The Temple in the Apocalypse of Weeks and in Hebrews

May combine two claims.

The wilderness tabernacle appears briefly in the fourth week, but the Second Temple is completely overlooked in the Apocalypse of Weeks.

“The wilderness tabernacle appears briefly in the fourth week, 11 but the Second Temple is completely overlooked.There is no return from exile, no rebuilding of Jerusalem and no Second Temple.”

May combine two claims.

In the Apocalypse of Weeks, there is no return from exile, no rebuilding of Jerusalem, and no Second Temple.

“There is no return from exile, no rebuilding of Jerusalem and no Second Temple.Just a perverse generation with perverse deeds.”

May combine two claims.

In the NT, ὑπόδειγμα has the sense of a moral example to be followed or avoided four times (including one instance in Hebrews), leaving two other instances (Heb.8:5; 9:23).

“The statistics in the NT are similar.Ὑπόδειγμα has the sense of a moral example to be followed or avoided four times (including one instance in Hebrews), 59 leaving two other instances (Heb.8:5; 9:23).”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

In Hebrews 8:5 the relationship is further described with the word σκιά ('shadow').

“In Hebrews 8:5 the relationship is further described with the word σκιά ('shadow').”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Hebrews 10:2 claims that the same sacrifices which are continually offered year after year would have ceased being offered if they could make the worshippers perfect, and since they have not ceased, the people are still conscious of sin.

“Verse 2 claims that the same sacrifices which are continually offered year after year would have ceased being offered if they could make the worshippers perfect, and since they have not ceased, the people are still conscious of sin.”

May combine two claims.

Philo never uses ὑπόδειγμα with reference to temple or tabernacle, and when he uses the near synonym παράδειγμα, it refers not to what Moses made, but to what Moses saw and used as a pattern to construct the tabernacle.

“He never uses ὑπόδειγμα with reference to temple or tabernacle, and when he uses the near synonym παράδειγμα, it refers not to what Moses made, but to what Moses saw and used as a pattern to construct the tabernacle.”

• cites Mos.2.74Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Ὑπόδειγμα καὶ σκιά is a hendiadys.

“Ὑπόδειγμα καὶ σκιά is a hendiadys”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The gifts and sacrifices have already appeared in 8:3-4 in connection with the temple ritual and are critiqued as inadequate.

“These have already appeared in 8:3-4 in connection with the temple ritual.Here they are critiqued as inadequate.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Hebrews 10:1-4 is a single sentence concluding with the declaration that animal sacrifices cannot remove sins.

“Hebrews 10:1-4 is a single sentence concluding with the declaration that animal sacrifices cannot remove sins.”

May combine two claims.

An examination of ἐπουράνιος elsewhere in Hebrews shows it appears six times, four as an attributive adjective and twice as a substantive.

“An examination of ἐπουράνιος elsewhere in Hebrews clarifies the sense of this word.It appears six times, four as an attributive adjective 69 and twice as a substantive.”

May combine two claims.

In Hebrews 10:1 and Colossians 2:17 the context suggests 'foreshadowing', with the word μελλόντων, referring to what is 'about to happen', in close proximity.

“In these texts the context suggests 'foreshadowing', with the word μελλόντων, referring to what is 'about to happen', in close proximity.”

May combine two claims.

The sixth week is the most significant: the entire race of the chosen root is exiled, the law for all generations is nullified, and the temple built to last forever is burned with fire.

“The sixth week is perhaps the most significant.Here the entire race of the chosen root which will go forth forever (third week) is exiled, the law for all generations (fourth week) is nullified when everyone strays from wisdom, and the temple which was built to last forever (fifth week) is burned with fire.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The Apocalypse of Weeks analyses the history of the world into ten weeks, each of seven generations.

“The Apocalypse of Weeks (ApW) analyses the history of the world into ten weeks, each of seven generations.”

• cites [2]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The Apocalypse of Weeks ignores the Second Temple, implying a strong polemic against it.

“the Second Temple is ignored, implying a strong polemic against it.”

May combine two claims.

In Aramaic Enoch, the Vorlagen of 1 En.93:10 and 91:11 occupy consecutive lines, indicating that the weeks originally appeared in numerical order.

“In Aramaic Enoch, the Vorlagen of 1 En.93:10 and 91:11 occupy consecutive lines, indicating that the weeks originally appeared in numerical order.”

• cites 4QEn g , 4Q212Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

In 1 Enoch the weeks are disordered, with weeks one to seven in 93:1-10, the end of week seven in 91:11, and weeks eight to ten in 91:12-17.

“In 1 Enoch the weeks are disordered, with weeks one to seven in 93:1-10, the end of week seven in 91:11, and weeks eight to ten in 91:12-17.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Since the reality has now come, the readers can no longer be occupied with the symbols.

