The DOI matches its Crossref record; none of the 14 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Alumbrar comunidad. Partería, expresiones de género y acompañamiento en parto en un estudio de caso del formativo superior en el Occidente prehispánico mexicano
Open accessAbstract
Se presenta una aproximación interpretativa en torno a una escena colectiva de parto integrada principalmente por figurillas femeninas y posiblemente algunas masculinas, la cual se encuentra asociada a un entierro femenino de la fase Ortices (600 a. C.-100 d. C.) durante el formativo superior mesoamericano. A partir de lo cual se indaga en torno a la participación comunitaria en momentos específicos de la reproducción social y cultural de sociedades preclasistas en la región occidental de México, donde diversas manifestaciones de elementos arqueológicos y representaciones colectivas han permitido acercarse al conocimiento del modo de vida de sus habitantes prehispánicos. Hipotéticamente se plantea una mayor vinculación comunitaria en el acompañamiento durante el parto, lo cual se piensa como característica de las formaciones sociales preclasistas del Occidente de México durante el formativo superior. Se propone también que este escenario de parto constituye una de las primeras muestras del trabajo especializado de partería, lo que será un oficio de larga duración que atravesará diversas formaciones sociales mesoamericanas.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
The paper interprets a ceramic offering from an Upper Formative Ortices-phase burial at Villa de Álvarez, Colima, as one of the earliest materialized childbirth scenes in Mesoamerica, centered on a woman in labor and a principal midwife. It argues that childbirth was collectively accompanied, mainly by women of different ages, in preclassist social formations, and that specialized midwifery may belong to the Mesoamerican “hard core.”
Key findings
- Burial 5 was a primary, indirect individual extended in decubitus ventral, a female subadult aged 15–20 years, accompanied by three vessels; vessel 3, a tuxcacuesco-type cajete placed near the skull, contained 14 anthropomorphic figurines.
- The central figurines 13 and 14 are interpreted as a childbirth scene: figurine 14 is the woman in labor, with visible vaginal area and no clothing; figurine 13 is the principal midwife assisting at expulsion. Figurines 8, 11, and 12 are proposed as additional female assistants, with 8 and 11 possibly older expert midwives and 12 possibly being trained.
- The authors propose that Burial 5 may be represented by figurine 14 and may have died in childbirth; the vessel by her head is interpreted as a memory of that experience and of collective birth.
- They contrast this collective, mainly female Upper Formative scene with Mexica state society, where Sahagún records two or three midwives depending on the woman’s status, and suggest midwifery was a long-duration specialized role in Mesoamerica.
Methods
- Archaeological case study from the Salvamento Arqueológico Valle del Sol, southeast of Villa de Álvarez, Colima; fieldwork was conducted July–November 2011 and identified at least four funerary areas during the Ortices and Comala phases.
- The analysis focuses on Burial 5 and the 14 figurines inside vessel 3, using typological classification (Baus 1978 types IIIa, IIIc, V), attribute analysis of dress, sex, age, posture, and placement, and comparison with other West Mexican contexts.
- Ethnohistorical and ethnographic sources from the Maya area and central Mexico (e.g., Sahagún, Quezada, Joyce, Fernández) are used analogically to interpret childbirth, midwifery, puerperium, and gender roles.
Limitations
- The paper states that childbirth and midwifery in the West have not been widely studied, so it relies on ethnohistorical and ethnographic references from other Mesoamerican regions, mainly the Maya area and central highlands.
- It explicitly notes that the physical anthropology report does not deepen the study of the pelvis, so the hypothesis that Burial 5 died in childbirth requires reanalysis of the remains; it also notes looting limits archaeological analysis and that comparable scenes are lacking.
- Evident from the text: this is a single case with a small sample, and several figurine attributions are tentative—e.g., figurines 3 and 6 may be male or women of different status/age, and abdominal/cervical flaccidity could indicate older women or women who had recently given birth.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
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Claims the paper makes
44 Own interpretation · 15 Own result · 12 Sources not found · 2 No basis given · 1 Not checked yet
In the paper
“la figurilla número 4 no presenta mayores atribuciones corporales, se define del tipo IIIc «Figurillas Acinturadas Cabeza Tonsurada» (Baus, 1978).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Baus, 1978
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Not matched
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“la escena de parto se ubicó in situ al interior de la vasija número 3, situada al lado derecho de la cabeza de la mujer que constituye el entierro número 5.”
