst, C., Landry, J.M., Breitenmoser-Wursten, C., Linnell, J.D.C. and Weber, J.M. (2005) Non-lethal techniques for reducing depredation, In People and wildlife: conflict or coexistence? Eds R. Woodroffe, S. Thirgood and A.R. Rabinowitz, pp. 49-71. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  14. [34]34. Broomhall, L.S. (2001) Cheetah Acinonyx jubatus ecology in the Kruger National Park: a comparison with other studies across the grassland-woodland gradient in African savannas. MSc Thesis, University of Pretoria.
  15. [35]35. Broomhall, L.S., Mills, M.G.L. and du Toit, J.T. (2003) Home range and habitat use by cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus) in the Kruger National Park. Journal of Zoology 261, 119-128.
  16. [36]36. Browne-Nuñez, C. and Jonker, S.A. (2008) Attitudes toward wildlife and conservation across Africa: a review of survey research. Human Dimensions of Wildlife 13, 47 -70.
  17. [39]39. Butler, J.R.A. (2000) The economic costs of wildlife predation on livestock in Gokwe communal land, Zimbabwe. African Journal of Ecology 38, 23-30.
  18. [43]43. Campbell, B. (2000) Animals behaving badly: indigenous perceptions of wildlife protection in Zimbabwe, In Natural enemies: people-wildlife conflict in anthropological perspective. Ed. J. Knight, pp. 124-144. Routledge, London.
  19. [45]45. Caro, T.M. (1994) Cheetah of the Serengeti plains: group living in an asocial species. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
  20. [47]47. Caughley, G. (1974) Bias in aerial survey. Journal of Wildlife Management 38, 921-933.
  21. [48]48. Caughley, G. (1977) Analysis of vertebrate populations. Wiley, London.
  22. [49]49. Caughley, G. (1994) Directions in conservation biology. Journal of Animal Ecology 63, 215 -244.
  23. [50]50. Cavalcanti, S.M.C., Marchini, S., Zimmermann, A., Gese, E.M. and Macdonald, D.W. (2010) Jaguars, livestock, and people in Brazil: realities and perceptions behind the conflict, In The biology and conservation of wild felids. Eds D.W. Macdonald and A.J. Loveridge, pp. 383-402. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
  24. [52]52. Chaumba, J., Scoones, I. and Wolmer, W. (2003a) From jambanja to planning: the reassertion of technocracy in land reform in south-eastern Zimbabwe? Journal of Modern African Studies 41, 533-554.
  25. [53]53. Chaumba, J., Scoones, I. and Wolmer, W. (2003b) New politics, new livelihoods: agrarian change in Zimbabwe. Review of African Political Economy 30, 585-608.
  26. [55]55. Child, B. (2004) Introduction, In Parks in transition: biodiversity, rural development, and the bottom line. Ed. B. Child, pp. 1-6. Earthscan, London.
  27. [57]57. Eds B. Child, H. Suich and A. Spenceley, pp. 3-15. Earthscan, London.
  28. [59]59. Eds B. Child, H. Suich and A. Spenceley, pp. 19-33. Earthscan, London.
  29. [61]61. Eds B. Child, H. Suich and A. Spenceley, pp. 127-145. Earthscan, London.
  30. [62]62. Child, B., McKean, S., Kiss, A., Munthali, S., Jones, B., Mtsambiwa, M., Castley, G., Patton, C., Magome, H., Pangeti, G., Fearnhead, P., Johnson, S. and Chilikusha, G. (2004) Park agencies, performance, and society in southern Africa, In Parks in transition: biodiversity, rural development, and the bottom line. Ed. B. Child, pp. 123-163. Earthscan, London.
  31. [66]66. Eds B. Child, H. Suich and A. Spenceley, pp. 67-83. Earthscan, London.
  32. [71]71. CITES (1992) Quotas for trade in specimens of cheetah. In Eighth meeting of the Convention of International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora & Fauna, pp. 1-5. CITES (2011) Appendices I, II and III. CITES, Geneva.
  33. [75]75. Corn, J.L. and Conroy, M.J. (1998) Estimation of density of mongooses with capture-recapture and distance sampling. Journal of Mammalogy 79, 1009-1015.
  34. [81]81. Dalerum, F., Cameron, E.Z., Kunkel, K. and Somers, M.J. (2009) Diversity and depletions in continental carnivore guilds: implications for prioritizing global carnivore conservation. Biology Letters 5, 35-38.
  35. [83]83. Davidson, Z. and Loveridge, A. (2006) The Gwai conservancy: lion density and quota recommendations based on spoor density estimation. Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford.
  36. [90]90. DeGeorges, A. and Reilly, B. (2007) Politicization of land reform in Zimbabwe: impacts on wildlife, food production and the economy. International Journal of Environmental Studies 64, 571-586.
  37. [91]91. Dickman, A. (2008) Key determinants of conflict between people and wildlife, particularly large carnivores, around Ruaha National Park, Tanzania. PhD Thesis, University College London.
