Measuring the costs of internal displacement: Eswatini, Ethiopia, Kenya and Somalia

May combine two claims.

In Eswatini, people surveyed were displaced for less than a year by storms and floods and remained close to their area of origin, often in the same community.

“In Eswatini, people surveyed were displaced for less than a year by storms and floods and remained close to their area of origin, often in the same community.”

May combine two claims.

Most surveyed IDPs in Eswatini were able to find refuge within their own community, continue their previous income-generating activities, and go to the same healthcare facilities.

“Most surveyed IDPs were able to find refuge within their own community, continue their previous income-generating activities, and go to the same healthcare facilities.”

May combine two claims.

The National Disaster Management Agency's support system provided beneficiaries with temporary shelter and aid to rebuild or repair their homes.

“This provided them with temporary shelter and aid to rebuild or repair their homes.”

May combine two claims.

In Eswatini, impacts were limited, apart from a perception among both surveyed IDPs and hosts of a reduction in purchasing power and signs of psychosocial distress.

“The impacts were limited, apart from a perception among both surveyed IDPs and hosts of a reduction in purchasing power and signs of psychosocial distress.”

May combine two claims.

In Somalia, displacement to Mogadishu resulted in reduced access to work and lower incomes for surveyed IDPs.

“It also, however, resulted in reduced access to work and lower incomes.”

May combine two claims.

In Ethiopia, surveyed IDPs were forced out of the Somali Regional State by violence and received support from the Ethiopian government to settle near Sabeta in the Oromia region.

“In Ethiopia, surveyed IDPs were forced out of the Somali Regional State by violence and received support from the Ethiopian government to settle near Sabeta in the Oromia region.”

May combine two claims.

Current housing conditions of surveyed IDPs in Kenya do not compare to those they had before or to those of their non-displaced neighbours.

“Their current housing conditions, however, do not compare to the those they had before or to those of their non-displaced neighbours.”

May combine two claims.

Surveyed members of the host community in Ethiopia do not seem to have been highly affected by the arrival of 1,100 displaced families, apart from a rise in prices and a degradation in the psychological wellbeing of surveyed men.

“Surveyed members of the host community do not seem to have been highly affected by the arrival of 1,100 displaced families, apart from a rise in prices and a degradation in the psychological wellbeing of surveyed men that should be investigated further to understand its source.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

There is insufficient long-term planning and funding behind aid efforts to foster durable solutions and socioeconomic development for all in Somalia.

“There is also insufficient long-term planning and funding behind aid efforts to foster durable solutions and socioeconomic development for all.”

May combine two claims.

Surveyed IDPs in Kenya received emergency assistance in the immediate aftermath of the post-election violence and some support in following years, but they are still far from achieving durable solutions.

“They received emergency assistance in the immediate aftermath of that violence and some support in following years, but they are still far from achieving durable solutions.”

May combine two claims.

Displacement's impact on IDPs' resources in Kenya is seen most clearly in their labour income, which suffered both from a reduction in average salaries and a rise in unemployment.

“Displacement's impact on IDPs' resources is seen most clearly in their labour income.This suffered both from a reduction in average salaries and a rise in unemployment.”

May combine two claims.

Relations between surveyed IDPs and the host community in Ethiopia are on the whole good, and both groups feel secure with each other.

“Relations with the host community are, on the whole, good, and both groups feel secure with each other.”

May combine two claims.

Among IDPs surveyed in Banadir, there are frequent evictions, and children are working instead of going to school.

“There are frequent evictions, and children are working instead of going to school.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Access to decent housing, livelihoods, security, healthcare and education is a challenge for many in Kenya, even among those who have not been displaced.

“Access to decent housing, livelihoods, security, healthcare and education is a challenge for many in Kenya, even among those who have not been displaced.”

May combine two claims.

Surveyed IDPs in Ethiopia were given basic shelter, some food assistance, and free access to a health facility and a school within the IDP settlement.

“They were given basic shelter and some food assistance.They also were given free access to a health facility and a school within the IDP settlement.”

May combine two claims.

Displaced children in Ethiopia have increased access to school, but numerous barriers to quality education remain.

“Displaced children have increased access to school, but numerous barriers to quality education remain.”

May combine two claims.

More than a third of surveyed hosts in Somalia reported reduced access to healthcare and a worsening of their physical and mental health since the arrival of IDPs in the area.

“More than a third of the surveyed hosts, meanwhile, reported reduced access to healthcare and a worsening of their physical and mental health since the arrival of IDPs in the area.”

May combine two claims.

Apart from a positive impact on perceived security, displacement has resulted in a degradation in the livelihood, housing conditions and health of most IDPs in Ethiopia.

