Uneasy Alliances: Hull House, the Garment Workers Strikes, and the Jews of Chicago

May combine two claims.

Several Hull House residents, especially Starr, involved themselves in nearly all phases of strike support, joining the WTUL and other upper-class activist groups.

“Several Hull House residents, but none more so than Starr, involved themselves in nearly all phases of strike support, joining the WTUL and other upper-class activist groups.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Strikebreakers had been given police protection against a group of three rather small women including Emma Steghagen, Miss S. M. Franklin, and Starr.

“The strikebreakers had been given police protection, Starr reported, against”

May combine two claims.

During the 1915 strike, workers publicized their willingness to embrace arbitration that had proven successful at HSM, while manufacturers remained unwilling to negotiate.

“Significantly, the workers were calling for and publicizing their willingness to embrace the arbitration process that had proven so successful at HSM, while the manufacturers remained staunchly unwilling to negotiate.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The committee appointed Rabbi Emil G. Hirsch as its head.

“The committee appointed Rabbi Emil G. Hirsch as its head.”

May combine two claims.

Following Schaffner's death on April 19, 1918, the Amalgamated requested all HSM employees attend the funeral; the company requested the same and granted employees a day of paid leave.

“Following his death on April 19, 1918, the Amalgamated requested that all HSM employees attend the funeral; the company not only requested the same, but also granted its employees a day of paid leave.71”

• cites [71]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The strike officially began on September 27, 1915, at the prearranged signals of the shop chairmen.

“The strike officially began on September 27, 1915, at the prearranged signals of the shop chairmen.”

May combine two claims.

This was especially true by 1923 when, with the merger of the United Jewish Charities and the Federated Orthodox Jewish Charities to form the Jewish Charities of Chicago, the two communities began forming new alliances as more equal partners in what was increasingly becoming one Jewish community.

“This was especial- ly true by 1923 when, with the merger of the United Jewish Charities and the Federated Orthodox Jewish Charities to form the Jewish Charities of Chicago, the two communities began the process of forming new alliances as more equal partners in what was increasingly becoming one Jewish community.75”

• cites [75]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Rosenwald always remained officially at odds with the Jewish labor movement and always insisted on a firm separation between business and charity.

“Although Rosenwald (unlike Joseph Schaffner) always remained officially at odds with the Jewish labor movement and always insisted on a firm separation between business and charity”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

On learning the truth about the conditions in his own factories, Schaffner testified that he had concluded that if anything, 'the strike should have occurred much sooner.'

“On learning the truth about the conditions in his own factories, he testified, he had concluded that if anything,”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Starr argued with police officers; a superior officer arrived who was insolent and brutal and outside his rights, while she was within hers.

“After a time, a superior officer arrived who was insolent and brutal and absolutely outside his rights, as I was entirely within mine.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

According to Daniel Levine, it was Addams who persuaded HSM's chief negotiator Earl Dean Howard, and through him Joseph Schaffner, that this 'was no ordinary strike, but a spontaneous, leaderless revolution based on longstanding hatreds and injustices.'

“According to Daniel Levine, one of her earlier biographers, it was Addams who persuaded HSM' s chief negotiator Earl Dean Howard, and through him Joseph Schaffner, that this”

• cites Daniel LevineNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

During the 1915 strike, officers drove motorcycles into crowds of strikers and arrested and jailed nearly two thousand people by the strike's conclusion.

“Officers drove motorcycles into crowds of strikers-prompting comparisons with the police in Russia-and arrested and jailed nearly two thousand people by the time the strike was concluded.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

By the 1920s, Chicago's Eastern European Jewish community included a rising and increasingly confident middle class.

“By the 1920s, Chicago's Eastern European Jewish community included a rising and increasingly confident middle class.”

May combine two claims.

Starr admonished German Jewish clothing manufacturers using references both to the Bible and to the history of Jewish oppression, and earned an unusual degree of praise from the strikers who were, as Addams put it, 'always rather sensitive in regard to the assistance of outsiders.'