  38. [93]93. Dickman, A.J., Macdonald, E.A. and Macdonald, D.W. (in press) A review of financial instruments to pay for predator conservation and encourage human-carnivore coexistence. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
  39. [95]95. du Toit, R. (2004) Review of wildlife issues associated with the land reform programme in Zimbabwe. World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF), Southern African Regional Programme Office, Harare.
  40. [97]97. James Currey, Oxford.
  41. [101]101. Durant, S. (2004) Introduction to survey methodologies, In Global cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) monitoring workshop: final workshop report. eds S. Bashir, B. Daly, S.M. Durant, H. Forster, J. Grisham, L. Marker, K. Wilson and Y. Friedmann. IUCN/SSC Conservation Breeding Specialist Group, Ngorogoro Conservation Area.
  42. [103]103. Durant, S.M. (1998) Competition refuges and coexistence: an example from Serengeti carnivores. Journal of Animal Ecology 67, 370-386.
  43. [106]106. Durant, S.M., Craft, M.E., Hilborn, R., Bashir, S., Hando, J. and Thomas, L. (2011) Long-term trends in carnivore abundance using distance sampling in Serengeti National Park, Tanzania. Journal of Applied Ecology 48, 1490-1500.
  44. [107]107. Durant, S.M., Dickman, A., Maddox, T., Waweru, M.N., Caro, T. and Pettorelli, N. (2010b) Past, present and future of cheetahs in Tanzania: their behavioural ecology and conservation, In The biology and conservation of wild felids. Eds D.W. Macdonald and A.J. Loveridge, pp. 373-382. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
  45. [109]109. Eagly, A.H. and Chaiken, S. (1998) Attitudes structure and function, In The handbook of social psychology. Eds D.T. Gilbert, S.T. Fiske and G. Lindzey, pp. 269-322.
  46. [110]110. East, R. (1984) Rainfall, soil nutrient status and biomass of large African savanna mammals. African Journal of Ecology 22, 245-270.
  47. [112]112. Elmhagen, B. and Rushton, S.P. (2007) Trophic control of mesopredators in terrestrial ecosystems: top-down or bottom-up? Ecology Letters 10, 197-206.
  48. [117]117. Field, A.P. (2009) Discovering statistics using SPSS, 3rd edn. SAGE publications, London.
  49. [119]119. Foggin, C. and Connear, G. (2005) Introduction of foot and mouth disease-infected buffalo into the Save Valley Conservancy in Zimbabwe: success or failure?, In Conservation and development interventions at the wildlife/livestock interface: implications for wildlife, livestock and human health. Eds S.A. Osofsky, S. Cleaveland, W.B. Karesh, M.D. Kock, P.J. Nyhus, L. Starr and A. Yang, p. xxix. Occasional paper of the IUCN Species Survival Commission No. 30. IUCN, Gland and Cambridge.
  50. [120]120. Foley, L., Purchase, G., Locora, A., Cilliers, D., Bashir, S. and Daly, B. (2004) Carnivore atlas/quastionnaires/GIS data technique, In Global cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) monitoring workshop: final workshop report. eds S. Bashir, B. Daly, S.M. Durant, H. Forster, J. Grisham, L. Marker, K. Wilson and Y. Friedmann. IUCN/SSC Conservation Breeding Specialist Group, Ngorogoro Conservation Area.
  51. [121]121. Frank, L.G., Woodroffe, R. and Ogada, M.O. (2005) People and predators in Laikipia District, Kenya, In People and wildlife: conflict or coexistance? Eds R. Woodroffe, S. Thirgood and A.R. Rabinowitz, pp. 286-304. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  52. [123]123. Fuller, T.K. and Sievert, P.R. (2001) Carnivore demography and the consequences of changes in prey availability, In Carnivore Conservation. pp. 163-178. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  53. [125]125. Funston, P.J., Frank, L., Stephens, T., Davidson, Z., Loveridge, A., Macdonald, D.M., Durant, S., Packer, C., Mosser, A. and Ferreira, S.M. (2010) Substrate and species constraints on the use of track incidences to estimate African large carnivore abundance. Journal of Zoology 281, 56-65.
  54. [128]128. Gese, E.M. (2001) Monitoring of terrestrial carnivore populations, In Carnivore Conservation. Eds J.L. Gittleman, S.M. Funk, D. Macdonald and R.K. Wayne, pp. 372-396. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  55. [129]129. Ginsberg, J.R. and Woodroffe, R. (1997) Extinction risks faced by remaining wild dog populations, In The African wild dog: status survey and conservation action plan. Eds J.R. Ginsberg and D.W. Macdonald, pp. 75-87. IUCN Canid Specialist Group, Gland.
