Church, State, Courts, and Law in Indiana to 1851

May combine two claims.

The state of Indiana resisted blasphemy laws and recognized the legal rights of atheists.

“The state resisted blasphemy laws and recognized the legal rights of atheists”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Pettit's motion failed.

“Not surprisingly , Pettit's motion failed.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Although 'separation of church and state' increasingly became a recognized part of the American polity, Americans disagreed about all of the implications of the First Amendment's guarantee of 'free exercise' of religion and its ban of an 'establishment of religion'.

“Although 'separation of church and state' increasingly became a recognized part of the American polity , Americans disagreed about all of the implications of the First Amendment's guarantee of 'free exercise' of religion and its ban of an 'establishment of religion,'”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In 1845 John Pettit, an Indiana Democratic congressman, proposed abolishing chaplaincies at West Point.

“In 1845 John Pettit, an Indiana Democratic congressman, actually proposed abolishing chaplaincies at West Point.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Religion was apparently a matter of little debate in the 1816 constitutional convention.

“religion was apparently a matter of little debate in the 1816 constitutional convention.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

As early as 1817, the Indiana House of Representatives invited a clergyman to offer a prayer at the start of its session.

“As early as 1817, the House of Representatives invited a clergyman to offer a prayer at the start of its session.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

These debates took place largely at the state level, as it would not be until the twentieth century that the Supreme Court held that the First Amendment's guarantees applied to the states.

“these debates took place largely at the state level, as it would not be until the twentieth century that the Supreme Court held that the First Amendment's guarantees applied to the states.”

May combine two claims.

Lawmakers in Indiana guaranteed religious liberty and looked favorably on the progress of Christianity in the state.

“Lawmakers guaranteed religious liberty and looked favorably on the progress of Christianity in the state.”

May combine two claims.

Officials in Indiana regularly invoked God and affirmed that Indiana was a Christian polity and the United States a Christian nation.

“Officials regularly invoked God and affirmed that Indiana was a Christian polity and the United States a Christian nation.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The limited provisions of the 1816 constitution concerning religion were borrowed mainly from Ohio.

“The limited provisions of the 1816 constitution concerning religion were borrowed mainly from Ohio”

May combine two claims.

In 1833, Madison citizens formed an Association for the Improvement of Common Schools; while advocates of public schooling, they were clear that they were 'forming a Christian institution.'

“Typical of this leaning were the Madison citizens who in 1833 formed an Association for the Improvement of Common Schools. While advocates of public schooling, they were also clear that they were 'forming a Christian institution.'”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Clergymen considered religion inseparable from the virtue and morality necessary for the maintenance of a republic.

“Not surprisingly, clergymen considered religion inseparable from the virtue and morality necessary for the maintenance of a republic.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

The debates in the 1850-1851 constitutional convention showed the persistence of these patterns.

“The debates in the 1850-1851 constitutional convention showed the persistence of these patterns.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

In the East between 1800 and 1850, older restrictions and preferences were giving way, as state tax support for Congregational churches disappeared in New England and states repealed laws that limited office holding to Protestants or Christians.

“In the East, older restrictions and preferences were giving way , as state tax support for Congregational churches disappeared in New England and states repealed laws that limited office holding to Protestants or Christians.”

May combine two claims.

State laws in Indiana before 1851 both enacted concepts of Christian morality and attempted to accommodate the peculiarities of sectarian groups.

“State laws both enacted concepts of Christian morality and attempted to accommodate, as much as possible, the peculiarities of sectarian groups”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Historians generally agree with Madison's judgment that 'Evangelical Protestantism came to exert profound influence in shaping social, cultural, and political institutions and beliefs' in Indiana in this period.

“Historians generally agree with Madison's judgment about Indiana in this period: 'Evangelical Protestantism came to exert profound influence in shaping social, cultural, and political institutions and beliefs.'”

May combine two claims.

Instead, Indiana offered a patchwork of private and public schools, both receiving tax support.