“She admonished German Jewish clothing manufacturers using references both to the Bible and to the history of Jewish oppression, and earned an unusual degree of praise from the strikers who were, as Addams put it,”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

By the time of its sudden conclusion, the strike had cost the WTUL and the Chicago Federation of Labor nearly $54,000, mostly for daily meal tickets for strikers' families.

“By the time of its sudden conclusion, the strike had cost the WTUL and the Chicago Federation of Labor nearly $54,000, mostly for daily meal tickets for strikers' families.”

May combine two claims.

In the end Hillman accomplished that, with a marked increase in organization of Chicago's clothing industry that left more than ninety clothing houses under contract by the time the strike was settled.

“In the end he accomplished just that, with a marked increase in the organization of Chicago' s clothing industry that left more than ninety clothing houses under contract by the time the strike was settled.”

• cites [69]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Joseph Schaffner was remembered not merely as founder of one of the most consistently successful men's clothing houses in the United States, but as a pioneer in labor-management relations.

“Joseph Schaffner was remembered in the end not merely as the founder of one of the most consistently successful men' s clothing houses in the United States, but as a pioneer in labor-management relations.”

May combine two claims.

The resulting showdown at the 1914 UGW convention in Nashville, Tennessee, led to a 'breakaway convention' and to the founding of a new organization of men's clothing workers that would become the Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America, with Sidney Hillman chosen as the organization's first president almost by acclamation.

“The resulting showdown at the 1914 UGW convention in Nashville, Tennessee, led to a”

May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

Schaffner acknowledged his earlier ignorance of this state of affairs, admitting that just days prior to the strike he 'was so badly informed of the conditions' that he 'called the attention of a friend to the satisfactory state of the employees.'

“Schaffner acknowledged his earlier ignorance of this state of affairs, admitting that just days prior to the strike he”

May combine two claims.

Addams began her support rather conservatively, focusing on relief for needy strikers, but eventually developed a close partnership with Hillman.

“Addams began her support rather conservatively, focusing on relief for needy strikers, but eventually developed a close partnership with Hillman”

May combine two claims.

The confrontation had essentially ended in a draw, with no general union recognition, but with concessions from many manufacturers, and confidence that recognition would soon be forthcoming.

“The confrontation had essentially ended in a draw, with no general union recognition, but with concessions from many manufacturers, and the confidence that recognition would soon be forthcoming.67”

• cites [67]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Women workers were not spared in the police brutality, and upper-class female supporters, notably Starr, were roughed up by the police.

“Women workers were not spared in the police brutality, and even their upper-class female supporters, notably Starr, were roughed up by the police.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Sidney Hillman later wrote in a memorial tribute to Grace Abbott that conditions had been intolerable; the organization had just been launched, its treasury empty, friends few, newspapers biased, police hostile, employees set upon its destruction, and workers found themselves in a desperate conflict against formidable odds.

“As Sidney Hillman later wrote, in a memorial tribute to Grace Abbott: Conditions had been intolerable; our organization had just been launched-its treasury was empty, its friends few, the newspapers biased, the police hostile, the employees set upon its destruc-”

• cites Sidney HillmanNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

From its beginnings in October 1914, the 'new United Garment Workers' union faced a variety of problems, including a lawsuit over its name that tied up both finances and attention.

“From its beginnings in October 1914, the”

May combine two claims.

On October 27, 1915, police charged a crowd near the union's headquarters; Samuel Kapper, a deaf tailor, was shot in cold blood despite later police claims of self-defense.

“The situation reached a new low on October 27, 1915, when officers suddenly charged a crowd assembled near the union' s headquarters-and near one of the factories located at the corner of Harrison and Halsted Streets.A deaf tailor, Samuel Kapper, failed to get away fast enough, and was shot in cold blood, despite later police claims of having fired in self-defense.”

May combine two claims.

Starr retreated, but police continued to protect strikebreakers, ensuring no pickets were allowed to speak to them.

“Starr retreated, but the police continued to take every measure possible to”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Martin J. Isaacs, attorney for the Wholesale Clothing Manufacturers' Association, publicly insisted there was no reason to arbitrate and no reason for the union to strike except agitation by union leaders.