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Las figurillas clasificadas bajo el número 1, 2, 5, 7, 10 y 12 son las seis que presentan el atributo referido.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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- Rests on an assumption: El atributo en el área de la cadera, como remate de un calzoncillo, indica de manera fiable género femenino en las figurillas.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Sobre esto, encontramos que la figurilla 11 presenta collar, además de brazaletes en ambos brazos, sumado a que las figurillas 5 y 7 también tienen collar, por lo cual nos parece no muy viable hablar de brazaletes como rasgo de maternidad.”
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“En tanto fueron depositadas en el interior del cajete tipo tuxcacuesco, se sitúan cronológicamente en la fase Ortices.”
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Refiriéndose a la población mexica, el misionero fray Bernardino de Sahagún afirma que llevaban a la mujer a una sala o recámara donde tendría que parir.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Sahagún (1999)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Finalmente, la última figurilla, que es la parte central de toda la escena, es una mujer en trabajo de parto.”
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“En analogía con el contexto del Occidente mesoamericano, se ha considerado que la vasija tipo Ortices podría representar dicha habitación, que se preparaba para el trabajo de parto.”
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Rests on an assumption: The Mexica ethnohistoric context can be used by analogy to infer practices in the West Mesoamerican context.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Sin embargo, dichos espacios no necesariamente podrían ser vistos como menores y exclusivos de mujeres, en tanto que ellas dirigen y aceptan hombres en esos espacios.”
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“es posible inferir que en este tipo de contextos el trabajo de parto está más enfocado en la participación de mujeres.”
hedgedcorrelationalSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Probably not a substantial claim. 45
- It may state two separate claims as one. 40
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“a la mayor parte se les atribuyen alusiones femeninas que en adelante se describen.Posiblemente dos de las figurillas presentan atributos masculinos, dicha posibilidad se consideró a partir del contraste con figurillas de otros contextos de la región de Occidente pero correspondientes a períodos un poco posteriores a la fase Ortices.Aunque también se ha pensado la posibilidad de que estas dos figu”
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: El atributo en el área de la cadera, como remate de un calzoncillo, indica de manera fiable género femenino en las figurillas.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“En el conjunto de la escena de labor de parto, se consideró que el área central se acompaña, además de la figurilla 13 y 14, por las figurillas 8, 12 y 11, las cuales fueron descritas como mujeres.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Las dimensiones promedio son de 8.7 cm a 16.2 cm de alto, de 4.9 cm a 6.1 cm de ancho y un espesor que va de 1.7 cm a 4.2 cm.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“La ofrenda del entierro 5 consistía en dos vasijas que fueron colocadas a escasos 15 cm de distancia sobre los pies y, al lado norte del cráneo, un cajete esgrafiado (tipo tuxcacuesco), en cuyo interior fueron depositadas 14 figurillas antropomorfas”
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Los restos óseos del entierro 5 se encontraban en estado de conservación regular, «las conexiones de los huesos en caja torácica y en extremidades superiores eran claras» y se apreció compresión en el área del torso, lo cual se consideró como la existencia de un atado mortuorio en esa área.”
plaincorrelationalSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Por su parte, las figurillas 3 y 6 se ha considerado que posiblemente representen dos hombres, de igual forma, tienen los brazos cruzados y presentan calzoncillo con cordones al frente y no a los costados como las seis figurillas anteriormente descritas.”