“Instead, Indiana offered a patchwork of private and public schools, both receiving tax support.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Barnabas C. Hobbs described the pioneers of Indiana as 'intensely but sincerely sectarian in their religious views,' and so it was not surprising that 'this feeling would often crop out in school.'

“Barnabas C. Hobbs described the pioneers of Indiana as 'intensely but sincerely sectarian in their religious views,' and so it was not surprising that 'this feeling would often crop out in school.'”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The foundations of legally mandated personal morality in Indiana had been laid when Indiana was part of the Northwest Territory.

“the foundations of legally mandated personal morality had been laid when Indiana was part of the Northwest Territory.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Hoosiers were part of a wider national debate on church-state questions between 1800 and 1850.

“Hoosiers, of course, were part of a wider national debate on these questions between 1800 and 1850.”

May combine two claims.

Generally, Whigs were friendlier to government as a religious agent, while Democrats were skeptical, invoking separation of church and state as a principle that was just as sacred as religious freedom.

“Generally , Whigs were friendlier to government as a religious agent, while Democrats were skeptical, invoking separation of church and state as a principle that was just as sacred as religious freedom.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Article 1, Section 3 of the 1816 Indiana constitution was an eloquent statement of religious liberty, taken almost verbatim from the Ohio constitution.

“Article 1, Section 3, was an eloquent statement of religious liberty , taken almost verbatim from the Ohio constitution”

May combine two claims.

In 1799, the territorial legislature imposed fines for reveling, fighting, quarreling, doing worldly employment on Sunday, unlawful games, hunting or shooting on Sunday, and for profane cursing or swearing by anyone sixteen or older.

“In 1799, however, the territorial legislature decided to put some teeth into these sentiments. Anyone 'found reveling, fighting, or qu[a]rreling, doing or performing any worldly employment or business, whatsoever, on the first day of the week, commonly called Sunday , (works of necessity and charity only excepted) or shall use or practice any unlawful game, sport or diversion, whatsoever, or shall”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Article 3 of the Northwest Ordinance made a connection that many Hoosiers would assume: 'Religion, morality, and knowledge, being necessary to good government and the happiness of mankind, schools and the means of education shall forever be encouraged.'

“Article 3 also made a connection that many Hoosiers would assume: 'Religion, morality, and knowledge, being necessary to good government and the happiness of mankind, schools and the means of education shall forever be encouraged.'”

May combine two claims.

Generally, Democrats were supportive of immigrants, while Whigs were the party of nativism and crusading Protestantism.

“Generally , Democrats were supportive of immigrants, while Whigs were the party of nativism and crusading Protestantism.”

• cites [63]Not matched

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

A few Universalists and Free Thinkers blasted the 'cunning, the policy and the scheming management of supercilious reverends and man-made Doctors of Divinity' who through the 'dabbling, contaminating hand of priestcraft' had 'transformed our schools into religious engines, purposely to model the minds of children by catechisms and tracts of terror . . . and thereby demolish our democratic fabric.'

“A few Universalists and Free Thinkers blasted the 'cunning, the policy and the scheming management of supercilious reverends and man-made Doctors of Divinity' who through the 'dabbling, contaminating hand of priestcraft ' had 'transformed our schools into religious engines, purposely to model the minds of children by catechisms and tracts of terror . . . and thereby demolish our democratic fabric.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In 1848, a Bartholomew County Democrat based his opposition to a public school system on the conviction that 'the bait is to give our children learning; but the chief object is to religiously traditionize them and then unite church and state.'

“In 1848, a Bartholomew County Democrat based his opposition to a public school system on the conviction that 'the bait is to give our children learning; but the chief object is to religiously traditionize them and then unite church and state.'”

May combine two claims.

Methodists responded not by raising questions of church and state, but instead by asking for a similar loan for their own Indiana Asbury University (now DePauw). They failed.

“Methodists responded not by raising questions of church and state, but instead by asking for a similar loan for their own Indiana Asbury University (now DePauw). They failed.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

If any unhappy parent in Indiana ever challenged religious observances, the case never reached the appellate level.

“However, if any unhappy parent in Indiana ever challenged religious observances, the case never reached the appellate level.”

