The hermetic logos: reading the 'Corpus Hermeticum' as a reflection of Graeco-Egyptian mentality

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In 212 A.D., the Roman emperor Caracalla issued an edict granting Roman citizenship to all inhabitants of the Roman Empire.

“In 212 A.D, the Roman emperor Caracalla issued an edict granting Roman citizenship to all inhabitants of the Roman Empire.141”

• cites [141] 141. Durand, M. -G. -Un traité Hermétique conserve en Arménien.‖ In: Revue de l'histoire des religions, 190 (1976), pp.55-72 sourceCould not verify

  The passages from pp. 55–57 discuss an Armenian Hermetic treatise and its manuscripts, not Roman citizenship. Searches of our copy for Caracalla, the year 212, and a citizenship edict found no passage addressing the claim. (LLM, conf=0.74)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

All decisions taken were made public in every Egyptian temple by means of a stone stela inscribed in three languages: Greek, Demotic and hieroglyphs.

“All decisions taken were made public in every Egyptian temple by means of a stone stela that was inscribed in three languages: Greek, Demotic and hieroglyphs 80 .”

• cites [80] 80. Quirke, S., Adrews, C. The Rosetta Stone. (London: 1988).Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The decrees were produced at the end of their session and gave an account of all aspects concerning the king's domestic and foreign policies and dealt with several issues regarding Egypt's social organisation.

“The decrees were produced at the end of their session.They gave an account of all aspects concerning the king's domestic and foreign policies and dealt with several issues regarding Egypt's social organisation.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The Canopus Decree stela shows Ptolemy III Evergetes I and his wife, queen Berenike II, portrayed as gods at a gathering with their ancestors and Egyptian gods.

“This stela shows Ptolemy III Evergetes I and his wife, queen Berenike II, portrayed as gods at a gathering with their ancestors and Egyptian gods.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The Raphia Decree offers details of a military campaign to Syria including the return of lost sacred statues to the Egyptian temples and fiscal privileges granted them.

“The Raphia Decree, on the other hand, offers details of a military campaign to Syria including the return of lost sacred statues to the Egyptian temples and fiscal privileges granted them (as reduced taxes, for instance.).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

All decrees start by reporting the individual benefactions made by the particular king to Egypt and its temples.

“All decrees start by reporting the individual benefactions made by the particular king to Egypt and its temples.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The list of topics in the decrees varies and may include the creation of a new phyle of priests or a reform of the Egyptian calendar, as in the Decree of Canopus.

“The list of topics varies and may include, among others, the creation of a new phyle of priests or a reform of the Egyptian calendaras can be found in the Decree of Canopus.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The Memphis/Rosetta Decree makes reference to the organisation of a new fleet and army, an amnesty given to rebels, and the concession of fiscal privileges to the temples.

“The Memphis/Rosetta Decree makes reference to the organisation of a new fleet and army, an amnesty given to rebels, and the concession of fiscal privileges to the temples.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The decrees were produced in three languages: two Egyptian scripts, hieroglyphs and demotic, as well as in Greek.

“As was already mentioned, the decrees were produced in three languages, namely two Egyptian scripts, hieroglyphs and demotic, as well as in Greek.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The decrees prescribed the inclusion of royal statues fashioned in Egyptian style inside Egyptian temples.

“The decrees prescribed the inclusion of royal statues fashioned in Egyptian style inside Egyptian temples.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In Egypt, the public domain was supplemented by Egyptian piety, present in various ways in Hellenistic quotidian life.

“In Egypt, this public domain was supplemented by Egyptian piety, which was present in various ways in Hellenistic quotidian life.”

May combine two claims.

Dioskourides adhered to traditional Egyptian funerary customs despite having led a public life as part of the Greek elite.

“Dioskourides adhered to traditional Egyptian funerary customs despite having led a public life as part of the Greek elite.”

• cites [108] 108. Bergman, J. Ich bin Isis: Studien zum memphitischen Hintergrund der griechischen Isisaretalogien. (Upsala: 1968).Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The decrees also featured passages on tax balances, fiscal privileges and several other political aspects relevant to the Greek/Macedonian government and the Egyptian priests.

“On top of that, the decrees also featured passages on tax balances, fiscal privileges and several other political aspects relevant to the Greek/Macedonian government and the Egyptian priests.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The decrees also promoted social modifications, such as the creation of new priestly ranks, a calendar reform and several fiscal benefits and privileges granted to the temples in the decrees made under Ptolemy V Epiphanes.

“However, the decrees also promoted social modifications, such as the creation of new priestly ranks, a calendar reform 90 and several fiscal benefits and privileges granted to the temples in the decrees made under Ptolemy V Epiphanes.”

• cites [90] 90. Thissen, H. -J. -Hermes Trismegistos.‖ In: Helck, W., Otto, E. (ed.) Lexikon der Ägyptologie. (Wiesbaden: 1977), pp.1133-5.Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The Egyptian bicultural elite actively fostered cultural mediation between different symbolic universes.

“The Egyptian bicultural elite actively fostered cultural mediation between the different symbolic universes.This can be deduced from art produced at the time.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

At a certain moment, the Hellenised inhabitants of Hellenistic Egypt reached a consensus on what being Greek involved in an Egyptian reality.

“At a certain moment in history, the Hellenised inhabitants of Hellenistic Egypt reached a consensus on what being Greek involved in an Egyptian reality.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

With the arrival of the Romans in Egypt, native priests began to live as a closed community disconnected from the people around them.

“It is important to remember that with the arrival of the Romans in Egypt native priests began to live as a closed community disconnected from the people around them.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Temples continued to be built and decorated in the native Egyptian style all through the three centuries of the Principate.

“Temples continued to be built and decorated in the native Egyptian style all through the three centuries of the Principate.”

• cites [129] 129. Crawford, D. J. Kerkeosiris : an Egyptian village in the Ptolemaic Period. (Cambridge: 1971).Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Outsiders judged differently, as seen in the Roman Republic's disdain of the Macedonian's Hellenism in Egypt.

“Outsiders, on the other hand, judged differently, as can be seen, for example in the Roman Republic's disdain of the Macedonian's Hellenism in Egypt.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Some Greek things were adopted by the Egyptians, such as their language.