“Since the reality has now come, the readers can no longer be occupied with the symbols.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The composition of the Apocalypse of Weeks is usually dated around 175-170 BC.

“The composition is usually dated around this time.6”

• cites [6]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The transposition of the weeks in 1 Enoch was deliberate, with the eschatological resolution in weeks eight to ten setting the context in which the perversity of the present generation is to be understood.

“It is debated whether this transposition was accidental or deliberate, but on balance it seems to have been deliberate, with the eschatological resolution in weeks eight to ten now setting the context in which the perversity of the present generation is to be understood.”

May combine two claims.

The eschatological temple picks up key features of Solomon's temple, indicating that Solomon's temple foreshadowed the eschatological temple.

“The eschatological temple picks up key features of Solomon's temple, indicating that Solomon's temple foreshadowed the eschatological temple.10”

May combine two claims.

Hebrews makes no explicit mention of the Second Temple, but several texts reflect a critique of temple, priesthood, and sacrificial system.

“Hebrews makes no explicit mention of the Second Temple, but several texts reflect a critique of temple, priesthood, and sacrificial system.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The author of the Apocalypse of Weeks belongs to the seventh week, which probably ends around 175-170 BC, just prior to the Maccabean revolt.

“Most scholars agree that the author belongs to the seventh week, which probably ends somewhere around 175-170 BC, just prior to the Maccabean revolt, which is not mentioned.”

• cites [6]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The similarities between the description of Solomon's temple and that of the eschatological temple in the eighth week indicate that Solomon's temple was seen as the pinnacle of salvation history, destroyed because of the wickedness of the people.

“Moreover, the similarities between this description and that of the eschatological temple in the eighth week indicate that Solomon's temple was seen as the pinnacle of salvation history, destroyed because of the wickedness of the people.”

May combine two claims.

The Apocalypse of Weeks reveres Solomon's temple and describes it in ways that indicate it anticipates the eschatological temple.

“While the Apocalypse of Weeks reveres Solomon's temple and describes it in ways that indicate that it anticipates the eschatological temple, the Second Temple is ignored, implying a strong polemic against it.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The Apocalypse of Weeks has a concentric structure, beginning and ending with enduring righteousness, with deceit and violence arising in the second week and vanishing in the ninth.

“Scholars have noted a concentric structure to ApW, 7 which begins and ends with enduring righteousness (93:3; 91:17).Deceit and violence arise in the second week (93:4), and vanish in the ninth (91:14).”

• cites [7]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The stark contrast between the description of Solomon's magnificent temple in the fifth week and its destruction in the sixth week gives it considerable prominence.

“The stark contrast between the description of Solomon's magnificent temple in the fifth week, as the temple of the glorious kingdom built to last forever, 8 and its destruction in the sixth week when the people stray from wisdom, gives it considerable prominence.9”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Sometimes where the temple is not explicitly mentioned, it is implied, and readers are supposed to infer that the author is making some point, usually negative, about it.

“Sometimes where the temple is not explicitly mentioned, it is implied, and indeed the readers are supposed to infer that the author is making some point, usually negative, about it.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Then everything will be put right and God will dwell with his people for many weeks without number forever (1 En. 91:17).

“Then everything will be put right and God will dwell with his people for many weeks without number forever (1 En. 91:17).”

• cites 1 En. 91:17Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

BDAG notes that Attic writers rejected ὑπόδειγμα in favour of its near synonym παράδειγμα, and nobody ever suggests that παράδειγμα has the sense of 'copy'; this word is always an 'example' or a 'pattern for imitation'.

“And nobody ever suggests that παράδειγμα has the sense of 'copy'. This word is always an 'example' or a 'pattern for imitation'.”

• cites BDAGNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

These ineffective cultic rituals are the gifts and sacrifices which cannot perfect the conscience of the worshipper.

“These ineffective cultic rituals are the gifts and sacrifices which cannot perfect the conscience of the worshipper.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

They are to direct their attention to Christ rather than to the symbol standing in Jerusalem.

“They are to direct their attention to Christ rather than to the symbol standing in Jerusalem.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The reading of ὑπόδειγμα καὶ σκιά as 'copy and shadow' is suspect, and τὰ ἅγια in Hebrews 8:2 is a long way from 8:5.

“This would be reasonable if ὑπόδειγμα καὶ σκιά were to be read as 'copy and shadow,' but this reading is suspect, and τὰ ἅγια in Hebrews 8:2 is a long way from 8:5.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

When read from the perspective of the design of earthly sanctuaries, the way into the holy of holies is not 'visible' (φανερόω) while the outer tent/court surrounds it.

“When read from the perspective of the design of earthly sanctuaries, the way into the holy of holies is not 'visible' (φανερόω) while the outer tent/court surrounds it.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

BDAG lists three senses for σκιά: shade (from light and/or heat); the shadow cast by an object; and a 'mere representation of someth[ing] real'.