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Los cordones al frente en el área del calzoncillo (maxtlatl) indican de manera fiable género masculino en las figurillas.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Por su parte, las figurillas 3 y 6 se ha considerado que posiblemente representen dos hombres, de igual forma, tienen los brazos cruzados y presentan calzoncillo con cordones al frente y no a los costados como las seis figurillas anteriormente descritas.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Los cordones al frente en el área del calzoncillo (maxtlatl) indican de manera fiable género masculino en las figurillas.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“ambos presentan un tocado muy sencillo en horizontal y las orejeras no son tan elaboradas como las de las figurillas anteriores.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Dentro de la descripción general de las figurillas, doce están de pie con las manos encontradas al pecho y dos muestran una forma sedente”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Mientras que en el contexto de la vasija 3 se presenta una escena colectiva, principalmente constituida por mujeres.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“La figurilla 3 presenta nudos más cortos, que llegan al área del pubis coxis.Mientras que los nudos en la figurilla número 6 llegan hasta el área de las rodillas, aproximadamente”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Respecto de las condiciones de presentación de las figurillas, se identificó que algunas de ellas mostraron fracturas a la altura del cuello, sin embargo, estaban un buen estado de conservación.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Algunas piezas presentan en la superficie residuos de pintura amarilla y roja, así como ligeras motas de color negro dispersas a manera de salpicaduras, pigmentación que pudiera resultar de la aspersión de una suerte de resina sobre la figurilla terminada.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“La técnica de manufactura fue a partir de modelado en pasta de textura compacta, de cocción oxidante, que fue alisada y se le dio un acabado con engobe y pintura.Son comunes las técnicas de pastillaje, impresión y punzonado.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Todas tienen los brazos al frente y solamente la figurilla número 7 no presenta los brazos cruzados como el resto.Todas las demás tienen el brazo derecho por encima del brazo izquierdo.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“se consideró un alineamiento de rocas al costado derecho del individuo, el cual se pensó como contención para la deposición mortuoria.”
hedgedSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Se planteaba líneas arriba que la figurilla 4 podría representar a un infante y, por el tipo de ornamento de la cabeza, se propone que podría ser una representación femenina de infante.”
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“la figurilla 9 presenta dentro de sus atributos físicos el vientre caído, por lo cual se ha considerado también que podría corresponder a una mujer mayor.”
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Rests on an assumption: Flaccidity in the belly and neck of the figurines indicates older women or women who have given birth.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“La figurilla 11 podría corresponder también a una mujer mayor, debido al ornamento y el atributo en el área de la cadera, donde posiblemente esté representándose un calzoncillo o vientre caído, y solamente presenta el nudo y los bordones hacia el lado izquierdo de la cadera.”
- Also stated in: § Descripción de la ofrenda y figurillas · plain
“Se ha considerado con vientre flácido, sumado a que en el área del cuello también presenta flacidez, elementos por los cuales se le caracterizó como mujer adulta mayor.”
plaincorrelationalSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Flaccidity in the belly and neck of the figurines indicates older women or women who have given birth.
- Also stated in: § Descripción de la ofrenda y figurillas · plain
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“se sostiene que la escena analizada está representando la colectivización del trabajo de parto, el cual posiblemente fue más abierto a la inserción comunitaria en sociedades preclasistas y más exclusivo en sociedades estatales como la mexica, registrada por Sahagún y estudiada con perspectiva de género por Noemí Quezada y María Rodríguez-Shadow, sociedad para la que se registraron dos o tres par”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Sahagún (1999)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Quezada
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Rodríguez-Shadow
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Preclassist societies do not present marked social inequalities compared to more stratified state societies.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“y que las figurillas 8, 11 y 12 serían las otras asistentes, por encontrarse más cercanas las figurillas 13 y 14.”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Se propone también pensar el ritual de parto como escenario infrapolítico en formaciones sociales preclasistas, es decir, aquel que no puede suceder sin mujeres que se encarguen de mantenerlo, reproducirlo, pero, a la vez, como un espacio de resistencia de género, en el que ellas posiblemente deciden aceptar hombres, mostrando con esto el mantenimiento de la colectividad y teniendo a la partera”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Preclassist societies do not present marked social inequalities compared to more stratified state societies.