May combine two claims.

In 1842, the legislature made an $8,000 loan to Presbyterian Wabash College and then in 1847 agreed to forgive the debt.

“On the other hand, in 1842, when the legislature made an $8,000 loan to Presbyterian Wabash College and then in 1847 agreed to forgive the debt”

May combine two claims.

By the 1840s, Catholic clerics looked with disfavor on lay trustee arrangements and tried to make the bishop of each diocese a corporation sole with ultimate authority over all property within his diocese.

“By the 1840s, however, Catholic clerics looked with disfavor on such arrangements, and tried, whenever possible, to make the bishop of each diocese a corporation sole, with ultimate authority over all property within his diocese.”

• cites [66]Not matched

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May combine two claims.

Governor Ray worried about this in 1830, and in 1834 the Indiana Conference of the Methodist Church sent a memorial to the legislature asking that 'the principal denominations of Christians in this state may have their due proportion of influence in the faculty of the State College at Bloomington.'

“Governor Ray worried about this in 1830, and in 1834 the Indiana Conference of the Methodist Church sent a memorial to the legislature asking that 'the principal denominations of Christians in this state may have their due proportion of influence in the faculty of the State College at Bloomington.'”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

At least one historian has concluded that Methodist disgruntlement over the university helped defeat Presbyterian Governor Samuel Bigger's reelection bid in 1843.

“At least one historian has concluded that Methodist disgruntlement over the university helped defeat Presbyterian Governor Samuel Bigger's reelection bid in 1843.”

May combine two claims.

The greatest controversy centered on Indiana College, which in 1838 became Indiana University.

“The greatest controversy centered on Indiana College, which in 1838 became Indiana University.”

May combine two claims.

Legislative committees and successive governors responded in vain that several denominations were represented on the college's board and that no evidence of 'sectarian tests or the inculcation of sectarian principles could be found.'

“In vain did legislative committees and successive governors respond that several denominations were represented on the college's board and that no evidence of 'sectarian tests or the inculcation of sectarian principles could be found.'”

May combine two claims.

The 1810 act stipulated that the incorporated church was not to own more than 600 acres of land and was to govern itself by rules not inconsistent with the constitution and laws of the United States or the territory.

“Lawmakers did, however, stipulate that the church was not to own more than 600 acres of land and that it was to govern itself by rules 'not . . . inconsistent with the constitution and laws of the United States, or of the ordinance and laws of this territory .'”

• cites [59]Not matched

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May combine two claims.

A year later, when the Wabash Baptist Church asked to amend its articles of incorporation so that its trustees would become permanent, the legislature refused, partly out of a sense that permanent trustees might lead to an abuse of power.

“However, a year later, when the church asked to amend the articles of incorporation so that its trustees would become permanent, the legislature refused, partly out of a sense that permanent trustees might lead to an abuse of power.”

• cites [60]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

In other states with large populations of Roman Catholic immigrants, Catholics demanded an end to Bible readings and prayers that they saw as at odds with their own faith.

“In other states with large populations of Roman Catholic immigrants, Catholics demanded an end to Bible readings and prayers that they saw as at odds with their own faith.”

May combine two claims.

Some Democrats raised questions about official acknowledgments of God, finding support in the scruples of Presidents Jefferson, Madison, and Jackson, who consistently refused to issue such proclamations.

“To be sure, some Democrats raised questions, and they found support in the scruples of Presidents Jefferson, James Madison, and Andrew Jackson, who consistently refused to issue such proclamations.”

• cites [56]Not matched

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

These bitter controversies fueled nativism and led to rioting in some cities, most notably in Philadelphia in 1840 and 1844.

“These bitter controversies fueled nativism and led to rioting in some cities, most notably in Philadelphia in 1840 and 1844.”

May combine two claims.

Penalties for gambling and drunkenness were apparently uncontroversial, but the prohibitions on profanity and injunctions to Sabbath observance were problematic for at least some Hoosiers.