“On the other hand, some Greek things were adopted by the Egyptians, as for instance their language.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Augustus abolished temple-owned estates, which used to make up the main income of Egyptian temples in pharaonic and Ptolemaic times.

“Furthermore, Augustus abolished temple-owned estates, which used to make up the main income of Egyptian temples back in pharaonic and Ptolemaic times.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The lingua franca remained Greek, specifically the koine.

“Among other things that meant that lingua Franca remained Greek, to be more precise, the so-called koine (lit.-common‖).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

To the Graeco-Egyptian population, adopting Egyptian practices posed no problems for their Greek discourse of identity.

“To the Graeco-Egyptian population adopting Egyptian practices posed no problems for their Greek discourse of identity, i.e. the way they saw themselves.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

One of the most emblematic Hellenistic additions to Egyptian traditions was the establishment of social acceptance of marriages between brothers and sisters.

“One of the most emblematic Hellenistic additions to Egyptian traditions was the establishment of social acceptance of marriages between brothers and sisters.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The Egyptians took the view that the Roman emperors were merely a new dynasty of foreign pharaohs, as had been the case with the Macedonians and Persians.

“The Egyptians took the view that the Roman emperors were merely a new dynasty of foreign pharaohs, as had been the case with the Macedonians and Persians.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Hellenised non-Greek immigrants settled Egypt together with Greeks, and Greeks chose spouses among both the Hellenised and Egyptian native population.

“In addition to this, Hellenised non-Greeks immigrants settled Egypt together with Greeks, and Greeks chose spouses among both the Hellenised and Egyptian native population.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Greek Gymnasiums were built and Greek education remained the social model pursued by Hellenised elites.

“Furthermore, the Greek Gymnasiums were built and Greek education unquestionably remained the social model pursued by Hellenised elites.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Apart from a few adjustments, the Romans maintained the Ptolemaic administrative structure of Egypt.

“Apart from a few adjustments, the Romans maintained the Ptolemaic administrative structure of Egypt.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The Romans established a new juridical classification that made a clear distinction between Greeks, Romans and Egyptians.

“They consequently established a new juridical classification that made a clear distinction between Greeks, Romans and Egyptians.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

It was agreed that a Greek in Egypt was still Greek even if he worshipped Isis and called her son Isidoros.

“Thus it was agreed that a Greek in Egypt was still Greek even if he worshipped Isis and called her son -Isidoros,‖ i.e. -the gift of Isis‖.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Oriental gods such as Cybele, Mithras, Sarapis and Isis achieved great popularity throughout the Hellenistic world.

“Oriental gods such as Cybele, Mithras, Sarapis and Isis achieved great popularity throughout the Hellenistic world.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

From then onwards all Greeks were subjects or had to pay tribute to a Hellenistic basileus.

“From then onwards all Greeks were subjects or had to pay tribute to a Hellenistic basileus.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The teachings of Zoroaster and Hermes Trismegistos achieved great popularity.

“Most important to the present discussion, however, is the fact that the teachings of Zoroaster and Hermes Trismegistos achieved great popularity.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The name Poimandres occurs twelve times in CH.I, but only twice in the other treatises.

“Overall, the name Poimandres occurs twelve times in CH.I, but only twice in the other treatises.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

In CH IX,10, reasoned discourse does not get to the truth, but mind (Nous) guided by reason can reach the truth.

“Reasoned discourse does < not > get to the truth, but mind is powerful, and, when it has been guided by reason up to a point, it has the means to get < as far as > the truth.”

• cites CH.IX, 10Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The sensorial faculties, heart and mind, could work together to help man perceive God.

“Instead, the sensorial faculties, which were heart and mind, could work together to help man perceive God:”

• cites CH.VII, 2Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

There is a passage in the Nag Hammadi Hermetica on holy aliments that were without blood and that concerned a ceremonial banquet.

“There is a passage on holy aliments that were -without blood‖ and that concerned a ceremonial banquet:”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Among the Hermetic texts found at Nag Hammadi, there was a previously unknown discourse depicting the protagonists of the Hermetica living in a Gnostic-like environment.

“Among the Hermetic texts found at Nag Hammadi, there was a previously unknown discourse, which depicts the protagonists of the Hermetica living in a Gnostic-like environment.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

There were no formal recommendations found in any part of the Hermetic doctrine concerning social organisation.

“there were no formal recommendations found in any part of the Hermetic doctrine concerning social organisation.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

In the Hermetica from the Nag Hammadi Library, Hermes encourages Tat to teach others, and the discourse reveals the existence of many other spiritual sons who were also educated by Hermes.

“In the Hermetica from the Nag Hammadi Library, Hermes encourages Tat to teach others, and the discourse reveals the existence of many others spiritual sons who were also educated by Hermes.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Casaubon proved in 1614 that the Corpus Hermeticum was not as old as it pretended to be but should be dated after the beginning of the Christian era.

“However, [i]n 1614 the Swiss Calvinist from Geneva, Casaubon, proved that the Corpus Hermeticum was not as old as it pretended to be but should be dated after the beginning of the Christian era.”

• cites QuispelNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Since Egyptians had already been in contact with Greeks prior to Alexander's arrival, knowledge of Greek philosophy and any Greek cultural influence entered Egyptian writings at a much earlier point than usually assumed.

“However, since the Egyptians had already been in contact with Greeks prior to Alexander's arrival, it is likely that knowledge of Greek philosophyand any Greek cultural influence for that matterentered Egyptian writings at a much earlier point than usually assumed.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The production of Hermetic literature in Greek, Coptic, Syriac, Aramaic, Arab and Armenian illustrates that the Hermetica remained an intellectual subject and were continuously studied.

“The production of Hermetic literature in Greek, Coptic, Syriac, Aramaic, Arab and Armenian illustrates that the Hermetica remained an intellectual subject and were continuously studied.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Hermetic mythology claimed to be a translation of traditional Egyptian teachings.

“Hermetic mythology claimed to be a translation of traditional Egyptian teachings.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

All non-Greek parts in the Hermetic doctrine were generically classified as 'Egyptian'.

“What is more, despite the apparent presence of Judaism, Zoroastrism and other cultural elements, all non-Greek parts in the Hermetic doctrine were generically classified as -Egyptian‖.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Study of The Book of Thoth proved that Hermetic literature was written in Greek at the same time as similar texts were developed in Egyptian temples.