  56. [130]130. Gittleman, J.L., Funk, S.M., Macdonald, D.W. and Wayne, R.K. (eds). (2001a) Carnivore conservation. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  57. [131]131. Gittleman, J.L., Macdonald, D.W. and Wayne, R.K. (2001b) Why 'carnivore conservation'?, In Carnivore Conservation. Eds J.L. Gittleman, S.M. Funk, D.W. Macdonald and R.K. Wayne, pp. 1-7. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  58. [144]144. Gros, P.M. (1997) Conservation status of cheetahs in east Africa: estimation, determinants and projections. PhD Thesis, University of California, Davis.
  59. [150]150. Eds B. Child, H. Suich and A. Spenceley, pp. 357-372. Earthscan, London.
  60. [151]151. Gusset, M. and Burgener, N. (2005) Estimating larger carnivore numbers from track counts and measurements. African Journal of Ecology 43, 320-324.
  61. [156]156. Hanke, S.H. and Kwok, A.K.F. (2009) On the Measurement of Zimbabwe's Hyperinflation. Cato Journal 29, 353-364.
  62. [160]160. Hayward, M.W. (2006) Prey preferences of the spotted hyaena (Crocuta crocuta) and degree of dietary overlap with the lion (Panthera leo). Journal of Zoology 270, 606-614.
  63. [162]162. Hayward, M.W., Henschel, P., O'Brien, J., Hofmeyr, M., Balme, G. and Kerley, G.I.H. (2006a) Prey preferences of the leopard (Panthera pardus). Journal of Zoology 270, 298-313.
  64. [163]163. Hayward, M.W., Hofmeyr, M., O'Brien, J.O. and Kerley, G.I.H. (2006b) Prey preferences of the cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) (Felidae: Carnivora): morphological limitations or the need to capture rapidly consumable prey before kleptoparasites arrive. Journal of Zoology 270, 615-627.
  65. [164]164. Hayward, M.W. and Kerley, G.I.H. (2005) Prey preferences of the lion (Panthera leo). Journal of Zoology 267, 309-322.
  66. [165]165. Hayward, M.W. and Kerley, G.I.H. (2008) Prey preferences and dietary overlap amongst Africa's large predators. South African Journal of Wildlife Research 38, 93-108.
  67. [166]166. Hayward, M.W., O'Brien, J., Hofmeyr, M. and Kerley, G.I.H. (2006c) Prey preferences of the African wild dog Lycaon pictus (Canidae: Carnivora): Ecological requirements for conservation. Journal of Mammalogy 87, 1122-1131.
  68. [171]171. Henzi, S.P., Weingrill, T. and Barrett, L. (1999) Male behaviour and the evolutionary ecology of chacma baboons. South African Journal of Science 95, 240-242.
  69. [173]173. Herr, J., Schley, L. and Roper, T.J. (2009) Stone martens (Martes foina) and cars: investigation of a common human-wildlife conflict. European Journal of Wildlife Research 55, 471-477.
  70. [175]175. Hill, C.M. and Webber, A.D. (2010) Perceptions of non-human primates in human-wildlife conflict scenarios. American Journal of Primatology 72, 919-924.
  71. [181]181. Houser, A., Somers, M.J. and Boast, L.K. (2009a) Home range use of free-ranging cheetah on farm and conservation land in Botswana. South African Journal of Wildlife Research 39, 11-22.
  72. [182]182. Houser, A.M., Somers, M.J. and Boast, L.K. (2009b) Spoor density as a measure of true density of a known population of free-ranging wild cheetah in Botswana. Journal of Zoology 278, 108-115.
  73. [184]184. Hunter, L.T.B. (1998) Behavioural ecology of reintroduced lions and cheetahs in the Phinda resource reserve, Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa. PhD Thesis, University of Pretoria.
  74. [185]185. Illgner, P.M., Nel, E.L. and Robertson, M.P. (1998) Beekeeping and local self-reliance in rural southern Africa. Geographical Review 88, 349-362.
  75. [187]187. Inskip, C. and Zimmermann, A. (2009) Human-felid conflict: a review of patterns and priorities worldwide. Oryx 43, 18-34.
  76. [190]190. Jachmann, H. (2002) Comparison of aerial counts with ground counts for large African herbivores. Journal of Applied Ecology 39, 841-852.
  77. [193]193. Jenrich, R.I. and Turner, F.B. (1969) Measurement of non-circular home range. Journal of Theoretical Biology 2, 227-237.
  78. [194]194. Jew, E. and Bonnington, C. (2011) Socio-demographic factors influence the attitudes of local residents towards trophy hunting activities in the Kilombero Valley, Tanzania. African Journal of Ecology 49, 277-285.
  79. [195]195. Jhala, Y., Qureshi, Q. and Gopal, R. (2011) Can the abundance of tigers be assessed from their signs? Journal of Applied Ecology 48, 14-24.
  80. [196]196. Jones, D.N. and Thomas, L.K. (1999) Attacks on humans by Australian magpies: management of an extreme suburban human-wildlife conflict. Wildlife Society Bulletin 27, 473-478.
  81. [204]204. Kent, V. (2011) The status and conservation potential of carnivores in semi-arid rangelands, Botswana. PhD Thesis, Durham University.