“Apart from the positive impact on perceived security, however, displacement has resulted in a degradation in the livelihood, housing conditions and health of most IDPs.”

May combine two claims.

Findings from the Eswatini case study show limited impacts from internal displacement in all areas, apart from a perception of reduced purchasing power and signs of psychosocial distress for both surveyed IDPs and hosts.

“Findings from the Eswatini case study show limited impacts from internal displacement in all areas, apart from a perception of reduced purchasing power and signs of psychosocial distress for both surveyed IDPs and hosts.”

May combine two claims.

Surveyed IDPs in Eswatini expressed fear that a future disaster could affect them, and 40 per cent reported feeling less safe after their displacement.

“Surveyed IDPs, however, expressed fear that a future disaster could affect them, and 40 per cent reported feeling less safe after their displacement.”

May combine two claims.

Eswatini has a high level of disaster-related displacement risk per capita, with a projected average number of displacements at 190 per year per 100,000 inhabitants, compared to 160 on average for sub-Saharan Africa.

“The country, however, has a high level of disaster-related displacement risk per capita, with a projected average number of displacements at 190 per year per 100,000 inhabitants, compared to 160 on average for sub-Saharan Africa.”

May combine two claims.

Displacement had little impact on the perception of security in Eswatini as people affected by storms and floods found refuge in their own community while their house was being repaired or rebuilt.

“Displacement had little impact on the perception of security as people affected by storms and floods found refuge in their own community while their house was being repaired or rebuilt.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Little treatment for mental wellbeing is available in Eswatini.

“Little treatment is available.”

May combine two claims.

Nearly all surveyed IDPs in Eswatini who lost documents said these losses created challenges in their daily life, and 70 per cent said they had to pay to replace their documents, at an average cost of $25.

“Nearly all of them said these losses created challenges for them in their daily life, and 70 per cent said they had to pay to replace their documents, at an average cost of $25.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Barriers to education in Eswatini are mostly linked with a lack of transportation, particularly in the case of secondary schools.

“Barriers to education are mostly linked with a lack of transportation, particularly in the case of secondary schools.”

May combine two claims.

Most surveyed IDPs in Eswatini could continue their previous income-generating activity and go to the same healthcare facilities while their children continued at the same school.

“This means that they could continue their previous income-generating activity and go to the same healthcare facilities while their children continued at the same school.”

The quote only partly states this claim.

Loss of personal documentation is a frequent issue linked with displacement, reported by 20 per cent of surveyed IDPs in Eswatini.

“Loss of personal documentation is a frequent issue linked with displacement, reported by 20 per cent of surveyed IDPs.”

May combine two claims.

Nearly all surveyed IDPs in Eswatini owned their home before displacement, and most received support to rebuild or repair it after the storm.

“Nearly all surveyed IDPs owned their home before displacement, and most received support to rebuild or repair it after the storm.”

May combine two claims.

Two main impacts of displacement were recorded in the Eswatini survey: the perceived reduction in purchasing power by both surveyed IDPs and hosts, and the deterioration in mental wellbeing of both affected groups.

“Two main impacts of displacement, however, were recorded in this survey: the perceived reduction in purchasing power by both surveyed IDPs and hosts, and the deterioration in mental wellbeing of both affected groups.”

May combine two claims.

Among surveyed IDPs in Eswatini, 78 per cent reported the loss of a birth certificate; 49 per cent, an identity card; 22 per cent, a marriage certificate; and 17 per cent, the documents needed to access their bank account.

“Seventy-eight per cent reported the loss of a birth certificate; 49 per cent, an identity card; 22 per cent, a marriage certificate and 17 per cent the documents needed to access their bank account.”

May combine two claims.

More than 60 per cent of surveyed hosts in Eswatini said their financial resources were insufficient before they began hosting, but that rose to 85 per cent once they took in IDPs.

“More than 60 per cent said their financial resources were insufficient before they began hosting, but that rose to 85 per cent once they took in IDPs.”

May combine two claims.

The average monthly income of interviewed IDPs in Eswatini was reported to be $160, approximately half of that reported by surveyed hosts.

“Their average monthly income was reported to be $160, approximately half of that reported by surveyed hosts.”

May combine two claims.

Low levels of internal displacement were recorded in Eswatini in 2018, associated mostly with meteorological events such as storms.

“Low levels of internal displacement were recorded in Eswatini in 2018, associated mostly with meteorological events such as storms.”

May combine two claims.

Almost no surveyed host in Eswatini felt less safe after IDPs started sharing their home, and 45 per cent felt safer.

“Almost no surveyed host felt less safe after IDPs started sharing their home, and 45 per cent felt safer.”