In the paper
“Aquí cabe recordar el papel anímico de la partera referido por Noemí Quezada, quien con gritos de guerra era la encargada de animar a la parturienta y dirigir la profilaxis.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Quezada
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“La figurilla 8 se piensa que podría representar a una mujer desnuda, en tanto sus atribuciones sexuales refieren una vagina y vientre flácido.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“a partir de la lectura que se tiene de fray Bernardino de Sahagún, y la información etnohistórica y etnográfica que fue retomada al principio, se sostiene la asistencia de mujeres en el parto y, por analogía, se infiere similar la asistencia principal del parto representada al interior de la vasija número 3.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Sahagún (1999)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The Mexica ethnohistoric context can be used by analogy to infer practices in the West Mesoamerican context.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Es decir, desde la labor de parto, situación que se reafirmaba en la presentación social y donde posiblemente la partera seguía teniendo una función de suma relevancia como mujer de experiencia.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Lo último podría indicar visos de diferenciación social, lo que no se equipara con formaciones sociales con mayor estratificación, por lo cual la escena de parto analizada se plantea como propia de una formación social preclasista.”
hedgedSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Preclassist societies do not present marked social inequalities compared to more stratified state societies.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“se propone que a la persona representada a través de la figurilla 4 se le empezaba a involucrar en la vida cotidiana y los rituales de parto para que fuese conociendo el desarrollo de este tipo de contextos y fenómenos sociales, el de parir en comunidad, hacer el acompañamiento a la nueva vida.”
hedgeddirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Por la posición en la que se encuentra, se tomó como referente la flacidez del área del cuello, a partir de lo cual se piensa que puede ser un hombre o una mujer mayor que asiste como partera principal al momento de la expulsión del neonato.”
hedgedSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Rests on an assumption: Flaccidity in the belly and neck of the figurines indicates older women or women who have given birth.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Se empieza a tener diferencias en lo público, pero en los partos siguen siendo colectivos con énfasis femenino, aunque no se descarta la participación de hombres con un papel no relevante, sino solamente como acompañantes del proceso de parto.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“se propone la hipótesis de que la escena colectiva de parto presenta mayor vinculación por edad y género en espacios de surgimiento de vida como característica de las formaciones sociales preclasistas del Occidente de México para el formativo superior y también como reflejo de las primeras muestras del trabajo especializado de parteras”
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Preclassist societies do not present marked social inequalities compared to more stratified state societies.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Tiene una notable diferencia de tamaño con el resto de las figurillas (aproximadamente cinco centímetros menos), por lo cual, al no contar con atributos en el vestido ni atributos físicamente visibles que se deriven o que estén expresando atributos sexuales, se piensa que corresponde a un infante o un cuerpo adolescente, sin definir sexo, y que, por lo mismo, presenta menos atribuciones corporales”
hedgedconditionalSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“finalmente se propone que el trabajo especializado de partería podría ser repensado como parte constituyente del núcleo duro mesoamericano, el cual tiene la particularidad de dar acompañamiento ante la vida.”
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Se sostiene que el escenario de parto durante el formativo superior fue un fenómeno colectivo constituido principalmente por mujeres de diversas edades y posiblemente por algunos hombres o mujeres de un estatus diferente al resto.”
hedgedSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“El hecho de que la vasija número 3 con las catorce figurillas estén al lado de su cabeza podría representar la memoria que esta mujer se llevó a la otra vida para que recuerde la razón de su muerte y la colectivización del nacimiento.”
hedgedconditionalSingle case- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The woman in burial 5 died as a consequence of childbirth.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A partir de datos sobre la salud dental, se infiere que la población tenía una dieta variada (peces marinos, maíz, venado, perro, tortuga, etcétera), similar a la dieta alimenticia registrada en otras localidades arqueológicas dentro del Valle de Colima.”
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Zonas donde se recuperó información del parto como fenómeno sociocultural y la práctica de la partería, lo cual permitirá un referente diacrónico y, en menor medida, sincrónico, para plantear la hipótesis de larga duración del trabajo especializado de partería, y un referente en la discusión inicial del acompañamiento comunitario durante el trabajo de parto, como característica de formaciones”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Los registros etnohistóricos de otras áreas mesoamericanas, como el área maya y el altiplano central, son referentes válidos para el Occidente mesoamericano.