  82. [205]205. Kenward, R.E. (2001) A manual for wildlife tracking. Academic Press, San Diego.
  83. [208]208. Kinsey, B.H. (1999) Land reform, growth and equity: emerging evidence from Zimbabwe's resettlement programme. Journal of Southern African Studies 25, 173-196.
  84. [212]212. Kloskowski, J. (2011) Human-wildlife conflicts at pond fisheries in eastern Poland: perceptions and management of wildlife damage. European Journal of Wildlife Research 57, 295-304.
  85. [213]213. Knight, J. (2000a) Culling demons: the problem bears of Japan, In Natural enemies: people-wildlife conflict in anthropological perspective. Ed. J. Knight, pp. 145-169. Routledge, London.
  86. [214]214. Knight, J. (2000b) Introduction, In Natural enemies: people-wildlife conflict in anthropological perspective. Ed. J. Knight, pp. 1-35. Routledge, London.
  87. [215]215. Knight, J. (ed.) (2000c) Natural enemies: people-wildlife conflicts in anthropological perspective. Routledge, London.
  88. [219]219. Kruuk, H. (2002) Hunter and hunted: the relationship between carnivores and people. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  89. [220]220. Kruuk, H. and Sands, W.A. (1972) The aardwolf (Proteles cristatm Sparrman 1783) as predator of termites. African Journal of Ecology 10, 211-227.
  90. [228]228. Laurenson, M.K. (1994) High juvenile mortality in cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus) and its consequences for maternal care. Journal of Zoology 234, 387-408.
  91. [229]229. Laurenson, M.K. (1995) Implications of high offspring mortality for cheetah population dynamics, In Serengeti II: research, conservation and management of an ecosystem. Eds A.R.E. Sinclair and P. Arcese, pp. 385-399. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
  92. [232]232. Liberg, O., Chapron, G., Wabakken, P., Pedersen, H.C., Hobbs, N.T. and Sand, H. (in press) Shoot, shovel and shut up: cryptic poaching slows restoration of a large carnivore in Europe. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences.
  93. [236]236. Lindsey, P., du Toit, J.T. and Mills, M.G.L. (2004) The distribution and population status of African wild dogs (Lycaon pictus) outside protected areas in South Africa. South African Journal of Wildlife Research 34, 143-151.
  94. [242]242. Eds B. Child, H. Suich and A. Spenceley, pp. 163-184. Earthscan, London.
  95. [243]243. Lindsey, P.A., Romañach, S.S. and Davies-Mostert, H.T. (2009c) The importance of conservancies for enhancing the value of game ranch land for large mammal conservation in southern Africa. Journal of Zoology 277, 99-105.
  96. [250]250. Löe, J. and Röskaft, E. (2004) Large carnivores and human safety: a review. Ambio 33, 283-288.
  97. [252]252. Eds D.W. Macdonald and A.J. Loveridge, pp. 161-195. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
  98. [253]253. Macdonald, D.W., Loveridge, A. and Nowell, K. (2010) Dramatis personae: an introduction to the wild felids, In The biology and conservation of wild felids. Eds D.W. Macdonald and A.J. Loveridge, pp. 3-58. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
  99. [257]257. Maddox, T.M. (2003) The ecology of cheetahs and other large carnivores in a pastoralist- dominated buffer zone. PhD Thesis, University College, London and Institute of Zoology, London.
  100. [258]258. Magaramombe, G. (2010) 'Displaced in place': agrarian displacements, replacements and resettlement among farm workers in Mazowe district. Journal of Southern African Studies 36, 361-375.
  101. [259]259. Marker, L. (1998) Current status of the cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus). In Proceedings of a Symposium on Cheetahs as Game Ranch Animals. Onderstepoort, South Africa., ed. B.L. Penzorn, pp. 1-17.
  102. [261]261. Marker, L. (2002) Aspects of cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) biology, ecology and conservation strategies on Namibian farmlands. DPhil Thesis, University of Oxford.
  103. [263]263. Marker, L. and Dickman, A.J. (2003) Morphology, physical condition, and growth of the cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus jubatus). Journal of Mammalogy 84, 840-850.
  104. [265]265. Marker, L., Dickman, A.J., Mills, G. and Macdonald, D. (2010) Cheetahs and ranchers in Nambia: a case study, In The biology and conservation of wild felids. Eds D.W. Macdonald and A.J. Loveridge, pp. 353-372. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
  105. [266]266. Marker, L., Kraus, D., Barnett, D. and Hurlbut, S. (2003b) Cheetah survival on Namibian farmlands, 3rd edn. Solitaire Press, Windhoek.
  106. [268]268. Marker, L., Muntifering, J.R., Dickman, A.J., Mills, M.G.L. and Macdonald, D.W. (2003d) Quantifying prey preferences of free-ranging Namibian cheetahs. South African Journal of Wildlife Research 33, 43-53.