“Their study proved, firstly, that Hermetic literature was written in Greek at the same time as similar texts were developed in Egyptian temples;”

• cites Jasnow, K-Th.ZauzichNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Hermetism is part of a cross-cultural exchange and dialogue between Greek and Egyptian referential symbolic universes.

“This is why Hermetism will be viewed as part of a cross-cultural exchange and dialogue taking place between Greek and Egyptian referential symbolic universes.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Translating abstract Egyptian concepts into Greek might have risked unintentional misinterpretations and/or multiple possible understandings.

“The second chapter suggests that translating abstract Egyptian concepts into Greek might have risked unintentional misinterpretations and/or multiple possible understandings.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Hermetic literature is the result of a major intercultural mixture.

“The present study considers Hermetic literature to be the result of a major intercultural mixture.”

• Also stated in: § Introduction · plain

  “Hermetic literature is a Graeco-Egyptian intellectual product, which flourished during the Graeco-Roman period.”

May combine two claims.

The Book of Thoth is composed of fragments dating from the 1st century B.C. and the 2nd century A.D. that stem from various sites in Egypt.

“The Book itself is composed of fragments, dating from the 1 st century B.C. and the 2 nd century A.D that stem from various sites in Egypt.”

• cites Jasnow, K-Th.ZauzichNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Hermetic literature created a new world-conception and proposed a different way of interaction with the world.

“In other words, Hermetic literature created a new world-conception and proposed a different way of interaction with the world.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

As a result of an encounter between cultures, a culture's perception of itself and the elements setting it apart from another culture become blurred and undergo constant, gradual and always unpredictable transformations.

“As a result of such an encounter, a culture's perception of itself and the elements setting it apart from another culture become blurred and undergo constant, gradual and always unpredictable transformations.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The Hermetica and Hermetic doctrine were reproduced in linear continuity of Egyptian spirituality.

“Broadly speaking we may say that the Hermetica and Hermetic doctrine were reproduced in linear continuity of Egyptian spirituality.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

The Philosophical Hermetica were the result of a Graeco-Egyptian process of self-perception.

“The main premise will be that the Philosophical Hermetica were the result of a Graeco-Egyptian process of self-perception.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Study of The Book of Thoth proved that this cultural phenomenon preceded Christianity rather than being its contemporary.

“and, secondly, that this cultural phenomenon preceded Christianity (rather than being its contemporary).”

• cites Jasnow, K-Th.ZauzichNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The Book of Thoth is a multi-layered discourse in the form of a dialogue between the god Thoth and his disciple Mr-rḫ.

“The scales were tipped with the discovery of The Book of Thoth 27 , a multi-layered discourse in the form of a dialogue between the god Thothwhom the Greeks identified with Hermes in the Interpretatio Graeca 28 -and his disciple Mr-rḫ (-lover of wisdom‖).”

• cites Jasnow, K-Th.ZauzichNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The translation of the Hermetica into Coptic suggests that even non-Hellenised Egyptians were familiar with the Hermetica's symbolic Egyptian ancestry.

“The fact that the Hermetica were even translated into Coptic suggests that even non-Hellenised Egyptians were familiar with the Hermetica's symbolic Egyptian ancestry.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

During the Roman administration, the Egyptian Hermes was also called Trismegistos, probably evolved from the translation of an Egyptian epithet for Thoth.

“During the times of the Roman administration, the Egyptian ‗Hermes' was also called -Trismegistos‖ -literally -three times the greatest‖which had probably evolved from the translation of an Egyptian epithet for Thoth.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Recruitment of foreign mercenaries was a common practice under the Saites.

“It is important to remember that the recruitment of foreign mercenaries was a common practice under the Saites.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Subsequent generations of Greeks contented themselves with merely copying what their predecessors had already outlined about Egypt.

“it becomes apparent that subsequent generations contented themselves with merely copying what their predecessors had already outlined.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

As the Greek contingent clearly outnumbered those of other nationalities, the Egyptian title 'Commander of Greeks' became a synonym for 'Commander of foreigners' during the 26th Dynasty.

“As the Greek contingent clearly outnumbered those of other ‗nationalities,' the Egyptian title -Commander of Greeks‖ (mr ḑꜣw-nbw) became a synonym for -Commander of foreigners‖ (mr ḫꜣstyw) during the 26 th Dynasty.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The birth of the Hermetic milieu in Egypt concurred with a newly founded perception of reality.

“Hence the birth of the Hermetic milieu in Egypt concurred with a newly founded perception of reality.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

These changes brought about the collapse of an entire network of commercial and diplomatic relations existing between Egypt and its Mediterranean neighbours.

“By and large, these changes brought about the collapse of an entire network of commercial and diplomatic relations existing between Egypt and its Mediterranean neighbours.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Commerce between Greeks and Egyptians was so thriving that the former received permission to colonise a trade port near Sais known as Naucratis.

“Commerce between Greeks and Egyptians was so thriving that the former received permission to colonise a trade port in the vicinity of Sais which came to be known as Naucratis.”

• cites HöblNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Herodotus ironically portrayed the Persians as men without culture since they adopted foreign customs with easiness.

“This is the reason why Herodotus, for instance, ironically portrayed the Persians as men without culture since they adopted foreign customs with easiness (I, 135).”

• cites I, 135Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

When seen from a Greek perspective, even the relations between Greeks and Egyptians can be traced back to the Mycenaean times.

“Indeed, when seen from a Greek perspective even the relations between Greeks and Egyptians can be traced back to the Mycenaean times.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Descriptions of Egypt by Herodotus and Diodorus, read by Greeks and Romans alike, helped crystallise a stereotyped image of the land of the Nile.

“It was these authors whose descriptions of Egypt, read by Greeks and Romans alike, helped crystallise a stereotyped image of the land of the Nile.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

The outcome of such a transformation of cultures is a new symbolic universe-in this case a Hellenistic universe-that contains a new world view replacing both traditional Egyptian and Hellenic discourses.

“The outcome of such a transformation of cultures is a new symbolic universein our case a Hellenistic universethat contains a new world view replacing both traditional Egyptian and Hellenic discourses.”

May combine two claims.