May combine two claims.

Nearly 80 per cent of surveyed hosts in Eswatini said hosting IDPs entailed additional expenses, mostly linked with food.

“Nearly 80 per cent of them said hosting IDPs entailed additional expenses, mostly linked with food.”

May combine two claims.

Surveyed IDPs and hosts in Eswatini said access to healthcare was very good both before and after displacement, and more than 90 per cent of all respondents said they could access healthcare when they needed it.

“Surveyed IDPs and hosts said access to healthcare was very good both before and after displacement.More than 90 per cent of all respondents said they could access healthcare when they needed it.”

May combine two claims.

In Ethiopia, surveyed hosts are on the whole just as satisfied with their children's education today as before the arrival of the IDPs, although 15% are less satisfied.

“Surveyed hosts are, on the whole, just as satisfied with their children's education today as before the arrival of the IDPs, although 15 per cent are less satisfied.”

May combine two claims.

Seventy-six per cent of surveyed IDPs in Ethiopia who sent their children to school had to pay for it, at an average cost of $7 per month, mostly linked with school materials, uniforms, tuition, meals, transportation and additional classes.

“Seventy-six per cent of those who sent their children to school, however, had to pay for it, at an average cost of $7 per month.Most of the expenses were linked with school materials, uniforms, tuition, meals, transportation and additional classes.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In Ethiopia, 92% of respondents are more satisfied with their children's education now than before they were displaced.

“Ninety-two per cent of respondents are more satisfied with their children's education now than before they were displaced.”

May combine two claims.

Less than 7 per cent of surveyed IDPs in Ethiopia receive financial support from the government or other institutions, which averages $30 per month.

“Less than 7 per cent receive financial support from the government or other institutions, which averages $30 per month.”

May combine two claims.

Access to education has improved for the surveyed IDPs in Ethiopia since their displacement from the Somali Regional State; only 77 per cent used to go to school before their displacement, compared with 83 per cent now, while 96 per cent of children in the host community go to school.

“Access to education has improved for the surveyed IDPs since their displacement from the Somali Regional State.Only 77 per cent of them used to go to school before their displacement, compared with 83 per cent now.Ninety-six per cent of the children in the host community go to school.”

May combine two claims.

A third of the people in Ethiopia who lost documents reported that this had created difficulties in their daily lives, but only 12 per cent have gone through the necessary procedures to replace those documents, and most had to pay fees, at an average cost of $130.

“A third of the people who lost documents reported that this had created difficulties in their daily lives, but only 12 per cent have gone through the necessary procedures to replace those documents.Most of them had to pay fees to do so, at an average cost of $130.”

May combine two claims.

Out of surveyed IDPs in Ethiopia who earned money from work before their displacement, only 8 per cent earned it in the same way; 59 per cent continued working after displacement but in a different way, while a third were unemployed.

“Out of the surveyed IDPs who earned money from work before their displacement, only 8 per cent earned it in the same way.Fifty-nine per cent continued working after their displacement, but in a different way, while a third were unemployed.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The government provided some IDPs in Ethiopia with training on how to start a business, but this was not enough to help them secure a decent livelihood.

“The government provided some IDPs with training on how to start a business, but this was not enough to help them secure a decent livelihood.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The percentage of surveyed hosts in Ethiopia saying that their financial resources are sufficient to fulfil all their needs and wants fell from 34 per cent before IDPs arrived to 16 per cent today, and the percentage saying their resources are not enough rose from 47 per cent to 63 per cent.

“The percentage of surveyed hosts saying that their financial resources are sufficient to fulfil all their needs and wants fell from 34 per cent before IDPs arrived in the area to 16 per cent today.The percentage that says their resources are not enough rose from 47 per cent before the arrival of IDPs to 63 per cent today.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

In Ethiopia, teachers report signs of psychological distress and trauma among displaced children that could also deter them from going to school.

“Teachers report signs of psychological distress and trauma that could also deter children from going to school.”

May combine two claims.

The arrival of IDPs in the area does not seem to have had a striking effect on the host community's satisfaction with their housing conditions in Ethiopia; 85 per cent reported no difference, and 11 per cent are less satisfied because of a reported increase in the cost of goods and rents.

“The arrival of IDPs in the area does not seem to have had a striking effect on the host community's satisfaction with their housing conditions.Eighty-five per cent of the respondents reported no difference.Eleven per cent, however, are less satisfied, because of a reported increase in the cost of goods and rents.”

May combine two claims.

The public school inside the IDP settlement in Ethiopia provides education free to displaced children, but only goes up to grade 6, is not large enough to serve all the children in the area, and donations of books, school supplies and uniforms are not sufficient for all those in need.