“The attorney representing the Wholesale Clothing Manufacturers' Association, Martin J. Isaacs, publicly insisted that there was no reason to arbitrate and that there was no reason for the union to go on strike, save for the agitation of union leaders.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

On November 10, an estimated 1,000 strikers and supporters marched to city hall for court appearances and were released on their own recognizance when the crowd proved too large for the courtroom.

“On November 10, an estimated 1,000 strikers and supporters marched together to city hall for court appearances, only to be released on their own recognizance when the crowd proved too large for the courtroom.”

May combine two claims.

The fledgling garment trades movement's difficulties also included the ethnic diversity of the workforce and employers' willingness to exploit intergroup prejudices.

“that also included the ethnic diversity of the workforce and employers' willingness to exploit intergroup prejudices.”

• cites [13]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Hull House was often at the forefront of Progressive efforts, although strategies and approaches varied among its residents.

“And Hull House, usually regarded as the grandmother of social settlements, was often at the forefront of these efforts, although strategies and approaches would vary among its residents.”

• cites [18]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

As part of their opposition to bilingual education, Addams and Hull House colleagues supported the efforts of Chicago's German Jews to eliminate the cheder, both out of concern for poor educational conditions and out of a fear that pupils would defer the hopes of American citizenship by substituting Judisch for English.

“As part of their opposition to bilingual education, they supported the efforts of Chicago' s German Jews to eliminate the cheder (the traditional religious school), both out of concern for poor educational conditions (already a concern throughout the city' s Jewish community) and out of a fear that pupils would”

• cites [23]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Addams's overall legacy in Chicago's Jewish community is more mixed, owing largely to the tension within that community between Germans and Eastern Europeans, and between longtime and newly arrived immigrants.

“her overall legacy in Chicago's Jewish community is more mixed, owing largely to the tension within that community between Germans and Eastern Europeans, and between longtime and newly arrived immigrants.”

May combine two claims.

Although German Jewish business owners were apparently responsive to the prophetic call of Reform Judaism and Ethical Culture before 1910, this translated mainly into charitable giving on behalf of Eastern European Jewish workers who could not support their families on what they were paid.

“Although German Jewish business owners were apparently responsive to the prophetic call of Reform Judaism and Ethical Culture before 1910, this translated mainly into charitable giving on behalf of the Eastern European Jewish workers who could not support their families on what they were paid.”

• cites [16]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

More general divisions of class, language, and culture separated elements of Chicago's Jewish community.

“the more general divisions-of class, language, and culture-that separated these elements of Chicago's Jewish community”

May combine two claims.

Hull House was a center of both social services and Americanization that welcomed the broad spectrum of immigrants who flocked to Chicago in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.

“It was a center of both social services and Americanization that welcomed the broad spectrum of immigrants who flocked to Chicago in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.”

• cites [19]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Hull House residents could have done nothing other than relate to each group differently.

“Hull House residents could have done nothing other than relate to each group differently.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Most clothing manufacturers against whom predominantly Eastern European Jewish workers struck were German Jews.

“Yet given that most of the clothing manu-__________________________ facturers against whom the predominantly Eastern European Jewish workers took to the streets were German Jews”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S3 (load-bearing).

One recent scholar has concluded that Addams had the least success working with Eastern European Jewish immigrants, especially when it came to affirming ethnic identity.

“Indeed, one recent scholar has concluded that Addams had the least success working with Eastern European Jewish immigrants, especially when it came to the matter of affirming ethnic identity.”

• cites [21]Not matched

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

By the end of the first week, strikers numbered in the hundreds.

“By the end of the first week, strikers numbered in the hundreds.”

• cites [32]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Joseph Schaffner, one of HSM's founders, was particularly affected by the strike and the resulting negative publicity.

“Joseph Schaffner, one of HSM's founders, was particularly affected by the strike and the resulting negative publicity.”

May combine two claims.

Hull House residents achieved far greater success in advancing the cause of the Jewish labor movement than in recognizing the subtleties of Jewish cultural identity.

“But if Hull House residents proved inadequate to the task of recognizing the subtleties of Jewish cultural identity, they achieved far greater success in advancing the cause of the Jewish labor movement, led as it was by marginally affiliated Jews.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

This belated empathy may well have played a role in Schaffner's willingness to negotiate with the union representatives, even if on a limited basis.