Egyptians developed really close ties with their past during the Late Period, resulting in the generation of a new 'cultural memory', which might even be labelled 'conservative'.

“Overall, Egyptians developed really close ties with their past during the Late Period resulting in the generation of a new ‗cultural memory' 44 , which might even be labelled ‗conservative'.”

• cites De MeulenaereNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Psamtek I became a model of inspiration due to his ability to restore national unity.

“Psamtek I, for instance, became a model of inspiration due to his ability to restore national unity”

• cites PerduNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The Saite Dynasty set the background to the writings of Herodotus and Diodorus Siculus.

“The Saite Dynasty was also of crucial importance as it set the background to the writings of Herodotus (5 th century B.C.) as well as those of Diodorus Siculus (1 st B.C.)”

May combine two claims.

Herodotus adopted the concept of θμα in the 5th century B.C., which included general curiosities, wonders, miracles and prodigies, and used it to classify the peoples he surveyed.

“in the 5 th century B.C, Herodotus adopted in his rhetoric the concept of θμα 53 which included general curiosities, wonders, miracles and all kind of prodigies according to which the peoples surveyed could be classified.”

• cites [53] 53. Godley, A. D. (transl.) Herodotus -The Persian Wars.-Loeb Classical Library -vol.1. (London: 2004).Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Greek historians created the image of Egypt as a land full of knowledge which in turn was linked to its priests.

“The above survey shows how Greek historians created the image of Egypt as a land full of knowledge which in turn was linked to its priests.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The Greek historians' accounts can be treated as evidence of a collective Greek perception of Egypt.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Diodorus emphasised the role of the priests as guardians of knowledge, which induced many foreigners to visit Egypt.

“As his predecessor, Diodorus emphasised the role of the priests' as guardians of this knowledge which induced many foreigners to visit Egypt:”

• cites Diod.I, 96, 1-2Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The Saite Dynasty exercised influence over later Egyptian dynasties.

“It is important to note that the Saite Dynasty even exercised influence over later Egyptian dynasties.”

• cites PerduNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The demise of the New Assyrian Empire caused Egypt to turn its gaze more and more often to the Mediterranean and the Greeks.

“Höbl explains that the demise of the New Assyrian Empire: … caused Egypt to turn its gaze more and more often to the Mediterranean and the Greeks.”

• cites HöblNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Egypt became the epitome of a golden age civilisation due to Greek and Egyptian 'recollections' of the 26th Dynasty.

“To sum up, Egypt became the epitome of a golden age civilisation due to Greek and Egyptian ‗recollections' of the 26 th Dynasty.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Herodotus reinforced the vision of Egypt as a remarkable and admirable place.

“Inevitably, this reinforced the vision of Egypt as a remarkable and admirable place, of which Herodotus tells his audience:”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Classical Greece considered somebody to be a barbarian if he/she did not follow Greek laws, which were based on customs and traditions.

“According to Cassin 63 , classical Greece considered somebody to be a barbarian if he/she did not follow Greek laws, which were based on customs and traditions.”

• cites Cassin 63Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The 26th Dynasty saw great transformations of Egypt's administrative and judiciary systems whereby cultural traditions of older dynasties were revived.

“The 26 th Dynasty saw great transformations of Egypt's administrative and judiciary systems whereby cultural traditions of older dynasties were revived.”

• cites De MeulenaereNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Herodotus's rhetoric strategy was successful and his model was still reproduced four centuries later by Diodorus.

“Herodotus' rhetoric strategy 58 was so successful that his model was still reproduced four centuries later by Diodorus.”

• cites [58] 58. Hamilton, W. (transl.) Ammianus Marcellinus, The Later Roman Empire (A.D. 354- 378). (New York: 1986).Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

From 650 B.C. onwards, Greeks came to live at Naucratis as well as at other military colonies in the Delta.

“From 650 B.C. onwards, the Greeks came to live at Naucratis as well as at other military colonies in the Delta.”

• cites HerodotusNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The mutual influence between Greeks and Egyptians left traces in art, as seen in Minoan motifs found in frescoes from Avaris.

“The mutual influence left traces in art, as can be clearly seen in the Minoan motifs found in frescoes from Avaris, the former capital of the Hyksos located in the eastern Delta.”

• cites AssmannNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

King Amasis was perceived as a particularly good friend of the Greeks: he bestowed the legal status of a polis upon the Greek settlement in Naucratis.

“King Amasis (570 -526) was perceived as a particularly good friend of the Greeks: he bestowed the legal status of a polis upon the Greek settlement in Naucratis (in the Delta).”

• cites HöblNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

This copying created a continuous process of quotations and reproductions of former stereotypes that were understood to be valid premises for studying Egypt.

“By and large, this created a continuous process of quotations and reproductions of former stereotypes that were understood to be valid premises for studying Egypt.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The Persians were constructed as the complete antithesis of Greek-Athenian virtues and Egyptian religious virtues.

“The Persians were therefore ‗constructed' as the complete antithesis of Greek-Athenian virtues and Egyptian religious virtues.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Barbarians were defined by their ability to adapt; they took originally foreign traditions, prescriptions and laws and made them their own.

“Generally speaking, barbarians were defined by their ability to adapt; they took originally foreign traditions, prescriptions and laws and made them their own.64”

• cites [64] 64. Holzhausen, J. Das Corpus Hermeticum-Deutsch I-II. (Stuttgart, Bad Cannstatt: 1997).Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

By the beginning of the New Kingdom, intercultural exchange between Greeks and Egyptians had become intense.

“By the time of the beginning of the New Kingdom, i.e. the 18 th Dynasty (ca.1550-1350 B.C.), intercultural exchange between Greeks and Egyptians had become intense.”

• cites AssmannNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

A further factor contributing to Greek-Egyptian ties was a strong Greek 'cordiality' with Egypt.

“A further factor that contributed to the establishment of Greek-Egyptian ties was a strong Greek ‗cordiality' with Egypt.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

At that time, Cyprus belonged to the Egyptian Empire and an agreement of friendship existed with Cirene.

“At that time, Cyprus belonged to the Egyptian Empire and an agreement of friendship existed with Cirene.”

• cites HöblNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Native pharaohs under Amirtaios and Nectanebo I viewed the Saite 26th Dynasty as an ideal model of government.