  107. [269]269. Marker, L.L., Dickman, A.J., Mills, M.G.L., Jeo, R.M. and Macdonald, D.W. (2008) Spatial ecology of cheetahs on north-central Namibian farmlands. Journal of Zoology 274, 226-238.
  108. [272]272. Marnewick, K. and Cilliers, D. (2006) Range use of two coalitions of male cheetahs, Acinonyx jubatus, in the Thabazimbi district of the Limpopo Province, South Africa. South African Journal of Wildlife Research 36, 147-151.
  109. [275]275. Matsebula, S.N., Monadjem, A., Roques, K.G. and Garcelon, D.K. (2009) The diet of the aardwolf, Proteles cristatus at Malolotja Nature Reserve, western Swaziland. African Journal of Ecology 47, 448-451.
  110. [276]276. Maude, G. (2005) The comparative ecology of the brown hyaena (Hyaena brunnea) in Makgadikgadi National Park and a neighbouring community cattle area in Botswana. MSc Thesis, University of Pretoria.
  111. [277]277. Maude, G. and Mills, M.G.L. (2005) The comparative feeding ecology of the brown hyaena in a cattle area and a national park in Botswana. South African Journal of Wildlife Research 35, 201- 214.
  112. [278]278. McCleery, R.A., Ditton, R.B., Sell, J. and Lopez, R.R. (2006) Understanding and improving attitudinal research in wildlife sciences. Wildlife Society Bulletin 34, 537-541.
  113. [279]279. McCullough, D.R. (1979) The George Reserve deer herd: population ecology of a K-selected species. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor.
  114. [281]281. McShane, T.O. and Grettenberger, J.F. (1984) Food of the golden jackal (Canis aureus) in central Niger. African Journal of Ecology 22, 49-53.
  115. [282]282. Melville, H. and Bothma, J.D. (2006) Using spoor counts to analyse the effect of small stock farming in Namibia on caracal density in the neighbouring Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park. Journal of Arid Environments 64, 436-447.
  116. [283]283. Meredith, M. (2006) The state of Africa. The Free Press, London.
  117. [288]288. Mills, M.G.L. (1996) Methodological advances in capture, census, and food-habits studies of large African carnivores, In Carnivore behaviour, ecology, and evolution. Ed. J.L. Gittleman, pp. 223-242.
  118. [290]290. Mizutani, F. (1993) Home range of leopards and their impact upon livestock on Kenyan ranches. In Symposia of the Zoological Society of London, pp. 425-439.
  119. [292]292. Mooney, N. and Rounsevell, D.E. (2008) Thylacine, Thylacinus cynocephalus, In The mammals of Australia. Eds S.V. Dyck and R. Strahan, pp. 167-168.
  120. [294]294. Morris, B. (2000) The power of animals: an ethnography. Berg, Oxford.
  121. [297]297. Murphy, T. and Macdonald, D.W. (2010) Pumas and people: lessons in the landscape of tolerance from a widely distributed felid, In The biology and conservation of wild felids. Eds D.W. Macdonald and A.J. Loveridge, pp. 431-451. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
  122. [300]300. Nel, E., Illgner, P.M., Wilkins, K. and Robertson, M.P. (2000) Rural self-reliance in Bondolfi, Zimbabwe: the role of beekeeping. Geographical Journal 166, 26-34.
  123. [305]305. O'Donoghue, M., Slough, B.G., Poole, K.G., Boutin, S., Hofer, E.J., Mowat, G. and Krebs, C.J. (2010) Cyclical dynamics and behaviour of Canada lynx in northern Canada, In The biology and conservation of wild felids. Eds D.W. Macdonald and A.J. Loveridge, pp. 521-536. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
  124. [308]308. Ogutu, J.O. and Dublin, H.T. (1998) The response of lions and spotted hyaenas to sound playbacks as a technique for estimating population size. African Journal of Ecology 36, 83-95.
  125. [311]311. Owen-Smith, N. and Ogutu, J. (2003) Rainfall influences on ungulate population dynamics, In The Kruger experience: ecology and management of savannah heterogeneity. Eds J.D. Toit, H. Biggs and K. Rogers, pp. 310-331. Island Press, Washington, DC.
  126. [316]316. Peterson, M.N., Birckhead, J.L., Leong, K., Peterson, M.J. and Peterson, T.R. (2010) Rearticulating the myth of human-wildlife conflict. Conservation Letters 3, 74-82.
  127. [318]318. Pole, A., Gordon, I.J., Gorman, M.L. and MacAskill, M. (2004) Prey selection by African wild dogs (Lycaon pictus) in southern Zimbabwe. Journal of Zoology 262, 207-215.
  128. [319]319. Pole, A.J. (2000) The behaviour and ecology of African wild dogs, Lycaon pictus, in an environment with reduced competitor density. PhD Thesis, University of Aberdeen.
  129. [322]322. Purchase, G.K. and du Toit, J.T. (2000) The use of space and prey by cheetahs in Matusadona National Park, Zimbabwe. South African Journal of Wildlife Research 30, 139-144.