“This belated empathy may well have played a role in his willingness to negotiate with the union representatives, even if on a limited basis.”

May combine two claims.

While Chicago lagged far behind New York in general organization of its clothing workers, HSM provided both an important local model and a nucleus for rapid unionization by the end of the decade.

“While Chicago lagged far behind New York in terms of the general organization of its clothing workers, HSM provided both an important local model and a nucleus for the rapid unionization that would take place by the end of the decade.69”

• cites [69]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Shapiro walked out and persuaded sixteen other women to join her.

“she not only walked out, but persuaded sixteen other women to join her.”

• cites [29]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Ellen Gates Starr would eventually emerge as a self-appointed prophet.

“Ellen Gates Starr would eventually emerge as a self-appointed prophet.”

May combine two claims.

In order to reach the middle class and because of the background of the most prominent activists, they emphasized the then-normative themes of the sanctity of motherhood, childhood, and the home, and the threats to all of these by an industrial system that kept women toiling in the sweatshops.

“In order to reach the middle class and because of the background of the most prominent activists, they emphasized the then-normative themes of the sanctity of motherhood, childhood, and the home, and the threats to all of these by an industrial system that kept women toiling in the sweatshops.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The strikes and other developments in the lives of Chicago's working-class Jewish residents did not take place in a vacuum.

“The strikes and other developments in the lives of Chicago' s working-class Jewish residents clearly did not take place in a vacuum.”

May combine two claims.

This spontaneous walkout grew into a mass strike that included thousands of workers from several shops across the city.

“This spontaneous walkout grew into a mass strike that included thousands of workers from several shops across the city.”

• cites [29]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

According to Rivka Lissak, the principle reason for Addams's failure to greatly influence Chicago's Eastern European Jewish community was her unwillingness to recognize their existing sense of communal identity.

“According to Rivka Lissak, the principle reason for Addams' s failure to greatly influence Chicago' s Eastern European Jewish community was her unwillingness to recognize their existing sense of communal identity.”

• cites [25]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

This visible support from Hull House activists and other elite women played an important role in shoring up and spreading general public support for the strikers and in turning up pressure on the employers.

“This visible support from the Hull House activists and other elite women played an important role in both shoring up and spreading general public support for the strikers, as well as in turning up the pressure on the employers.”

May combine two claims.

The successes of the ACWA served as an impetus for further labor organization across trades within Chicago's Eastern European Jewish community and for strengthening of the UHT.

“The successes of the ACWA served as an impetus for further labor organization across the trades within Chicago' s Eastern European Jewish community and for the strengthening of the UHT.73”

• cites [73]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Of the clothing industry's 38,000 workers, 65 percent were immigrants and 32 percent had immigrant parents.

“Of the clothing industry's 38,000 workers, 65 percent were immigrants and 32 percent had immigrant parents.”

• cites [29]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Hirsch revealed the tension that, for many Progressives, lay between their lofty ideals and a more visceral disdain for some of the same people whom they sought to uplift.

“In this role, Hirsch would reveal the tension that, for many Progressives, lay between their lofty ideals and a more visceral disdain for some of the same people whom they sought to uplift.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

His willingness to seek labor peace and deal with the union in a way none of his colleagues had done won him accolades from Chicagoans of all classes.

“His willingness to seek labor peace and to deal with the union in a way that none of his colleagues had done won him the accolades of Chicagoans from all classes.”

May combine two claims.

Although few of these leaders transcended their class biases, most reflected to some degree the influence of the Progressive movement on Chicago's Jewish community.

“Although few of these leaders transcended their class biases, most reflected to some degree the influence of the Progressive movement on Chicago' s Jewish community.”

May combine two claims.

While they shared many concerns of the Hull House Progressives, and while many maintained a level of graciousness that won the respect of the activists who opposed them, Chicago's German Jewish leaders found themselves at odds with their erstwhile allies on this issue.

“While they clearly shared many of the concerns of the Hull House Progressives, and while many managed to maintain a level of graciousness that won the respect of the very activists who opposed them, Chicago's German Jewish leaders found themselves at odds with their erstwhile allies on this issue.”