“Indeed, not only during the reign of Amirtaios (28 th Dynasty) after the first Persian domination, but also under Nectanebo I (30 th Dynasty), native pharaohs viewed the Saite 26 th Dynasty as an ideal model of government.”

• cites PerduNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

There is a tendency among modern scholars of ancient Greece to overestimate the importance of the Linear B script with regard to the Greeks' self-perception and their relations with their past.

“There is a tendency among modern scholars of ancient Greece to overestimate the importance of the Linear B script with regard to the Greeks' self-perception and their relations with their past.”

• cites FinleyNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Herodotus employed his mode of depiction with all cultural groups/civilisations he described, Greeks and Barbarians alike.

“It should also be noted that Herodotus employed this mode of depiction with all cultural groups/civilisations he described, Greeks and Barbarians alike 65 .”

• cites [65] 65. Jasnow, R., Zauzich, K-Th. (transl.) The ancient Book of Thoth. (Wiesbaden: 2005).Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The actual cult became popular at the beginning of the rule of Amenhotep III (ca.1390-1352 B.C), during the New Kingdom.

“The actual cult became popular at the beginning of the rule of Amenhotep III (ca.1390-1352 B.C), i.e. during the New Kingdom.”

May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

Ptolemy I seized the cult as an opportunity to promote himself as a legitimate successor to Alexander, but never claimed divine worship for himself.

“Nonetheless, Ptolemy never claimed divine worship for himself.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

According to Sahlins, politics serves as the essential mediator between man and society, nature and cosmos.

“According to Sahlins, 75 -politics‖ serves as the essential mediator between man and society, nature and cosmos.”

• cites Sahlins 75Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The dynastic royal model stands in stark contrast to the Hellenistic basileus in Egypt, who totally depended on his own charisma and political skills for his transformation into a living god.

“The dynastic royal model stands in stark contrast to the Hellenistic basileus in Egypt, who totally depended on his own charisma and political skills for his transformation into a living god.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The cult followed the pattern of the daily temple rituals of other gods very closely and kings even erected colossal statues of themselves where offerings were deposited.

“It followed the pattern of the daily temple rituals of other gods very closely and kings even erected (colossal) statues of themselves where offerings were deposited.82”

• cites [82] 82. Salaman, C., et alii (transl.) The Way of Hermes: The Corpus Hermeticum and The Definitions of Hermes Trismegistos to Asclepios. (London: 1999).Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

This idiosyncratic cult first emerged under Ptolemy I and started out as another Greek hero cult in honour to Alexander, whose body had been transported from Babylon to Macedonia for burial and subsequent placement in a shrine in Alexandria.

“This idiosyncratic cult first emerged under Ptolemy I.It started out as another Greek hero cult in honour to Alexander, whose body had been transported from Babylon to Macedonia for his burial and subsequent placement in a shrine in Alexandria.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

According to Kessler, the introduction of Sarapis enabled the Greek masses to take part in the Egyptian festivals at the Sarapeion of Alexandria.

“According to Kessler, the introduction of Sarapis enabled the Greek masses to take part in the Egyptian festivals at the Sarapeion of Alexandria.73”

• cites Kessler 73Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The introduction of the Sarapis cult was the birth of a new Greek-Egyptian syncretistic deity created with the help of Egyptian and Greek sages.

“A good example of this scheme is the introduction of the Sarapis cult; i.e. the birth of a new Greek-Egyptian syncretistic deity created with the help of Egyptian and Greek sages.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

As a god, pharaoh was identified with the sun god Re as well as with the manifestations of the gods Horus and Osiris.

“As a god, pharaoh was identified with the sun god Re as well as with the manifestations of the gods Horus and Osiris.81”

• cites [81] 81. Robinson, J. M. (ed.) The Nag Hammadi Library. (New York: 1990).Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Throughout its Hellenistic rule, Egyptian priests functioned as major mediators establishing native acceptance of the Macedonian authority.

“Throughout its Hellenistic rule, Egyptian priests functioned as major mediators establishing native acceptance of the Macedonian authority.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Both elites recognised the new political channels as a valid means of communication between the respective representatives of Hellenistic and Egyptian bodies or symbolic jurisdictions.

“This was possible because both elites recognised the new political channels as a valid means of communication between the respective representatives of Hellenistic and Egyptian bodies or -symbolic jurisdictions‖.”

May combine two claims.

In his role as pharaoh, the basileus had to meet the demands of an Egyptian king, which introduced a peculiar realpolitik at the Hellenistic court in Egypt where native traditions and royal Egyptian ideology were important elements of the affairs of the king.

“In other words, in his role as pharaoh, the basileus had to meet the demands of an Egyptian king.Inevitably, this introduced a peculiar realpolitik at the Hellenistic court in Egypt, where native traditions and royal Egyptian ideology were considered to be important elements of the -affairs of the king‖ (basilica).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Since Herodotus' accounts gained popularity throughout the Greek world, they were constantly imitated, even in Graeco-Roman times.

“Since Herodotus' accounts gained popularity throughout the Greek world, they were constantly imitated, even in Graeco-Roman times 66 .”

• cites [66] 66. Kamal, A. B. Catalogue Général des Antiquités Égyptiennes : 22001-22208 Stèles Ptolémaiques et Romaines Tome II. (Le Caire: 1904).Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The deification of the basileus based on his superior character (arete) stands in closer connection to the Greek custom of hero-worshipping than any Egyptian practices.

“The deification of the basileus based on his superior character (arete) stands in closer connection to the Greek custom of hero-worshipping than any Egyptian practices.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The negative view of Persians was still considered attractive and politically useful when Alexander the Great declared war against the Persians.

“This negative view was still considered to be attractive and politically useful when Alexander the Great declared war against the Persians whom he allegedly fought in revenge for two events; namely their invasion of Greece, that took place 150 years before his time, and the Persian profanation of Greek temples and sanctuaries.67”

• cites [67] 67. Keyes, C. W. (transl.) Cicero: De Republica, De Legibus -Loeb Classical Library - vol. XVI. (Cambridge: 1970).Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Portraying the Ptolemies as Egyptian pharaohs, the visual discourse suggests the ideal of continuity between the former pharaohs and the current dynasty.