  130. [326]326. Ray, J.C. (2005) Large carnivorous animals as tools for conserving biodiversity: assumptions and uncertainties, In Large carnivores and the conservation of biodiversity. Eds J.C. Ray, K.H. Redford, R.S. Steneck and J. Berger, pp. 34-56. Island Press, Washington, DC.
  131. [334]334. Rotberg, R.I. (1988) The founder: Cecil Rhodes and the pursuit of power. Oxford University Press, New York.
  132. [336]336. Rudnai, J. (1979) Ecology of lions in Nairobi National Park and the adjoining Kitengela Conservation Unit in Kenya. African Journal of Ecology 17, 85-95.
  133. [341]341. Schaller, G.B. (1972) The Serengeti lion: a study of predator-prey relations. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
  134. [342]342. Scheiss-Meier, M., Ramsauer, S., Gabanapelo, T. and Konig, B. (2007) Livestock predation - insights from problem animal control registers in Botswana. Journal of Wildlife Management 71, 1267-1274.
  135. [345]345. Schumann, M., Schumann, B., Dickman, A., Watson, L.H. and Marker, L. (2006) Assessing the use of swing gates in game fences as a potential non-lethal predator exclusion technique. South African Journal of Wildlife Research 36, 173-181.
  136. [346]346. Schumann, M., Watson, L.H. and Schumann, B.D. (2008) Attitudes of Namibian commercial farmers toward large carnivores: the influence of conservancy membership. South African Journal of Wildlife Research 38, 123-132.
  137. [349]349. Sergio, F., Caro, T., Brown, D., Clucas, B., Hunter, J., Ketchum, J., McHugh, K. and Hiraldo, F. (2008) Top predators as conservation tools: ecological rationale, assumptions, and efficacy. Annual Review of Ecology Evolution and Systematics 39, 1-19.
  138. [353]353. Shibia, M.G. (2010) Determinants of attitudes and perceptions on resource use and management of Marsabit National Reserve, Kenya. Journal of Human Ecology 30, 55-62.
  139. [354]354. Sillero-Zubiri, C. and Laurenson, M.K. (2001) Interactions between carnivores and local communities: conflict or coexistence?, In Carnivore Conservation. Eds J.L. Gittleman, S.M. Funk, D.W. Macdonald and R.K. Wayne, pp. 282-312. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  140. [357]357. Skinner, D. and Chimimba, T. (2005) The mammals of the southern African subregion, 3rd edn. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  141. [360]360. Smith, M.E., Linnell, J.D.C., Odden, J. and Swenson, J.E. (2000) Review of methods to reduce livestock depredation: I. Guardian animals. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica Section A: Animal Science 50, 279-290.
  142. [362]362. Sodhi, N.S. and Ehrlich, P.R. (2010) Conservation biology for all. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
  143. [365]365. St John, F.A.V., Keane, A.M., Edwards-Jones, G., Jones, L., Yarnell, R.W. and Jones, J.P.G. (2011) Identifying indicators of illegal behaviour: carnivore killing in human-managed landscapes. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences.
  144. [366]366. Stander, P.E. (1998) Spoor counts as indices of large carnivore populations: the relationship between spoor frequency, sampling effort and true density. Journal of Applied Ecology 35, 378- 385.
  145. [367]367. Stander, P.E., Ghau, Tsisaba, D., ‡oma and Ui, l.l. (1997a) Tracking and the interpretation of spoor: a scientifically sound method in ecology. Journal of Zoology 242, 329-341.
  146. [368]368. Stander, P.E., Haden, P.J., Kaqece and Ghau (1997b) The ecology of asociality in Namibian leopards. Journal of Zoology 242, 343-364.
  147. [370]370. Steneck, R.S. (2005) An ecological context for the role of large carnivores in conserving biodiversity, In Large carnivores and the conservation of biodiversity. Eds J.C. Ray, K.H. Redford, R.S. Steneck and J. Berger, pp. 9-33. Island Press, Washington, DC.
  148. [375]375. Sukumar, R. (1990) Ecology of the asian elephant in southern india: feeding-habits and crop raiding patterns. Journal of Tropical Ecology 6, 33-53.
  149. [378]378. Sutherland, W.J. (1996a) Ecological census techniques: a handbook. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  150. [379]379. Sutherland, W.J. (1996b) Mammals, In Ecological census techniques: a handbook. Ed. W.J. Sutherland, pp. 260-280. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  151. [380]380. Tambling, C.J. and Du Toit, J.T. (2005) Modelling wildebeest population dynamics: implications of predation and harvesting in a closed system. Journal of Applied Ecology 42, 431-441.
  152. [383]383. Eds B. Child, H. Suich and A. Spenceley, pp. 201-222. Earthscan, London.