In the paper
“la utilización de las figurillas en rituales de enterramiento podrían ofrecernos algún indicio que diera cuenta no solo de la función que desempeñaron en las ceremonias que facilitaban el desprendimiento de un miembro de la comunidad sino, a la vez, si entre la parafernalia material necesaria al ritual existieron contrastes significativos que permitieran establecer diferencias de estatus entre un”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Olay, 2009
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“En el área del cuello presenta flacidez en la piel, lo cual posiblemente corresponda a una mujer adulta mayor.”
hedgedcorrelationalSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Rests on an assumption: Flaccidity in the belly and neck of the figurines indicates older women or women who have given birth.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“se sugiere que las mujeres representadas a través de las figurillas 8 y 11 serían dos mujeres mayores expertas en partería y que, posiblemente, al tener a la figurilla 12 en medio, estarían entrenándola en labores de asistencia de parto.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Lo anterior se fue particularizando en formaciones sociales estatales, donde las personas involucradas en el momento del parto eran menores en número, pero donde, a la vez, la partera mantuvo una función social fundamental en la larga duración de la historia mesoamericana.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Preclassist societies do not present marked social inequalities compared to more stratified state societies.
In the paper
“compartimos la reflexión de Ángeles Olay, quien plantea que «tal vez porque el tema no ha sido abordado desde una visión de género, no se ha podido establecer con rigor su peso social y político en esta etapa» (2009, p. 13)”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Olay, 2009
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“se propone de manera general que, en espacios públicos de demostración de poder político y religioso, los hombres parecen estar cobrando mayor relevancia, mientras que en espacios de reproducción social las mujeres cumplen el papel fundamental.”
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“La vasija 3 se registró cercana a la cabeza de la mujer identificada como entierro 5, de lo cual se hacen algunas consideraciones más adelante y se relaciona con la distribución de la escena de parto contenida en la vasija”
plaincorrelationalSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“En contraste, se plantea que ambos atributos -brazaletes y collar-sugieren una posición diferenciada al resto del grupo de mujeres, donde la figura 11 y 14 tal vez podrían pertenecer a un linaje directo, y comparten con mujeres de la comunidad, o bien, con familiares de segundo orden o de familia extensa.”
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“en donde algunas figurillas masculinas presentan este tipo de remates al frente en el área del calzoncillo, llamado en náhuatl «maxtlatl», lo cual podría ser un atributo masculino.”
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“La escena colectiva descrita se piensa como representación correspondiente a una formación social preclasista, donde la cotidianidad y el modo de vida se expresan bajo la particularidad de una escena de parto.”
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Preclassist societies do not present marked social inequalities compared to more stratified state societies.
In the paper
“Del hetzmek, ampliamente registrado en la península de Yucatán, Fernández (2013, p. 209) expresa que este da cuenta de una ceremonia donde se colocan a los bebés frente a una mesa sostenidos de lado sobre la cadera de algún padrino o madrina y se les tributan objetos relacionados con prácticas alimenticias o textiles, a las niñas, y herramientas de campo a los niños, con lo cual «se está asignando”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Fernández, 2013
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“las cuales, de acuerdo con Carolin Baus (1978), se identifican como tipo V, figurillas sólidas de estilo colima o figurillas realistas.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Baus, 1978
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“en los contextos mesoamericanos no necesariamente siempre se alude a la guerra, sino que esto tiene particularidades directas con los procesos y necesidades sociales de cada momento histórico y formación social.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“se postula que un elemento de la cotidianidad de las formaciones sociales preclasistas se expresa a través de la escena de la vasija tuxcacuesco: la vida se recibe en colectivo, se tiende a parir en comunidad, por lo cual, en las sociedades preclasistas del Occidente mesoamericano el acompañamiento comunitario a la vida se presentaba desde el inicio.”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Preclassist societies do not present marked social inequalities compared to more stratified state societies.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“se propone también que a la mujer del entierro número 5 se le colocó la escena de parto cerca de la cabeza como una forma de memoria de lo que ella posiblemente vivió y tal vez fue el detonador de su muerte”
hedgedconditionalSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The woman in burial 5 died as a consequence of childbirth.