“Portraying the Ptolemies as Egyptian pharaohs, the visual discourse suggests the ideal of continuity between the former pharaohs and the current dynasty.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The development of the ruler cult as a Hellenistic state religion had the support and collaboration of Egyptian priests.

“The development of the ruler cult as a Hellenistic ‗state religion' had the support and collaboration of Egyptian priests.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The Hellenistic ruler cult functioned as a state religion.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Ptolemy II Philadelphos arranged the formal deification of his parents around 280 B.C., proclaiming them as Savior Gods (Theoi Soteres).

“It was his son, Ptolemy II Philadelphos, who arranged the formal deification of his parents around 280 B.C, which proclaimed them as -Savior Gods‖ (Theoi Soteres).”

May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

By means of the political instrumentalisation of religiousness, Hellenistic Egypt developed a new symbolic campus, which created channels through which power could be negotiated.

“Hellenistic Egypt developed a new symbolic campusfoot_6 , which in turn created channels through which power could be negotiated.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Pharaoh acquired and maintained his divinity with the help of specific kingship rituals, beginning with his coronation, which was the most important ritual.

“He acquired and maintained his divinity with the help of specific kingship rituals.These began with his coronation, which was also the most important ritual.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The cult of Sarapis soon became popular among the Hellenised population of Egypt and spread throughout the eastern Mediterranean basin and towards all the places owned by the Lagides.

“The god's cult soon became popular among the Hellenised population of Egypt and spread throughout the eastern Mediterranean basin and towards all the places owned by the Lagides.74”

• cites [74] 74. Nock, A. D., Festugière A.-J.(transl.) Corpus Hermeticum 4 vols. (Paris: 1945-54).Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The Hellenistic ruler cult did not form a linear continuation of dynastic Egypt practices.

“It is important, however, to note that this cult did not form a linear continuation of dynastic Egypt practices.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The anti-Persian propaganda persisted throughout the Hellenistic age; the Macedonian kings of Egypt transferred the negative Persian stereotypes to the Hellenistic Seleucid Empire.

“the Macedonian kings of Egypt simply transferred the negative Persian stereotypes to the Hellenistic Seleucid Empire.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

It became common practice to reiterate a stereotypical image of Persians who embodied the complete opposite of Egyptian virtues.

“It became common practice to reiterate a stereotypical image of Persians whoat least in the eyes of the Greeksembodied the complete opposite of Egyptian virtues.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In the traditional Egyptian royal cult, pharaoh, due to his divine status (nṯr), received a cult both during his life and after his death.

“In the traditional Egyptian royal cult, pharaoh, due to his divine status (nṯr), received a cult both during his life and after his death.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Pharaoh was understood to be the mortal bearer of divine functions; at the core, he was essentially a mediator between the natural and the supernatural world.

“As this clearly shows, pharaoh was understood to be the mortal bearer of divine functions; at the core, he was essentially a mediator between the natural and the supernatural world.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The priests returned the king's favour in the form of material and symbolic support.

“The priests returned the king's favour in form of material and symbolic support.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The Macedonians are likely to have kept the native administration because they needed an efficient administrative body, which was crucial in their struggle against the newborn Hellenistic kingdoms of Syria and Macedonia.

“As Rostovtzeff explains, 70 the Macedonians are likely to have kept the native administration since they needed an efficient administrative body.This was crucial in their struggle against the newborn Hellenistic kingdoms of Syria and Macedonia.”

• cites Rostovtzeff 70Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

It formed part of each Lagide ruler's agenda to build, expand, and restore Egyptian temples.

“It formed part of each Lagide ruler's agenda to build, expand, and restore Egyptian temples.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Some years later, Ptolemy II Philadelphos and his wife Arsinoe II were also deified and, in contrast to Ptolemy I, were endowed with the title of Sibling Gods (Theoi Adelphoi) while still living.

“Some years later, Ptolemy II Philadelphos and his wife, Arsinoe II, were also deified.In contrast to Ptolemy I, they were endowed with their new title of the -Sibling Gods‖ (Theoi Adelphoi) while still living.”

May combine two claims.

The Macedonian army was initially welcomed as liberator from Persian domination, but the Macedonians needed justification for their rule over the Egyptians.

“On the one hand, the Macedonian army was initially welcomed as liberator from the Persian domination; on the other hand, the Macedonians needed some sort of justification for their rule over the Egyptians nonetheless.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The decrees worked as official and organised reaction of the Hellenistic government to home affairs, albeit clad in Ptolemaic religious practices.

“The decrees worked as official and organised reaction of the Hellenistic government to home affairsalbeit clad in Ptolemaic religious practices.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The heroes' cult was a cult centring on dead people and was maintained to preserve role models for future generations.

“However, the heroes' cult was in fact a cult centring on dead people and was maintained to preserve role models for future generations.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

It was considered Greek to pursue Egyptian religiosity.

“Simply put, it was considered ‗Greek' to pursue Egyptian religiosity.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Hellenistic civilisation employed the concept of Hellenisation as means towards achieving effective and systematic domination.

“Hellenistic civilisation employed the concept of Hellenisation as means towards achieving an effective and systematic domination.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The Ptolemies sought to control Egyptian temples by unifying them as one body, and the organisation of regular synods proved a helpful tool in this undertaking.

“The Ptolemies, for their part, sought to control Egyptian temples by unifying them as one body.The organisation of regular synods proved a helpful tool in this undertaking.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Although many Hellenised settlements were founded in Egypt following the great influx of Hellenic and Hellenised immigrants, Hellenistic Egypt only featured three 'true' Greek poleis.

“Although many Hellenised settlements were founded in Egypt following the great influx of Hellenic and Hellenised immigrants, Hellenistic Egypt only featured three ‗true' Greek poleis.97”

• cites [97] 97. Alon, G. The Jews in their land in the Talmudic age. (Harvard: 1980).Not checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

To respect Maat was always also a private matter.

“To respect Maat was always also a private matter.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

According to Höbel, the system of allotting land to military settlers probably spread over all the grain-producing lands of the Ptolemaic empire, and scattered over the entire country, the kleruchs introduced Greek ideas and technology into the agricultural environment in which they were living.