  153. [385]385. Thirgood, S., Woodroffe, R. and Rabinowitz, A.R. (2005) The impact of human-wildlife conflict on human lives and livelihoods, In People and wildlife: conflict or coexistance? Eds R. Woodroffe, S. Thirgood and A.R. Rabinowitz, pp. 13-26. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  154. [386]386. Thomas, N.H. (2003) Land reform in Zimbabwe. Third World Quarterly 24, 691-712.
  155. [387]387. Thorn, M., Scott, D.M., Green, M., Bateman, P.W. and Cameron, E.Z. (2009) Estimating brown hyaena occupancy using baited camera traps. South African Journal of Wildlife Research 39, 1-10.
  156. [389]389. Tomlinson, D.N.S. (1980) Nature conservation in Rhodesia -a review. Biological Conservation 18, 159-177.
  157. [390]390. van Bommel, L., de Vaate, M.D.B., de Boer, W.F. and de Iongh, H.H. (2007) Factors affecting livestock predation by lions in Cameroon. African Journal of Ecology 45, 490-498.
  158. [391]391. van Dyke, F.G., Brocke, R.H. and Shaw, H.G. (1986) Use of road track counts as indices of mountain lion presence. Journal of Wildlife Management 50, 102-109.
  159. [392]392. van Orsdol, K.G., Hanby, J.P. and Bygott, J.D. (1985) Ecological correlates of lion social- organization (Panthera leo). Journal of Zoology 206, 97-112.
  160. [393]393. Vincent, V. and Hack, H.R. (1960) Land use and recommended farming systems for different land capability classes in different areas of Southern Rhodesia. In Annual conference of the professional officers of the Department of Research and Specialist Services, pp. 16-27. Government of Southern Rhodesia, Salisbury.
  161. [395]395. Wade, P. (2002) Race, nature and culture. Pluto Press, London.
  162. [396]396. Wallgren, M., Skarpe, C., Bergstrom, R., Danell, K., Granlund, L. and Bergstrom, A. (2009) Mammal community structure in relation to disturbance and resource gradients in southern Africa. African Journal of Ecology 47, 20-31.
  163. [397]397. Walter, W.D., Lavelle, M.J., Fischer, J.W., Johnson, T.L., Hygnstrom, S.E. and VerCauteren, K.C. (2010) Management of damage by elk (Cervus elaphus) in North America: a review. Wildlife Research 37, 630-646.
  164. [400]400. Watts, H.E. and Holekamp, K.E. (2008) Interspecific competition influences reproduction in spotted hyenas. Journal of Zoology 276, 402-410.
  165. [406]406. White, P.C.L., Jennings, N.V., Renwick, A.R. and Barker, N.H.L. (2005) Questionnaires in ecology: a review of past use and recommendations for best practice. Journal of Applied Ecology 42, 421- 431.
  166. [409]409. Wilson, G.J. and Delahay, R.J. (2001) A review of methods to estimate the abundance of terrestrial carnivores using field signs and observation. Wildlife Research 28, 151-164.
  167. [414]414. Winterbach, H.E.K., Winterbach, C.W., Somers, M.J. and Hayward, M.W. (in press) Key factors and related principles in the conservation of large African carnivores. Mammal Review.
  168. [416]416. Wolmer, W. (2005) Wilderness gained, wilderness lost: wildlife management and land occupations in Zimbabwe's southeast lowveld. Journal of Historical Geography 31, 260-280.
  169. [419]419. Woodroffe, R. (2005) Strategies for carnivore conservation: lessons from contemporary extinctions, In People and wildlife: conflict or coexistence? Eds R. Woodroffe, S. Thirgood and A.R. Rabinowitz, pp. 31-92. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  170. [423]423. Woodroffe, R. and Ginsberg, J.R. (2005) King of the beasts? Evidence for guild redundancy among large mammalian carnivores, In Large carnivores and the conservation of biodiversity. Eds J.C. Ray, K.H. Redford, R.S. Steneck and J. Berger, pp. 154-175. Island Press, Washington, DC.
  171. [425]425. Woodroffe, R., Lindsey, P. and Romañach, S. (2007b) African wild dogs (Lycaon pictus) can subsist on small prey: implications for conservation. Journal of Mammalogy 88, 181-193.
  172. [427]427. Woodroffe, R., Thirgood, S. and Rabinowitz, A.R. (2005b) The impact of human-wildlife conflict on natural systems, In People and wildlife: conflict or coexistence? Eds R. Woodroffe, S. Thirgood and A.R. Rabinowitz, pp. 1-12. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  173. [429]429. Worton, B.J. (1987) A review of models of home range for animal movement. Ecological Modelling 38, 277-298.
  174. [432]432. Zimmermann, A., Baker, N., Inskip, C., Linnell, J.D.C., Marchini, S., Odden, J., Rasmussen, G. and Treves, A. (2010) Contemporary views of human-wildlife conflicts on wild rangelands, In Wild rangelands: conserving wildlife while maintaining livestock in semi-arid ecosystems. Eds J.T.d. Toit, R. Kock and J.C. Deutsch., pp. 129-151. Wiley-Blackwell, Chichester.