In the paper
“la posibilidad de entender los significados que se observan en el modo de depositar a las figurillas toda vez que las mismas se conforman por elementos que se relacionan entre sí a partir de discursos que se aprecian tanto en su acomodo como en su relación con el resto del contexto arqueológico (2009, p. 14).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Olay, 2009
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Se propone que, por la edad de esta mujer -entre quince y veinte años-, posiblemente la figurilla número 14 esté representando a esta misma persona, lo cual implica que a futuro se deba volver a revisar sus restos óseos.”
hedgedcorrelationalSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Es relevante destacar que este ritual no es únicamente maya, ya que Sahagún (1985, Libro VI, p. 385) lo reportó también entre los mexicas, bastante similar en el caso de las niñas, aunque con variación en el caso de los varones”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Sahagún, 1985
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Se piensa que, inclusive, la figurilla 4 representa a un hijo o una hija de la mujer que está pariendo, o bien, algún familiar cercano, hermano o hermana menor, por lo cual se le permite ser parte del contexto integrado principalmente por personas adultas.”
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
En el Occidente mesoamericano, los temas de parto y partería no han sido trabajados de forma amplia.
“debe señalarse que en el Occidente ambos temas no han sido trabajados de forma amplia”
The paper relies on this without support.
Los registros etnohistóricos de otras áreas mesoamericanas, como el área maya y el altiplano central, son referentes válidos para el Occidente mesoamericano.
“se habrá de tomar como referentes los registros etnohistóricos que se tienen en otros espacios mesoamericanos, como el área maya y el altiplano central, principalmente.”
The paper relies on this without support.
El atributo en el área de la cadera, como remate de un calzoncillo, indica de manera fiable género femenino en las figurillas.
“se han considerado representaciones femeninas a partir del atributo que presentan en el área de la cadera, en cada uno de los costados como remate de un calzoncillo.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Los cordones al frente en el área del calzoncillo (maxtlatl) indican de manera fiable género masculino en las figurillas.
“en donde algunas figurillas masculinas presentan este tipo de remates al frente en el área del calzoncillo, llamado en náhuatl «maxtlatl», lo cual podría ser un atributo masculino.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The Mexica ethnohistoric context can be used by analogy to infer practices in the West Mesoamerican context.
“En analogía con el contexto del Occidente mesoamericano, se ha considerado que la vasija tipo Ortices podría representar dicha habitación, que se preparaba para el trabajo de parto.”
“por analogía, se infiere similar la asistencia principal del parto representada al interior de la vasija número 3.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The body positions of the figurines reflect real actions, such as applause, songs, or dances, in the childbirth ritual.
“la mayor parte de las figurillas presentan los brazos flexionados simulando algún tipo de aplauso acompañando el dolor de la mujer que expulsará al neonato.”
“lo cual se refleja en las posiciones corporales de las personas que se presentan en la escena de la ofrenda.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The woman in burial 5 died as a consequence of childbirth.
“Es entonces que se plantea como hipótesis que el entierro número 5 esté representando a la figurilla número 14 y que esta mujer haya fallecido a consecuencia del trabajo de parto.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Preclassist societies do not present marked social inequalities compared to more stratified state societies.
“una sociedad preclasista que no presenta desigualdades sociales tan marcadas en contraste con sociedades más estratificadas como las estatales”
The paper relies on this without support.
Flaccidity in the belly and neck of the figurines indicates older women or women who have given birth.
“En el área del cuello presenta flacidez en la piel, lo cual posiblemente corresponda a una mujer adulta mayor.”
“Se ha considerado con vientre flácido, sumado a que en el área del cuello también presenta flacidez, elementos por los cuales se le caracterizó como mujer adulta mayor.”
Citations
Cites
Still being checked.
Research works printed but not linked: 15
- Praxis Arqueológica, vol. 2, Nº 1, septiembre 2021, pp. 40-60
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Metadata
- Authors
- Rodríguez Rodríguez, L., & González Zozaya, F.
- Venue
- Praxis Arqueológica
- Publisher
- Universidad Alberto Hurtado
- Published
- 2021-08-26
- Volume
- 2
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 40-60
- ISSN
- 2452-5081 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3211691074
- Semantic Scholar
- c17821651641dd5c76ce5ac238455c9b0c70750a
- Cited by
- 0
- References
- 0
- FWCI
- 0.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- es
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Locations
- Praxis Arqueológica (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History › Latin American history and culture
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History › Historical Studies in Central America
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Archeology (arts and humanities) › Archaeological and Geological Studies
- Keywords
- childbirth, midwifery, gender, birth attendants, pre-Columbian Mexico, western Mexico, Late Formative period, female figurines, female burials, community participation, social reproduction, division of labor
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