The Hebrew Exodus from and Jeremiah’s Eisodus into Egypt in the Light of Recent Archaeological and Geological Developments

May combine two claims.

Analysis of sediments shows some deposits were lacustrine and others fluvial, indicating that a Nile distributary fed the lake somewhere on its west side.

“Analysis of the sediments show that some deposits were lacustrine and others fluvial in nature, indicating that a Nile distributary fed the lake somewhere on its west side (see Fig. 3).”

May combine two claims.

During the New Kingdom or Late Bronze Age (ca. 1500-1200 BC) and earlier, two Nile distributaries fed the eastern lagoon (Shihor), and in its northern reaches it debouched into the Mediterranean.

“During the New Kingdom or Late Bronze Age (ca.1500-1200 BC) and earlier, two Nile distributaries fed this eastern lagoon (Shihor), and in its northern reaches it debouched into the Mediterranean.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

About twenty kilometres west of Tjaru sits Tell Deffeneh (or Dafana).

“About twenty kilometres west of Tjaru sits Tell Deffeneh (or Dafana).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The second stela was discovered in May 2021 during the writing of the paper.

“The second stela was discovered in May 2021 during the writing of this paper.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Based on the ceramic evidence, Oren dated the founding of the fort to the Saite period or seventh century.

“Based on the ceramic evidence, Oren dated the founding of the fort to the Saite period or seventh century”

• cites OrenNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The second stela's inscription treats the same military expedition and mentions traversing Sinai with armies and horses.

“the inscription likewise treats the same military expedition and also mentions traversing Sinai with armies and horses.”

May combine two claims.

The first stela was discovered in 2011 by Mohamed Abd el-Maksoud and dates to Apries' seventh year (582 BC).

“The first stela was discovered in 2011 by Mohamed Abd el-Maksoud and dates to Apries' seventh year (582 BC).”

• cites [62]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Tell Ghaba was founded as early as the tenth century and occupies a spot on the inside of a barrier island close to the lagoon's mouth.

“About five kilometres west of Qedua/Migdol sits Tell Ghaba, which was founded as early as the tenth century and occupies a spot on the inside of a barrier island close to the lagoon's mouth”

• cites [60]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Egypt's north-eastern frontier was a maze of lakes, wetlands, Nile distributaries, and sand dunes with forts situated in strategic locations to guard land and sea access to Egypt.

“Egypt's north-eastern frontier was a maze of lakes, wetlands, Nile distributaries, and sand dunes with forts situated in strategic locations to guard land and sea access to Egypt.”

• cites [71]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Tell Hebua is situated seven kilometres west of Tell Ghaba.

“Tell Hebua is situated seven kilometres west of Ghaba.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The word yam suf applies to a variety of water plants.

“and it is agreed that the word applies to a variety of water plants.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Barry Beitzel has made a sustained and compelling case that yam suf in the Exodus narratives is located close to Egypt, against those advocating it is the distant Gulf of Aqaba.

“Recently, Barry Beitzel has made a sustained and compelling case for this view against those advocating that ‫ם-סּוף‬ ‫יַ‬ in the Exodus narratives is the distant Gulf of Aqaba.”

• cites BeitzelNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

p3 twfy is mentioned in connection with the Exodus as yam suf.

“the latter of which is mentioned in connection with the Exodus (as ‫ם-סּוף‬ ‫יַ‬ -yam suf)”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The correspondence between p3 twfy and Hebrew yam suf has long been recognised.

“The correspondence between p3 twfy and Hebrew ‫ם-סּוף‬ ‫יַ‬ (yam suf) has long been recognised”

• cites BrugschNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites MüllerNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites GardinerNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The parallelism in Pap. Anastasi III suggested to Gardiner that p3 twfy and p3 š-ḥr were geographically proximate.

“The parallelism in this line suggested to Sir Alan Gardiner that the two bodies of water were geographically proximate.”

• cites GardinerNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Jeremiah 2:18 situates Shihor on Egypt's eastern frontier.

“Similarly, Jeremiah 2:18 situates Shihor on Egypt's eastern frontier and will be discussed further below.”

May combine two claims.

p3 twfy had a large marshy area that surrounded a lake fed by a Nile distributary, but it could have been reduced to three smaller lakes during the dry season.

“In other words, p3 twfy had a large marshy area that surrounded a lake that was fed by a Nile distributary, but it could have been reduced to three smaller lakes during the dry season.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Several sizeable lakes were located in Egypt's north-eastern Delta and the Isthmus of Sinai.