“Penalties for gambling and drunkenness were apparently uncontroversial, but the prohibitions on profanity and injunctions to Sabbath observance were problematic for at least some Hoosiers.”

May combine two claims.

The college's 1828 charter stipulated that no faculty or students should be required 'to profess any particular religious opinions,' and that no 'sectarian tenets or principles be taught, instructed, or inculcated.'

“The college's 1828 charter stipulated that no faculty or students should be required 'to profess any particular religious opinions,' and that no 'sectarian tenets or principles be taught, instructed, or inculcated.'”

May combine two claims.

Governor Ray sided with supporters of Sunday mail delivery and later counted the decision among his most memorable accomplishments in office.

“Governor Ray, who sided with the supporters of Sunday mail delivery, later counted the decision among his most memorable accomplishments in office.”

• cites [52]Not matched

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May combine two claims.

The legislature did not accept the recommendation, but indications suggest that enforcement tended to be sporadic and arbitrary.

“The legislature did not accept the recommendation, but indications suggest that enforcement tended to be sporadic and arbitrary.”

May combine two claims.

In 1838, Governor Wallace concluded that contempt for the militia was widespread and that musters had ceased altogether in many counties.

“In 1838, Governor Wallace concluded that contempt for it was widespread, and that musters had ceased altogether in many counties.”

• cites [82]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Democrats responded that the bishop currently held all church property in fee simple, and that incorporation would impose restrictions presently lacking.

“Democrats responded that there was nothing unusual or improper in the proposal; in fact, they argued, the bishop currently held all church property in fee simple, and incorporation would impose restrictions presently lacking.”

• cites [66]Not matched

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May combine two claims.

A House of Representatives committee reported favorably on the 1843 diocese incorporation bill, but Samuel W. Parker, a Connersville Whig, submitted a minority report.

“A House of Representatives committee reported favorably , but Samuel W . Parker, a Connersville Whig, submitted a minority report.”

• cites [66]Not matched

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Parker and the minority considered it dangerous, if not unconstitutional, to give one person the power the diocese incorporation bill granted.

“Still, they considered it 'dangerous, if not unconstitutional,' to give one person the power the bill granted.”

• cites [66]Not matched

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May combine two claims.

Quakers refused either to drill or to acknowledge the government's right to require military service of them.

“Quakers, however, refused either to drill or to acknowledge the government's right to require military service of them.”

• cites [74]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In 1843 the Henry County Female Anti-Slavery Society resolved that 'All laws making a difference between man and his neighbors on account of color must emanate from corruption.'

“In 1843, the Henry County Female Anti-Slavery Society , whose members were nearly all Friends, resolved that 'All laws making a difference between man and his neighbors on account of color must emanate from corruption.'”

• cites [92]Not matched

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May combine two claims.

In 1845, the state auditor reported that the County Seminary Fund Derived from Militia Fines showed a balance of $445.40, but that nothing had been received in the past year.

“In 1845, the state auditor reported that the 'County Seminary Fund Derived from Militia Fines' showed a balance of $445.40, but that nothing had been received in the past year.”

• cites [83]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Quaker state senator Achilles Williams of Wayne County championed the proposal for trial by jury for accused fugitive slaves, which the senate killed by a 22-18 vote.

“Quaker state senator Achilles Williams of Wayne County championed the proposal, which the senate killed by a 22-18 vote.”

• cites [91]Not matched

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May combine two claims.

Anti-Catholic fears prevailed, and the diocese incorporation bill was tabled.

“Anti-Catholic fears prevailed, and the bill was tabled.”

• cites [66]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

In 1810, with the help of Ephraim Overman, the militia act was amended to exempt Quakers from peacetime service and to allow them to pay a tax in lieu of service in time of war.

“In 1810, with the help of Ephraim Overman-a Friend in the territorial legislature from what would soon become Wayne County-the act was amended to exempt Quakers from peacetime service, and to allow them to pay a tax in lieu of service in time of war.”

• cites [70]Not matched

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May combine two claims.

Three years later, the Indiana Yearly Meeting of Anti-Slavery Friends asked the legislature to ban the use of jails to house accused fugitive slaves and to prohibit any state officer from capturing or holding them.