“For this word BDAG lists three senses: shade (from light and/or heat); the shadow cast by an object; and a 'mere representation of someth[ing] real'.”

• cites BDAGNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Various ineffective cultic rituals are imposed 'until the time of reformation' (μέχρι καιροῦ διορθώσεως).

“various ineffective cultic rituals are imposed 'until the time of reformation' (μέχρι καιροῦ διορθώσεως)”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

According to LSJ, ὑπόδειγμα has senses: 'sign, token, indication ... illustration, picture showing how something is to be done ... pattern ... example ... instance or specimen'.

“According to LSJ the word has the following senses: 'sign, token, indication … illustration, picture showing how something is to be done … pattern … example … instance or specimen'.”

• cites LSJNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

The 'heavenly things' are the eschatological realities that have come with the exaltation of Jesus to the right hand of God; God's dwelling with his people in the eschaton, now in place 'in these last days'.

“These are the eschatological realities that have come with the exaltation of Jesus to the right hand of God; God's dwelling with his people in the eschaton, now in place 'in these last days'.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

There is another option for σκιά, that is, 'foreshadowing' as BAGD (1979) suggests for Hebrews 10:1 and Colossians 2:17.

“But there is another option, that is, 'foreshadowing' as BAGD (1979) suggests for Hebrews 10:1 and Colossians 2:17.”

• cites BAGDNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

While both texts critique the Second Temple, the critique is quite different.

“However, while both texts critique the Second Temple, the critique is quite different.”

May combine two claims.

The Apocalypse of Weeks was apparently composed while the Second Temple was functioning, and it completely overlooks it.

“This text, apparently composed while the Second Temple was functioning, completely overlooks it.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Now that heavenly things have come in Christ, the author needs to draw his readers away from involvement with ceremony centred on the temple.

“Now that heavenly things have come in Christ, the author needs to draw his readers away from involvement with ceremony centred on the temple.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The double entendre extends to the nuances in the verb φανερόω.

“The double entendre extends to the nuances in the verb φανερόω.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

'Heavenly things' is a better rendering.

“'Heavenly things' is a better rendering.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

The Second Temple was clearly valid as a symbolic foreshadowing of what was to come.

“Nevertheless, it was clearly valid as a symbolic foreshadowing of what was to come.”

May combine two claims.

In Hebrews while weakness is associated with the Second Temple in that it could not achieve the forgiveness it set out to achieve, there is no suggestion of perversity.

“In Hebrews while weakness is associated with the Second Temple in that it could not achieve the forgiveness it set out to achieve, there is no suggestion of perversity.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

As Cora Brady notes, there is a world to come and a heavenly country, a city to come and a heavenly Jerusalem, good things to come and heavenly things; those who have tasted the heavenly gift have also tasted the powers of the world to come.

“As Cora Brady notes, ' [t]here is a world to come and a heavenly country, a city to come and a heavenly Jerusalem, good things to come and heavenly things; those who have tasted the heavenly gift have also tasted the powers of the world to come'.”

• cites Cora Brady, 'The World to Come in the Epistle to the Hebrews'Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Neither text explicitly refers to the Second Temple, but both leave open the possibility that the readers will draw the required inferences.

“Neither text explicitly refers to the Second Temple, but both leave open the possibility that the readers will draw the required inferences.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

There is a double entendre with reference to both outer tent and entire sanctuary, and the earthly and heavenly temples.

“Thus, there is a double entendre with reference to both outer tent and entire sanctuary, and the earthly and heavenly temples.”

May combine two claims.

In the context of Hebrews 10:1-4, the question about the cessation of sacrifice makes it almost certain that the temple was still in place with the sacrifices still being offered.

“In the context of Hebrews 10:1-4, the question about the cessation of sacrifice makes it almost certain that the temple was still in place with the sacrifices still being offered.26”

• cites [26]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Hebrews 7 compares the Levitical priesthood with priesthood like that of Melchizedek, sometimes referring to the Levitical priesthood in the present tense in ways that would have been read by those addressed in Hebrews with reference to their contemporaries in the temple.

“Hebrews 7 compares the Levitical priesthood with priesthood like that of Melchizedek, sometimes referring to the Levitical priesthood in the present tense in ways that would have been read by those addressed in Hebrews with reference to their contemporaries in the temple.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Hurst argues that ὑπόδειγμα actually has the opposite sense, that is, 'a basis for something which comes later'.

“Furthermore, he argues that it actually has the opposite sense, that is, 'a basis for something which comes later'.”

• cites Hurst, Hebrews, 15Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The Apocalypse of Weeks venerates Solomon's temple in the past and anticipates the establishment of an eschatological temple in the future.

“It venerates Solomon's temple in the past and anticipates the establishment of an eschatological temple in the future.”

May combine two claims.