“From Egyptian and biblical texts, it has long been known that several sizeable lakes were located in Egypt's north-eastern Delta and the Isthmus of Sinai.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Egyptian texts mention two bodies of water on Egypt's eastern frontier with Sinai, š-ḥr and p3 twfy.

“Egyptian texts mention two bodies of water on Egypt's eastern frontier with Sinai, š-ḥr and p3 twfy”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Bietak proposed that p3 twfy is the now-defunct Ballah Lakes that run south about twenty kilometres from modern Qantara to just north of Ismailiya.

“and that p3 twfy is the now-defunct Ballah Lakes that run south about twenty kilometres from modern Qantara to just north of Ismailiya (Fig. 23).”

• cites BietakNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

š-ḥr occurs in Jeremiah 2:18.

“while the former occurs in Jeremiah 2:18.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Bietak proposed that p3 š-ḥr (Shihor) was the lake east of Qantara East and south-west of Pelusium.

“Bietak agreed, proposing that p3 š-ḥr (Shihor) was the lake east of Qantara East and south-west of Pelusium”

• cites Bietak, Tell el Dab'a IINot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Shihor is located 'al pene' Egypt (in front of/before Egypt).

“Joshua 13:3, we learn that ‫יחֹור‬ ִ ‫ׁש‬ (Shihor) is located ‫י‬ ‫נֵ‬ ‫ּפְ‬ ‫ל‬ ‫עַ‬ ('al pene -'in front of ' or 'before') Egypt.”

May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

The 2011 Apries stela supports the claim that Judaean soldiers were incorporated as mercenaries by referring to 'foreigners (ḫ3styw) who accompanied his majesty', and Jeremiah mentions hired soldiers among Egypt's troops (Jer 46:21).

“The 2011 Apries stela seemingly supports this claim by referring to 'foreigners (ḫ3styw) who accompanied his majesty' (line 5), and Jeremiah too mentions the hired soldiers among Egypt's troops (Jer 46:21).”

• cites Jer 46:21Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites [70]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Jeremiah delivered his message at Tahpanhes, criticising those who had come to Egypt for refuge and warning that Nebuchadnezzar would invade (Jer 44).

“It was at this site that Jeremiah delivered his blistering message, criticising those who had come to Egypt for refuge and warning that Nebuchadnezzar would invade (Jer 44).”

• cites Jer 44Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

By the Third Intermediate Period (1069-525 BC), Shihor clearly still contained water, as demonstrated by the fact that no archaeological sites have been discovered within the basin, even from as late as Roman, Byzantine, or Islamic periods.

“By the Third Intermediate Period (1069-525 BC), Shihor clearly still contained water, as demonstrated by the fact that no archaeological sites have been discovered within the basin, even from as late as Roman, Byzantine, or Islamic periods.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

When Jeremiah 2:18 mentions Shihor in parallelism with the Euphrates, it is because both bodies of water served as a natural boundary marker to the respective lands of Assyria and Egypt.

“When Jeremiah 2:18 mentions Shihor in parallelism with the Euphrates, it is because both bodies of water served as a natural boundary marker to the respective lands of Assyria and Egypt.”

May combine two claims.

Starting in the thirteenth century BC, due to reduced volume of the Nile, some eastern branches began to desiccate, including those that fed Shihor, resulting in the lagoon being reduced to a smaller, brackish lake.

“Starting in the thirteenth century BC, due to reduced volume of the Nile, some of the eastern branches began to desiccate, including those that fed Shihor, resulting in the lagoon being reduced to a smaller, brackish lake.”

• cites ButzerNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites SaidNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

At the edge of the Sinai wilderness at the end of the Wadi, God instructed the Israelites to turn back (Exod 14:1-2), apparently turning towards a cluster of toponyms near the area around the northern end of p3 twfy and the southern tip of Shihor.

“But at the edge of the Sinai wilderness at the end of the Wadi, God instructed them to turn back ‫בּו(‬ ‫ׁשֻ‬ ‫יָ‬ ‫וְ‬ -veyashuvu; Exod 14:1-2), apparently turning towards a cluster of toponyms that appear to be near the area around the northern end of p3 twfy and the southern tip of Shihor.”

• cites Exod 14:1-2Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The Shihor lagoon was approximately eight by eight kilometres, meaning that travelling towards the Levant and launching a journey from Tjaru/Sile required travellers to circle south around Shihor before turning east and following the coast to Gaza.

“This lagoon was approximately eight by eight kilometres, meaning that travelling towards the Levant and launching a journey from Tjaru/Sile required travellers to circle south around Shihor before turning east and following the coast to Gaza (see Fig. 6).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

A Saite date (664-610 BC) is generally assigned to the origins of the fort at Qedua/Migdol.