“Three years later, the Indiana Yearly Meeting of Anti-Slavery Friends asked the legislature to ban the use of jails to house accused fugitive slaves and to prohibit any state officer from capturing or holding them.”

• cites [93]Not matched

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May combine two claims.

On several occasions Friends hired attorneys to aid free blacks who had been kidnapped, in one case sending an attorney as far as Texas to secure evidence.

“On several occasions, Friends hired attorneys to aid free blacks who had been kidnapped-in one case sending an attorney as far as Texas to secure evidence.”

• cites [99]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

In 1841 the legislature provided for a chapel and hospital in the prison, and F. C. Holliday, a Methodist preacher, was appointed chaplain.

“In 1841, the legislature provided for a chapel and hospital in the prison, and F . C. Holliday , a Methodist preacher, was appointed chaplain.”

• cites [110]Not matched

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May combine two claims.

Although slavery was central to many religious groups' reform agendas, capital punishment also became a point of contention among people of faith.

“Although slavery was central to many religious groups' reform agendas, the subject of capital punishment also became a point of contention among people of faith.”

• cites [100]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Calvin Fletcher, a leading Methodist layman, was one of her attorneys and rejoiced when the Marion County court ruled in her favor.

“One of her attorneys was a leading Methodist layman, Calvin Fletcher, who rejoiced when the Marion County court ruled in her favor.”

• cites [96]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The state senate referred Ray's suggestion to the judiciary committee, which 'reported that they were unable to come to any satisfactory conclusion,' and the subject was dropped.

“The state senate referred the suggestion to the judiciary committee, which 'reported that they were unable to come to any satisfactory conclusion,' and the subject was dropped.”

• cites [101]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

By 1846 treason and murder were the only capital crimes in Indiana, and juries had been given the option of life imprisonment in such cases.

“By 1846 treason and murder were the only capital crimes in Indiana, and juries had been given the option of life imprisonment in such cases.”

• cites [105]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Early alcohol legislation in Indiana had three aims: to punish drunkenness, to forbid the sale of alcohol to Indians, and to regulate sales to whites by requiring that sellers be licensed and of good character.

“Early alcohol legislation in Indiana had three aims: to punish drunkenness, to forbid the sale of alcohol to Indians, and to regulate sales to whites by requiring that sellers be licensed and of good character.”

• cites [112]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Although Governor Noble opined hopefully in December 1833 that the prison gave 'due regard' to the 'morals of the inmates,' a visitor to the prison in June 1834 found that while each prisoner received a Bible, 'no Sunday School is kept in the prison and very few preachers or philanthropic persons visit the prison for the purpose of teaching the prisoners.'

“Although Governor Noble opined hopefully in December 1833 that the prison gave 'due regard' to the 'morals of the inmates,' a visitor to the prison in June 1834 found that while each prisoner received a Bible, 'no Sunday School is kept in the prison and very few preachers or philanthropic persons visit the prison for the purpose of teaching the prisoners.'”

• cites [108]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Five years later, Governor Wallace complained that 'no steps have as yet been taken to provide the convicts with even the means of religious instruction-an omission, certainly, most fatal to the prospect of ever producing in them that radical and permanent reform, necessary to accomplish one of the chief designs of the institution.'

“Five years later, Governor Wallace complained that 'no steps have as yet been taken to provide the convicts with even the means of religious instruction-an omission, certainly , most fatal to the prospect of ever producing in them that radical and permanent reform, necessary to accomplish one of the chief designs of the institution.'”

• cites [109]Not matched

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May combine two claims.

The first Indiana state legislature passed a strong 'Act to Prevent Manstealing' that imposed heavy penalties on anyone kidnapping a black person to sell into slavery and tried to provide legal safeguards before black people could be carried off by slave catchers.

“The first state legislature had passed a strong 'Act to Prevent Manstealing.' It imposed heavy penalties on anyone kidnapping a black person to sell into slavery , and tried to provide legal safeguards before black people could be carried off by slave catchers.”

