HOW RELIGION MATTERS: ISLAMOPHOBIA, TERRORISM AND TWITTER
Open accessAbstract
Twitter, as one of the most used social media tools, helps construction of virtual communities and provides members with opportunity to reflect opinions, thoughts, emotions etc. With respect to the said feature of it, an analysis of public reaction over Twitter was conducted regarding four terrorist attacks in Beirut, Paris of November 2015 and Babil, Brussels of March 2016. The analysis was based on public hashtags created with city name plus the word ‘attack(s)’ - #ParisAttacks, #BeirutAttacks, #BrusselsAttacks, and #BabilAttack; and 9998 tweets posted following four days from the day of the attack were examined. For the purpose of the set examination, qualitative content analysis method was used and posted tweets were categorized with respect to their general meanings. In order to back up this research, it is also essential to introduce the terms terrorism, perpetrator of the aforementioned attacks, the ISIS, and the concepts of worthy and unworthy victims.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
La circunstancia de que el ataque de Algeciras fuera cometido por un migrante musulmán marroquí con orden de expulsión pendiente puede haber intensificado los debates en torno a la inmigración musulmana, alimentando discursos de islamofobia y racismo similares a los observados tras otros atentados atribuidos al extremismo islámico.
“Esta circunstancia puede haber intensificado los debates en torno a la inmigración musulmana, alimentando discursos de islamofobia y racismo similares a los observados tras otros atentados atribuidos al extremismo islámico (Borell, 2015;Duman & Unur, 2020).”
From Redes de odio y contranarrativas en Twitter sobre el ataque a iglesias católicas en Algeciras: Dinámicas de conectividad, influencia y polarización (2026) · cites this paper as Duman & Unur, 2020
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 0 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 2 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
No references could be resolved yet.
Research works printed but not linked: 16
- Anggraeni Diana, Entman Framing Analysis of Food Governance in Online Media, Jurnal The Messenger, Vol. 10, No. 1, 2018.
- Bleich Eric, What is Islamophobia and How Much Is There? Theorizing and Measuring an Emerging Comparative Concept, American Behavioral Scientist, Vol. 55, No. 12, 2011.
- Camarillo Omar, Who are Deemed the ‘Worthy’ and ‘Unworthy’ Victims of Mexico’s Drug-Related Violence? Journal of Borderlands Studies, 2018.
- Dekker Henk, Van der Noll Jolanda, Islamophobia and Its Origins: A Study Among Dutch Youth. IMISCOE Cross-Cluster Theory Conference: Interethnic Relations: Multidisciplinary Approaches. Workshop: The Role of Emotions in Interethnic Relationships of Muslims: Feminism and Masculinities, 2009.
- Duman Gökhan, “Terörü Tanımlamanın Zorluğu Üzerine Bir Analiz”, in: Siyaset ve Ekonomi Üzerine Yazılar, Korlu R. Kutlu & Duman Gökhan (eds.), Ekin Yayınevi, Bursa, 2019.
- Duman Gökhan, “Discussing Collective Security over Collective Defence”, in: Critical Debates in Social Sciences, Tuncsiper Bedriye & Sayın Ferhan (eds.), Frontpage Publications, London, 2018.
- Entman Robert M., Framing Bias: Media in the Distribution of Power, Journal of Communication, Vol. 57, 2007.
- Esposito John, “Islamophobia and Multiculturalism”, in: Tarabya International Conference on Islamophobia: Law and Media, Yıldız Hüseyin (ed.), Office of the Prime Minister Directorate General of Press and Information, Ankara, 2013.
- Gerbner George, Cultivation Analysis: An Overview, Mass Communication and Society, Vol. 3, No. 4, 1998.
- Hoffmann Bruce, Inside Terrorism, Columbia University Press, New York, 2006.
- Rapoport David C., The Fourth Wave: September 11 in the History of Terrorism, Current History, Vol. 100, No. 650, 2001.
- International Encyclopedia of Media Effects, Rössler Patrick (ed.), Vol. 2. Wiley-Blackwell, 2017.
- Sheehi Stephen, Islamophobia: The Ideological Campaign Against Muslims, Clarity Press, Atlanta, 2011.
- Wuthnow Robert, America and the Challenges of Religious Diversity, Princeton University Press, New Jersey, 2005.
- Duman, D. D., & Unur, E. (2022). HOW RELIGION MATTERS: ISLAMOPHOBIA, TERRORISM AND TWITTER. Politics and Religion Journal, 14(2), 383–414. https://doi.org/10.54561/prj1402383d
- Vol. 14 No. 2 (2020): Politics and Religion Journal
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Rebollo Diaz, C. (2026) · Redes. Revista hispana para el análisis de redes sociales · doi:10.5565/rev/redes.1130
- Authors
- Doganyilmaz Duman, D., & Unur, E.
- Affiliations
- Izmir Democracy University, Turkey
- Halic University, Turkey
- Venue
- POLITICS AND RELIGION JOURNAL
- Published
- 2020-12-07
- Pages
- 383-414
- ISSN
- 1820-6581 (ISSN-L)
- 1820-659X
- OpenAlex
- W3212764295
- Cited by
- 3
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2
- FWCI
- 0.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc-sa
- Locations
- POLITICS AND RELIGION JOURNAL (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Terrorism, Counterterrorism, and Political Violence
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Media Discourse and Social Analysis
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Islamic Studies and Radicalism
- Keywords
- Islamophobia, terrorism, Twitter, public response, hashtags, 2015 Paris attacks, 2016 Brussels attacks, ISIS, social media discourse
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