“This system of allotting land to military settlers probably spread over all the grainproducing lands of the Ptolemaic empire, […].Scattered over the entire country, the kleruchs introduced Greek ideas and technology into the agricultural environment in which they were living.101”

• cites Höbel 101Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Since the Macedonian kings adhered to Egyptian rituals and symbolic prerogatives, the local priests were willing to recognise them as pharaohs.

“Since the Macedonian kings adhered to Egyptian rituals and symbolic prerogatives, the local priests were willing to recognise them as pharaohs.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Eventually, a ψήφισμα-wḏ became a key factor in the establishment of regular dialogue between Egypt's ruler and its priests.

“Eventually, a ψήφισμα-wḏ became a key factor in the establishment of regular dialogue between Egypt's ruler and its priests.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The Egyptian Negative Confession, spell 125 of the Book of the Dead, can be read as a definition of Egyptian identity and sums up proper social behaviour.

“The Egyptian Negative Confession, i.e. spell 125 of the Book of the Dead, can be read as a definition of Egyptian identity and nicely sums up what was thought to be proper social behaviour:”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The Hellenistic homogeneia comes closest to our modern concept of a nation.

“What is more, the Hellenistic homogeneia comes closest to our modern concept of a nation.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The first of these poleis was Naucratis in the Delta, which had been created centuries before the arrival of the Macedonians.

“The first of these was Naucratis in the Delta, which had been created centuries before the arrival of the Macedonians.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Greek-Hellenistic perception of culture was essentially political and had jurisdiction over the public dimension of everyday life.

“Greek-Hellenistic perception of culture, on the other hand, was essentially political and had jurisdiction over the public dimension of everyday life.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Nomos included specific moral values, such as the notion of decency and comfort found in social relationships.

“Nomos even included specific moral values, such as the notion of decency and comfort found in social relationships.”

May combine two claims.

The decrees proclaimed the legitimacy of the cult to the royal family, made the good deeds of the king public, reinforced the loyalty of the priests and recorded contracts concerning both the king and the priests.

“In addition to this, the decrees proclaimed the legitimacy of the cult to the royal family.88 They made the good deeds of the king public, reinforced the loyalty of the priests and recorded contracts concerning both the king and the priests.”

• cites [88] 88. Sternberg-el-Hotabi, H. -Die Metternichstele.‖ In: C. Butterweck et alii. TUAT -Band II.3: Rituale und Beschwörungen II. (Gütesloh: 1988), pp.358-380.Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Any disturbance of what was considered normal by a Greek community was felt to be an infringement of a taboo and consequently barbarian.

“By the same token, any disturbance of what was considered normal by a Greek community was felt to be an infringement of a taboo and consequently ‗barbarian'in other words, outside Greek homogeneia.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

As Huss observes, the Ptolemaic kings established a free spiritual space throughout the hieratikoi and hieroì nómoi respectively.

“As Huss observes, the Ptolemaic kings established a free spiritual space throughout the hieratikoi and hieroì nómoi respectively.”

• cites HussNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The decrees functioned as an intermediary medium to securing the respective ambitions of the two elites and served as a balanced foundation for discussions of power relations between the throne and the temples.

“The decrees in turn functioned as intermediary medium to securing their respective ambitions.Generally speaking, they served as a balanced foundation for the discussions of power relations between political institutions, i.e. the throne and the temples.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Nomos was a common denominator of values and judgements uniting different individuals, who adopted the nomoi as unquestionable truth, reality and norm.

“Ultimately, nomos was a common denominator of values and judgements uniting different individuals, who adopted the nomoi as unquestionable truth, reality and norm.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Nomos stood in contrast to any form of arbitrary or chaotic decisions.

“It therefore stood in contrast to any form of ‗arbitrary' or ‗chaotic' decisions.105”

• cites [105] 105. K. Barwise, J. Etchemendy, Language, Proof and Logic. (Stanford: 2002). ___. The Liar: An Essay on Truth and Circularity. (Oxford: 1989),Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Cultural hybridism, biculturalism and syncretism were relevant and complementary elements of the formation of the new symbolic universe in Hellenistic Egypt.

“Cultural hybridism, biculturalism and syncretism were all relevant and complementary elements of the formation of the new symbolic universe in Hellenistic Egypt.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The Greek's feeling of supremacy rested upon the assumption of cultural superiority.

“The Greek's feeling of supremacy rested upon the assumption of cultural superiority, which had been largely debated since the Classical Greek period.112”

• cites [112] 112. Boardman, J., et alii. (ed.). The Oxford History of Greece and the Hellenistic World. (Oxford 1991).Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

On the whole, the Egyptian priests helped consolidate a new cultural element in Egypt by accepting and organising the royal cult.

“On the whole, the Egyptian priests helped consolidate a new cultural element in Egypt by accepting and organising the royal cult.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The Greek name for the decrees, ψήφισμα, suggests some degree of symbolic submission on the part of the Egyptian priestly class.

“The Greek name for the decrees, ψήφισμα, suggests some degree of symbolic submission on the part of the Egyptian priestly class.91”

• cites [91] 91. Uxkull-Gylleband, W. G. (transl.) Der Gnomon des Idios Logos. In: BGU V, II. (Berlin: 1934).Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Nomos originally meant the common law found in a society that exclusively followed ancient customs and established social norms.

“Nomos originally meant the common law found in a society that exclusively followed ancient customs and established social norms.104”

• cites [104] 104. Balsdon, J. P. V. D. -The Divinity of Alexander‖, Historia 1 (Stuttgart: 1950), pp. 363-388.Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The newly fashioned Hellenistic ruler cult received full support from Egyptian priests through the decisions taken during the synodal decrees.

“In fact the newly fashioned Hellenistic ruler cult received full support from Egyptian priests through the decisions taken during the synodal decrees:”

May combine two claims.

A new addition was that it was no longer the pharaoh who issued the decrees and took responsibility for their contents but the priests; they now took over the authorship and responsibility for the production of the decrees.

“A new addition, however, was that it was no longer the pharaoh who issued the decrees and took responsibility for their contents but the priests; they now took over the authorship and responsibility for the production of the decrees.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The priests also took part in the promotion of regular synods, at which the exchange of honours, prestige and privileges bestowed on both parties and mutually recognised were written on stelae and consequently positioned throughout Egypt.