• cites [94]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The earliest legal codes of the Northwest and Indiana Territories provided for the death penalty in certain cases, and such provisions continued after statehood.

“The earliest legal codes of the Northwest and Indiana Territories had provided for the death penalty in certain cases, and such provisions continued after statehood.”

• cites [100]Not matched

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May combine two claims.

Although a movement against capital punishment gained strength in the United States after 1815, it had little effect in Indiana.

“Although a movement against capital punishment gained strength in the United States after 1815, it had little effect in Indiana.”

• cites [100]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Subsequent Indiana legislation made the state more welcoming to slaveholders, easing requirements for reclaiming fugitive slaves and encouraging local officials to cooperate.

“Subsequent legislation, however, made Indiana more welcoming to slaveholders, easing requirements for reclaiming fugitive slaves and encouraging local officials to cooperate.”

• cites [94]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

By the 1820s, temperance had become an increasingly powerful reform movement in the United States.

“By the 1820s, temperance had become an increasingly powerful reform movement in the United States.”

• cites [113]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Between 1817 and 1851, Indiana legislation became increasingly less favorable to escaping slaves.

“Emma Lou Thornbrough has noted that between 1817 and 1851, Indiana legislation became increasingly less favorable to escaping slaves.”

• cites [94]Not matched

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May combine two claims.

Subsequent Indiana legislation provided that taverns be closed on Sundays, except to accommodate travelers, and that sales to minors be banned.

“Subsequent legislation provided that taverns be closed on Sundays, except to accommodate travelers, and that sales to minors be banned.”

• cites [112]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Others noted that providing Bibles did little good because few of the inmates were literate, and they usually destroyed or tried to sell the books.

“Others noted that providing Bibles did little good because few of the inmates were literate, and they usually destroyed or tried to sell the books.”

• cites [111]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

In 1839, when a Tennessee slave owner tried to capture two girls hiding in a black settlement in Randolph County, free blacks delayed him until the girls could escape; the master filed a suit for damages but apparently despaired of prevailing in the Quaker-dominated county.

“In 1839, when a Tennessee slave owner tried to capture two girls hiding in a black settlement in Randolph County, free blacks delayed him until the girls could escape. The master filed a suit for damages, but apparently despaired of prevailing in the Quakerdominated county , even in a suit against African Americans.”

• cites [98]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Quakers were comfortable using the courts for these purposes, and some evidence suggests that black people were aware of this.

“Quakers were comfortable using the courts for these purposes, and some evidence suggests that black people were aware of this.”

• cites [97]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Five years later, when Kentucky slave owner Vaughan tried to claim John and Luanna Rhodes in Hamilton County, Quakers helped frustrate the attempt to seize them, helped them escape to a Quaker settlement in Henry County, and helped the couple prevail in court.

“Five years later, when a Kentucky slave owner named Vaughan tried to claim John and Luanna Rhodes in Hamilton County , he found Quakers vexing him at every turn. First they helped the Rhodeses frustrate the attempt to seize them, then helped them escape to safety in a Quaker settlement in Henry County , and finally helped the couple prevail in court.”

• cites [99]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Indiana courts saw many fights among relatives, but relatively few cases within churches, at least at the appellate level.

“Indiana courts saw many fights among relatives, but relatively few cases within churches, at least at the appellate level.”

• cites [115]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Robert Dale Owen responded that rejecting such proposals would create a new controversy by implying a gag rule.

“Robert Dale Owen responded that such a course of action would create a new controversy by implying a gag rule.”

• cites [130]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Prohibiting the sale of alcohol, at least in small quantities, increasingly became the focus of temperance advocates, who theorized that the poor, who were most likely to abuse alcohol, would effectively be priced out of the market.

“Prohibiting the sale of alcohol, at least in small quantities, increasingly became the focus of temperance advocates, who theorized that the poor, who were most likely to abuse alcohol, would effectively be priced out of the market.”

• cites [113]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Religion was not a major issue, but did surface several times, in the constitutional convention of 1850-1851.