“While a Saite date (664-610 BC) 58 is generally assigned to the origins of this fort”

• cites [58]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The same route from Tahpanhes to Migdol would also have been taken by Esarhaddon's armies and by Jeremiah and the band of Judaean refugees entering Egypt.

“This same route would also have been taken by Esarhaddon's armies and by Jeremiah and the band of Judaean refugees entering Egypt”

May combine two claims.

If p3 twfy was the sea traversed by the escaping Hebrews, it was a large lake with deep waters, surrounded by wetlands consisting of reeds and rushes, which resulted in the descriptive name of the area and the lake.

“Now we can say with certainty that if p3 ‫ם-סּוף/‪twfy‬‬ ‫יַ‬ was the sea traversed by the escaping Hebrews, it was a large lake with deep waters, surrounded by wetlands consisting of reeds and rushes, which resulted in the descriptive name of the area and the lake.”

May combine two claims.

This development allowed a more direct road to go from Migdol (Tell Qedua), the entry checkpoint, to Tell Ghaba and the fort at Tjaru, followed by Daphne/Tahpanhes, where Jeremiah received the word of the Lord and preached his message (Jer 44:1-30).

“This development allowed a more direct road to go from Migdol (Tell Qedua), the entry checkpoint, to Tell Ghaba and the fort at Tjaru, followed by Daphne/ Tahpanhes, where Jeremiah received the word of the Lord and preached his message (Jer 44:1-30).”

• cites Jer 44:1-30Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Tell Deffeneh is identified with Tahpanhes (Jer 44:1) and is also a military site.

“This site is identified with Tahpanhes (Jer 44:1) and is also a military site.”

• cites Jer 44:1Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites [64]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Consequently, the earlier route around southern Shihor was abandoned when it became an enclosed lake and a new road was established across the old barrier island that formed the Bronze Age coast where the earlier opening to the Mediterranean had become terra firma.

“Consequently, the earlier route around southern Shihor was abandoned when it became an enclosed lake and a new road was established across the old barrier island that formed the Bronze Age coast where the earlier opening to the Mediterranean had become terra firma.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Hophra's army would have checked in at Migdol, where additional troops were likely added for the campaign across Sinai to discourage the Chaldeans from attempting to invade Egypt.

“Hophra's army would have checked in at Migdol, where additional troops were likely added for the campaign across Sinai to discourage the Chaldeans from attempting to invade Egypt.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Jeremiah mentions Pathros, which corresponds to Egyptian p3 t3 rsy, 'the south land', i.e. Upper Egypt.

“Lastly, Jeremiah mentions Pathros, which corresponds to Egyptian p3 t3 rsy, 'the south land', i.e.Upper Egypt.”

• cites [67]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

The recent archaeological and geological investigations in north Sinai now permit us to peer back three and four millennia to understand the ancient landscape.

“The recent archaeological and geological investigations in north Sinai now permit us to peer back three and four millennia to understand the ancient landscape.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The reduced flow of the Nile and poor inundations eventually led to the silting up of sections of the Bubastite Nile distributary, which in turn resulted in the abandonment of the Delta capital, Pi-Ramesses, around 1130 BC.

“The reduced flow of the Nile and poor inundations eventually led to the silting up of sections of the Bubastite Nile distributary.This, in turn, resulted in the abandonment of the Delta capital, Pi-Ramesses, around 1130 BC.”

• cites HoffmeierNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

According to Herodotus, Psammetichus I (664-610 BC) established a military base at Tahpanhes to defend Egypt from invasions from western Asia.

“Here, according to Herodotus, Psammetichus I (664-610 BC) established a military base to defend Egypt from invasions from western Asia.”

• cites HerodotusNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites [65]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

A reference to 'Migdol' in Esarhaddon's records during his 671 BC invasion of Egypt suggests a possible earlier, twenty-fifth-Dynasty date for the fort's construction in anticipation of Assyrian invasions.

“a reference to 'Migdol' in the records of Esarhaddon during his invasion of Egypt in 671 BC suggests that a possible earlier, twentyfifth-Dynasty date for its construction -in anticipation of the Assyrian invasions of Egypt -is a possibility.”

• cites [59]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Shihor's water in Jeremiah's day was largely brackish and stagnant, and due to continued desiccation, the opening to the Mediterranean was closed.

“Shihor's water in Jeremiah's day, therefore, was largely brackish and stagnant, and due to continued desiccation, the opening to the Mediterranean was closed.”