“The priests also took part in the promotion of regular synods, at which the exchange of honours, prestige and privileges bestowed on both parties and mutually recognised were written on stelae and consequently positioned throughout Egypt.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Alexander founded Alexandria on the Mediterranean coast, and Ptolemy I established Ptolemais in Upper Egypt.

“This was followed by Alexander's founding of Alexandria on the Mediterranean coast.Finally, Ptolemy I established Ptolemaisfoot_11 (or Ptolemais Hermioufoot_12 ) in Upper Egypt.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Nomos provided and helped create a sense of social and cultural identity among its members.

“It provided and helped create a sense of social and cultural identity among its members, who recognised its validity and obeyed the order of the symbolic universe it entailed.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

There was no such thing as an Egyptian clergy in the Lagide Empire.

“There was no such thing as an Egyptian clergy in the Lagide Empire.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Nomos gained its legitimacy through a consensus based on social relationships and habits.

“As we have seen, nomos gained its legitimacy through a consensus based on social relationships and habits.”

May combine two claims.

The Hellenistic Power was satisfied with the alleged Egyptian symbolic submission implicit in a ψήφισμα, while the Egyptians were equally pleased with the usurpation of the traditional symbolic pharaonic prerogative of ordering the production of a decree.

“Thus the latter was satisfied with the alleged Egyptian symbolic submission implicit in a ψήφισμα, while the Egyptians were equally pleased with the usurpation of the traditional symbolic pharaonic prerogative of ordering the production of a decree.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Egypt was dotted with several temples for various deities, and inside temple walls different political points of view were common.

“Moreover, Egypt was dotted with several temples for various deities, and inside temple walls different political points of view were common.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Although some of the elites were willing to negotiate their support of the Hellenistic authority, the relationship between the Macedonian king and the Egyptian priests remained a complex issue overall.

“Although some of the elites were willing to negotiate their support of the Hellenistic authority, the relationship between the Macedonian king and the Egyptian priests remained a complex issue overall.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Native people living in Egypt considered each other to be Egyptians due to their public adherence to the principle of Maat and with regard to their private behaviour.

“Ultimately, the native people living in Egypt did not only consider each other to be ‗Egyptians' due to their public adherence to the principle of Maat, but also with regard to their private behaviour.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The nomos played a crucial role in the way Greeks dealt with Egyptian religion.

“The nomos also played a crucial role in the way Greeks dealt with Egyptian religion.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Hall conceives nation as a symbolic community that is marked by its power to generate a sense of identity and, consequently, solidarity and loyalty.

“Hall conceives nation as a symbolic community that is marked by its power to generate a sense of identity and, consequently, solidarity and loyalty.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

This ties in well with Hall's argument that a nation is not only a political entity, but also a unit that produces meaning, i.e. system of cultural representations.

“This ties in well with Hall's argument that a nation is not only a political entity, but also a unit that produces meaning, i.e. system of cultural representations.103”

• cites Hall 103Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Greek settlers, most of whom stemmed from the army, were sent to the countryside, so-called chora, where the majority received land in exchange for military services.

“The Greek settlersmost of whom stemmed from the armywere sent to the countryside, so-called chora, where the majority of them received land in exchange for military services.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The aim was a community joined by a common consensus of customs and laws, or a community united by a common nomos.

“In other words, the aim was a community joined by a common consensus of customs and laws, or, differently put, a community united by a common nomos.102”

• cites [102] 102. Bagnall, R. S. -Cults and Names of Ptolemais in Upper Egypt‖. In: OLA 85, 1998, pp. 1093 -1101.Not checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Hellenisation was a consequence of the attempt to construct a homogeneia, i.e. a community tied not only by blood, but also by common behaviour, values, customs, traditions, laws, etc.

“Broadly speaking we may say that Hellenisation was a consequence of the attempt to construct a homogeneia, i.e. a community that was tied not only by blood, but also by common behaviour, values, customs, traditions, laws, etc.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Their co-existence naturally gave birth to biculturalism.

“Their co-existence thus naturally gave birth to biculturalism.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

The cultural encounter between Greeks and Egyptians triggered a process of mutual negotiation of two distinct ways of perceiving the world.

“triggered a process of mutual negotiation of two distinct ways of perceiving the world.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

This does not necessarily imply an impermeable Greek identity but is likely to allow exceptions and readjustments in day-to-day practice.

“However, this does not necessarily imply an impermeable Greek identity but is likely to allow exceptions and readjustments in day-to-day practice.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The Greek nomos in Egypt belongs to Hellenistic Egypt and was developed right there, not in Rome and not by another Hellenistic civilisation.

“It clearly belongs to Hellenistic Egypt and was developed right there, not in Rome and not by another Hellenistic civilisation.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

According to Sahlins, it involved a risk since the production of new meanings could go unnoticed.

“According to him it involved a -risk‖ since the production of new meanings could go unnoticed.”

• cites [120] 120. Brown, K. -Hermes Trismegistus and Apollonius of Tyana in the Writings of Bahá'u'lláh.‖ In: McLean, J., (ed.) Revisioning the Sacred: New Perspectives on a Bahá'í Theology -vol 8 (Los Angeles: 1997), pp.153-187.Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Nomos helped the Greeks decide if they were still being Greeks or not.

“It was nomos that helped the Greeks decide if they were still being Greeks or not.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Since the Graeco-Egyptian nomos differed from the one the Romans used, the Romans despised Hellenistic Egypt as a barbarised or decayed civilisation.

“Since the Graeco-Egyptian nomos differed from the one the Romans used, the Romans despised Hellenistic Egypt as a -barbarised‖ or -decayed‖ civilisation.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

There was a Macedonian nomos, an Egyptian nomos, a Syrian nomos, etc.

“Differently put, there was a Macedonian nomos, an Egyptian nomos, a Syrian nomos, etc.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The nature and outlook of this incorporation differed from Hellenistic society to Hellenistic society.

“The nature and the outlook of this incorporation differed from Hellenistic society to Hellenistic society.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

Cultural adaptation can be seen as an attempt to establish double-contextualisation and re-contextualisation whereby an item is removed from its original location and modified to fit a new environment.

“Burke, on the other hand, holds that cultural adaptation can be seen as an attempt to establish doublecontextualisation and re-contextualisation whereby an item is removed from its original location and modified in such a way that it fits a new environment.116”