“Religion was not a major issue-but did surface several times-in the constitutional convention of 1850-1851.”

• cites [126]Not matched

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• cites [127]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites [128]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Groups ranging from Quakers to Methodists to Presbyterians came to embrace temperance.

“Groups ranging from Quakers to Methodists to Presbyterians came to embrace it.”

• cites [113]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

John Pettit urged taxing church property, but he once again failed to carry his point.

“John Pettit, the former congressman who had challenged the constitutionality of paying chaplains from tax dollars, urged taxing church property . He once again failed to carry his point.”

• cites [129]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The convention outraged some when it refused to adjourn for Christmas.

“On the other hand, the convention outraged some when it refused to adjourn for Christmas.”

• cites [128]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Robert Dale Owen arrived in Indiana in 1826 and by 1830 had become one of the most visible and articulate skeptics in the United States.

“Robert Dale Owen, son of the founder of the utopian New Harmony community in Posey County , arrived in Indiana in 1826; by 1830, he had become one of the most visible and articulate skeptics in the United States.”

• cites [122]Not matched

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May combine two claims.

The territorial legislature recognized the right of Quakers in their public meetings to join together as husband and wife, and Quakers were exempt from securing civil marriage licenses.

“The territorial legislature, when it wrote the statutes on marriage, had recognized the right of 'the society of Christians, called Quakers, in their public meetings, to join together, as husband and wife, all persons . . . who may apply to them, agreeably to the rules and usages of the respective societies.' Quakers were also exempt from securing civil marriage licenses.”

• cites [120]Not matched

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May combine two claims.

Democrats were generally hostile to prohibitory laws, and some invoked separation of church and state to justify their views.

“Democrats were generally hostile to prohibitory laws, and some invoked separation of church and state to justify their views.”

• cites [113]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Owen's heterodoxy did not keep him from winning elections to the state legislature and to two terms in the United States House of Representatives.

“Owen's heterodoxy , however, did not keep him from winning elections to the state legislature and to two terms in the United States House of Representatives.”

• cites [122]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The legislature recognized Quaker principles about oath-taking, and Friends instead offered affirmations.

“The legislature recognized Quaker principles about oath-taking. Consistent Friends argued that an oath implied that one could be trusted to speak the truth only under certain circumstances. Friends instead offered affirmations, a distinction that apparently mystified outsiders but was important to them.”

• cites [121]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

An attempt to include a prohibitory clause in the 1851 Indiana constitution failed, and an 1855 prohibitory act was soon overturned by the Indiana state supreme court.

“An attempt to include a prohibitory clause in the 1851 constitution failed, however, and an 1855 prohibitory act was soon overturned by the state supreme court.”

• cites [113]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Massachusetts passed the first such law in 1838.

“Massachusetts passed the first such law in 1838.”

• cites [113]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The petition from Congregational Friends was eventually referred to a committee, where it died.

“The petition was eventually referred to a committee, where, of course, it died.”

• cites [130]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The wording finally adopted in the Indiana constitution, 'We, the people of the state of Indiana, grateful to Almighty God for the free exercise of the right to choose our own form of government,' was the most restrained and least theologically charged.

“The wording finally adopted, 'We, the people of the state of Indiana , grateful to Almighty God for the free exercise of the right to choose our own form of government,' was the most restrained and least theologically charged.”

• cites [126]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Whigs Othniel L. Clark and Schuyler Colfax answered that it was not for the convention to judge anyone's religious orthodoxy.

“Whigs Othniel L. Clark of Tippecanoe County and Schuyler Colfax of St. Joseph County answered that it was not for the convention to judge anyone's religious orthodoxy; for Colfax, it was irrelevant 'whether that body is imbued with one iota of true religion.'”

• cites [130]Not matched

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May combine two claims.

Despite the doubts of Jeffersonian purists, Thanksgiving proclamations, Sabbath laws, and tax-supported chaplaincies continued in Indiana.

