Upper Echelons: The Organization as a Reflection of Its Top Managers
Abstract
Theorists in various fields have discussed characteristics of top managers. This paper attempts to synthesize these previously fragmented literatures around a more general “upper echelons perspective.” The theory states that organizational outcomes—strategic choices and performance levels—are partially predicted by managerial background characteristics. Propositions and methodological suggestions are included.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Top management's demographic differences affect technology adoption.
“Further, inquiries show that top management's demographic differences affect technology adoption (Awa, Baridam et al., 2015;Chuang et al., 2009;Hambrick & Mason, 1984;Thong, 1999;Zhu et al., 2003).”
From Using T-O-E theoretical framework to study the adoption of ERP solution (2016) · cites this paper as Hambrick & Mason, 1984
Management's demographic differences and knowledge about an innovation influence organization's strategies.
“Inquiries (Chuang et al., 2009;Hambrick & Mason, 1984;Thong, 1999;Zhu et al., 2003) support that management's demographic differences and knowledge about an innovation influence organization's strategies.”
From Using T-O-E theoretical framework to study the adoption of ERP solution (2016) · cites this paper as Hambrick & Mason, 1984
No citation lists for this paper
No citation lists for this paper yet — checked again daily.
References 69 · Cited by 10,220
- Authors
- Hambrick, D. C., & Mason, P. A.
- Affiliations
- Columbia University (US)
- ORCID
- Hambrick, Donald C.
- Venue
- The Academy of Management Review
- Publisher
- Academy of Management
- Published
- 1984-04
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 193
- ISSN
- 0363-7425 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2126186544
- Cited by
- 10,220
- References
- 69
- Citations by year
- 2026: 236 · 2025: 337 · 2024: 381 · 2023: 367 · 2022: 322 · 2021: 825 · 2020: 718 · 2019: 568 · 2018: 610 · 2017: 529 · 2016: 472 · 2015: 457 · 2014: 476 · 2013: 428 · 2012: 456
- FWCI
- 29.16
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Academy of Management Review (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management › Human Resource and Talent Management
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management › Management and Organizational Studies
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Accounting › Corporate Finance and Governance
- Keywords
- upper echelons theory, top managers, managerial characteristics, organizational outcomes, strategic choice, organizational performance
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