  175. [435]435. Zunga, L. (2003) Farm invasions in Zimbabwe: is Zimbabwe a democracy? Truth House Publishing, Randburg. References Anonymous. 1996. Parks and Wild Life Act. Chapter 20:14. Rev. edition 1996. 48 pp.
  176. [436]436. Bashir S., Daly B., Durant S. M., Forster H., Grisham J., Marker L., Wilson K. and Friedmann Y. (eds) 2004. Global cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) monitoring work- shop: final workshop report. Global chee- tah monitoring workshop, Ngorongoro Conservation Area, Serengeti, Tanzania. IUCN/SSC Conservation Breeding Spe- cialist Group and Endangered Wildlife Trust. 86 pp. Child G. and Savory C. R. 1964. The dis- tribution of large mammal species in Southern Rhodesia. Arnoldia Rhodesia 1, 1-15.
  177. [437]437. Year cheetah was hunted Metal export tags allocated Year data collected 1992 7 2003 1993 8 2003 1994 5 2003 1995 24 2003 1996 12 2003 1997 4 2003 1998 5 2003 1999 10* 2003 2000 3* 2003 2001 7* 2003 2002 8* 2003 2003 11* 2006 2004 1* 2006 2005 2 2006 2006 1 2006 Mean 7.6, Total 68 36 2007 Convention on the International Trade of Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna CITES. 1992. Quotas for trade in specimens of cheetah. Doc 8.22 (Rev.). Eighth meeting of the Convention of In- ternational Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora & Fauna, pp. 1-4.
  178. [439]439. Davison B. 1999b. Zimbabwe's cheetah policy and management plan. Zimbabwe Department of National Parks and Wild- life Management, Harare. 8 pp. du Toit R. 2004. Review of wildlife issues associated with the land reform pro- gramme in Zimbabwe. World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF), Southern African Regional Programme Office, Harare. 63 pp. Durant S. M. 2000. Predator avoidance, breeding experience and reproductive success in endangered cheetahs, Aci- nonyx jubatus. Animal Behaviour 60, 121-30.
  179. [441]441. Kingdon J. 1997. The Kingdon field guide to African mammals. Academic Press, San Diego. 464 pp.
  180. [442]442. Laurenson M. K. 1995. Implications of high offspring mortality for cheetah popula- tion dynamics. In Sinclair A. R. E. and P. Arcese P. (eds). Serengeti II: Research, conservation and management of an ecosystem. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, pp. 385-399.
  181. [443]443. Marker L. 1998. Current status of the chee- tah (Acinonyx jubatus). In Penzorn B. L. (ed). Proceedings of a symposium on Cheetahs as Game Ranch Animals, Onderstepoort, South Africa. De Wildt Cheetah and Wildlife Trust, Pretoria, pp. 1-17.
  182. [448]448. Myers N. 1975. The cheetah, Acinonyx ju- batus, in Africa. International Union for the Conservation of Nature, Morges. 90 pp. Purchase G. K. 1998. An assessment of the success of a cheetah re-introduction project in Matusadona National Park. Unpublished MSc thesis, University of Zimbabwe, Harare. 118 pp.
  183. [450]450. Purchase G. K. and du Toit J. T. 2000. The use of space and prey by cheetahs in Matusadona National Park, Zimbabwe. South African Journal of Wildlife Re- search 30, 139-144.
  184. [457]457. Wilson V. J. 1984. The distribution and present day status of the felids of Zim- babwe. Chipangali Wildlife Trust, Bula- wayo, pp. 2-6.
  185. [460]460. Wolmer W. 2005. Wilderness gained, wil- derness lost: wildlife management and land occupations in Zimbabwe's south- east lowveld. Journal of Historical Geog- raphy 31, 260-280.
  186. [465]465. Stuart, C. and Stuart, T. (2003) A field guide to the tracks and signs of southern and east African wildlife. Third edition. Struik, Cape Town. Acknowledgements………………………………………………………………………… ii

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Williams, S. T.
Affiliations
Durham University (GB)
Corresponding author
Williams, Samual Thomas
ORCID
Williams, Samual Thomas
Venue
Zenodo
Publisher
Zenodo
Published
2011-06-01
DOI
10.5281/zenodo.21001
OpenAlex
W1560423470
Cited by
16
References
0
Citations by year
2024: 1 · 2023: 1 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 2 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 1 · 2013: 2
Type
dissertation
Language
en
Open access
Licence
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
Locations
  • Durham e-Theses (Durham University) (submittedVersion)
  • Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) (cc-by)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Wildlife Ecology and Conservation
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Rangeland and Wildlife Management
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Conservation, Biodiversity, and Resource Management
Keywords
land reform, Fast Track Land Reform Programme, cheetah, large carnivores, human-carnivore conflict, resettlement, wildlife conservation, habitat loss, habitat fragmentation, poaching, livestock depredation, common land, community-based conservation, Zimbabwe

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review