“Despite the doubts of Jeffersonian purists, Thanksgiving proclamations, Sabbath laws, and tax-supported chaplaincies continued in Indiana.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Other sections of the 1851 Indiana constitution provided that 'no law shall, in any case whatever, control the free exercise and enjoyment of religious opinions, or interfere with the rights of conscience' and that 'no preference shall be given, by law, to any creed, religious society, or mode of worship; and no man shall be compelled to attend, erect, or support, any place of worship, or to maint

“Other sections provided that 'no law shall, in any case whatever, control the free exercise and enjoyment of religious opinions, or interfere with the rights of conscience' and that 'no preference shall be given, by law , to any creed, religious society , or mode of worship; and no man shall be compelled to attend, erect, or support, any place of worship, or to maintain any ministry , against his”

• cites [137]Not matched

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May combine two claims.

In 1847, Indiana had passed a law guaranteeing women the right to hold property separately from their husbands, and Owen championed including such a provision in the constitution.

“In 1847, Indiana had passed a law guaranteeing women the right to hold property separately from their husbands, and Owen championed including such a provision in the constitution.”

• cites [135]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites [136]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The section on religion opened the Bill of Rights in Article 1: 'All men shall be secured in the natural right to worship Almighty God, according to the dictates of their own consciences.'

“The section on religion opened the Bill of Rights in Article 1: 'All men shall be secured in the natural right to worship Almighty God , according to the dictates of their own consciences.'”

• cites [137]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

John I. Morrison saw the proposed article, with its encouragement of black colonization in Africa, as a means of spreading religion there.

“John I. Morrison of Washington County saw the proposed article, with its encouragement of black colonization in Africa, as a means of spreading religion there.”

• cites [134]Not matched

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May combine two claims.

The 1851 Indiana constitution guaranteed those who objected to oaths the right to affirm, and provided that 'opinions on matters of religion' could never be a barrier to testimony in court.

“but those who objected to oaths were guaranteed the right to affirm, and 'opinions on matters of religion' could never be a barrier to testimony in court.”

• cites [137]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Oliver Badger quoted Genesis, Numbers, and the Apostle Paul to support his argument that God intended women to be subject to husbands.

“Oliver Badger of Putnam County, a Disciples of Christ minister, was even more heated, quoting Genesis, Numbers, and the Apostle Paul to support his argument that God intended women to be subject to husbands.”

• cites [136]Not matched

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May combine two claims.

The 1851 Indiana constitution banned religious tests for office holding and tax support 'of any religious or theological institution.'

“Religious tests for office holding were banned, as was tax support 'of any religious or theological institution.'”

• cites [137]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Othniel Clark attacked the women's rights proposal as 'in contravention of one of the great fundamental principles of the Christian religion. . . . The husband and wife are one. . . . This fundamental idea of Christianity the proposition before us assails.'

“Othniel Clark attacked the proposal as 'in contravention of one of the great fundamental principles of the Christian religion. . . .The husband and wife are one. . . . This fundamental idea of Christianity the proposition before us assails.'”

• cites [135]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The new fundamental law guaranteed the right of Hoosiers to worship God as their consciences led them and banned an established church in Indiana.

“It guaranteed the right of Hoosiers to worship God as their consciences led them and banned an established church in Indiana.”

• cites [137]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

While it is impossible to know whether the religious arguments prevailed, the women's rights provision failed to make it into the Indiana constitution.

“While it is impossible to know whether the religious arguments prevailed, the women's rights provision failed to make it into the constitution.”

• cites [136]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

The document that emerged from the 1850-1851 constitutional convention manifested the compromises that had emerged over the past generation, albeit reflecting more the views of the Democrats who were a majority in the convention.

“The document that emerged from their resolution manifested the compromises that had emerged over the past generation, albeit reflecting more the views of the Democrats who were a majority in the convention.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

James H. Madison's characterization of 'The Indiana Way' aptly characterizes Hoosiers' approach to questions of church and state, and religion and law, in the period of the first state constitution.

“James H. Madison's characterization of 'The Indiana Way' aptly characterizes Hoosiers' approach to questions of church and state, and religion and law , in the period of the first state constitution”