Hebrews never explicitly refers to the Second Temple, but contains a sustained critique of temple, priesthood and sacrifice.

“Hebrews, likewise, never explicitly refers to the Second Temple, but contains a sustained critique of temple, priesthood and sacrifice.”

May combine two claims.

Solomon's temple was revered in ApW, but it would be difficult to speak in these terms for the Second Temple in Hebrews, since it is subject to an ongoing critique.

“Solomon's temple was revered in ApW, but it would be difficult to speak in these terms for the Second Temple in Hebrews, since it is subject to an ongoing critique.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The NRSV reads τὰ ἐπουράνια as a reference to the heavenly sanctuary (τὰ ἅγια in Heb. 8:2).

“The NRSV reads τὰ ἐπουράνια as a reference to the heavenly sanctuary (τὰ ἅγια in Heb. 8:2).”

• cites NRSVNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

BDAG offers two definitions for ὑπόδειγμα: 'example model, pattern' and 'an indication of someth[ing] that appears at a subsequent time, outline, sketch, symbol'.

“BDAG, which offers two definitions: 'example model, pattern' and 'an indication of someth[ing] that appears at a subsequent time, outline, sketch, symbol'.”

• cites BDAGNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

In ApW the entire enterprise of temple building is silently condemned because of a perverse generation with perverse deeds.

“In ApW the entire enterprise of temple building is silently condemned because of a perverse generation with perverse deeds.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

This is a similar phenomenon as implied in ApW where Solomon's temple anticipates the eschatological temple.

“This is a similar phenomenon as implied in ApW where Solomon's temple anticipates the eschatological temple.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

The reference to the first tent having status opens the door to reading the text in connection with the temple, especially when combined with the temporal expressions in verses 9-10.

“The reference to the first tent having status opens the door to reading the text in connection with the temple, 53 especially when combined with the temporal expressions in verses 9-10.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Numerous scholars propose that ὑπόδειγμα means 'copy' in Hebrews 8:5, calling on Philo for help.

“Numerous scholars propose that it means 'copy' here, calling on Philo for help.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

For the readers of Hebrews to revert to the temple and its sacrifices now that the heavenly things are in place with the exaltation of Christ, is to be occupied with the anticipatory symbols rather than the reality to which they point.

“For the readers of Hebrews to revert to the temple and its sacrifices now that the heavenly things are in place with the exaltation of Christ, is to be occupied with the anticipatory symbols rather than the reality to which they point.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Hurst points out that there is no instance in known Greek literature where ὑπόδειγμα can be demonstrated to mean 'copy'.

“Hurst points out ' [t]here is no instance in known Greek literature where ὑπόδειγμα can be demonstrated to mean 'copy'.”

• cites Hurst, 'How Platonic are Heb.viii.5 and ix.23f?'Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Hurst, Hebrews, 13Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

If the priests in the temple are in view in 8:4, then 8:5 describes not the tabernacle but the temple, and the tabernacle appears in the second half of 8:5 simply as confirmation from the Torah of the relationship between earthly sanctuaries and the heavenly, eschatological sanctuary.

“Indeed, if the priests in the temple are in view in 8:4, then 8:5 describes not the tabernacle but the temple, and the tabernacle appears in the second half of 8:5 simply as confirmation from the Torah of the relationship between earthly sanctuaries and the heavenly, eschatological sanctuary.”

May combine two claims.

The difference is that in ApW the eschatological temple remains in the vague future of the eighth week; in Hebrews, it is in place with the exaltation of Christ to God's right hand 'in these last days' (1:2).

“The difference is that in ApW the eschatological temple remains in the vague future of the eighth week; in Hebrews, it is in place with the exaltation of Christ to God's right hand 'in these last days' (1:2).”

May combine two claims.

In ApW, Solomon's temple anticipates the eschatological temple, and the Second Temple is ignored.

“In ApW, Solomon's temple anticipates the eschatological temple, and the Second Temple is ignored.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

When read from the perspective of the distinction between the earthly and the heavenly sanctuaries, while the earthly sanctuary has status, the way into the presence of God is not 'disclosed' (φανερόω).

“When read from the perspective of the distinction between the earthly and the heavenly sanctuaries, while the earthly sanctuary has status, the way into the presence of God is not 'disclosed' (φανερόω).”

May combine two claims.

Hebrews 10:1-4, 11-12 imply that the temple was still standing and the temple cult still functional when Hebrews was written, and critique that cult as ineffective.

“Hebrews 10:1-4, 11-12 imply that the temple was still standing and the temple cult still functional when Hebrews was written, and critique that cult as ineffective.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The first tent (the temple) is a symbol pointing 'to the present time' (εἰς τὸν καιρὸν τὸν ἐνεστηκότα).

“The first tent (the temple) is a symbol pointing 'to the present time' (εἰς τὸν καιρὸν τὸν ἐνεστηκότα)”