“The public school inside the IDP settlement provides education free to displaced children, but only goes up to grade 6.It is also not large enough to serve all the children in the area.Donations of books, school supplies and uniforms have been reported, but they are not sufficient for all those in need.”

May combine two claims.

Results from the survey for the host community in Ethiopia point at an increase in average monthly income, but a decrease in the percentage of respondents earning an income from work, which dropped to 73 per cent compared with 88 per cent before IDPs arrived.

“Results from the survey when it comes to the host community point at an increase in the average monthly income (Figure 4), but a decrease in the percentage of respondents earning an income from work.This has dropped to 73 per cent compared with 88 per cent before IDPs arrived in the area.”

May combine two claims.

Although the government provided houses, 73 per cent of surveyed IDPs in Ethiopia reported having to pay for additional expenses linked with their housing, such as extra materials or tools, at an average cost of $155 per household.

“Although the government provided houses, 73 per cent of the surveyed IDPs reported having to pay for additional expenses linked with their housing, such as extra materials or tools, at an average cost of $155 per household.”

May combine two claims.

Ninety-one per cent of surveyed IDPs in Ethiopia felt that their resources had been enough to meet their wants and needs before their displacement, but none say that is the case today.

“Ninety-one per cent of the surveyed IDPs felt that their resources had been enough to meet their wants and needs before their displacement, but none say that is the case today.”

May combine two claims.

Of surveyed IDPs in Ethiopia who ended up unemployed, only 4 per cent found a job in less than one year, 64 per cent remained unemployed for one year or more, and a third were still unemployed at the time of the interviews.

“Of those who ended up unemployed, only 4 per cent found a job in less than one year, 64 per cent remained unemployed for one year or more, and a third were still unemployed at the time of the interviews.”

May combine two claims.

Forty-seven per cent of the IDPs interviewed in Ethiopia are less satisfied with their housing conditions today than before they were displaced, especially those who owned a house before, particularly if it was among the more expensive ones.

“Forty-seven per cent of the IDPs interviewed are therefore less satisfied with their housing conditions today than before they were displaced.This is especially true for those who owned a house before, particularly if it was among the more expensive ones.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

The houses provided to IDPs in Ethiopia do not protect them from heat or cold, let pests in, are too small, and lack access to water and sanitation.

“These houses do not protect IDPs from the heat or the cold, they let pests in, they are too small, and they lack access to water and sanitation.”

May combine two claims.

Most surveyed members of the host community in Ethiopia, 77 per cent, feel as safe now as before the IDPs arrived, but 14 per cent feel less safe.

“Most surveyed members of the host community, or 77 per cent, feel as safe now as before the IDPs arrived, but 14 per cent feel less safe.”

May combine two claims.

Nearly as many surveyed IDPs in Ethiopia, 42 per cent, reported being more satisfied with their housing conditions today than before their displacement, and 81 per cent of them were renting before their displacement, at an average cost of $31 per month.

“Nearly as many surveyed IDPs, 42 per cent, however, reported being more satisfied with their housing conditions today than before their displacement.They say they are happy not having to pay for shelter anymore.Eighty-one per cent of them were renting before their displacement, at an average cost of $31 per month (Figure 5).”

May combine two claims.

Only 31 per cent of surveyed IDPs in Ethiopia currently have an income-generating activity, and those that do earn on average $56 per month.

“Only 31 per cent of the surveyed IDPs currently have an income-generating activity.Those that do earn on average $56 per month.”

May combine two claims.

Most surveyed IDPs in Ethiopia, 57 per cent, were displaced twice; 33 per cent were displaced once; and 10 per cent were displaced three times or more.

“Most surveyed IDPs, 57 per cent, were displaced twice.Thirty-three per cent were displaced once and 10 per cent, three times or more.”

May combine two claims.

More than two-thirds of the surveyed IDPs in Ethiopia lost personal documentation in their flight; most lost their personal identification card, and more than one third lost deeds or a lease agreement.

“More than two-thirds of the surveyed IDPs lost personal documentation in their flight.Most of them lost their personal identification card, and more than one third lost deeds or a lease agreement.”

May combine two claims.

In their home area, 14 per cent of the respondents in Ethiopia used to spend money on security, spending an average of $11 per month on security guards, and none of the interviewed IDPs now spend money individually on security.

“In their home area, 14 per cent of the respondents used to spend money on security, spending an average of $11 per month on security guards.None of the interviewed IDPs now spend money individually on security.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

In Ethiopia, the local clinic does not have its own budget and relies on donations from other nearby health facilities.

“The local clinic does not have its own budget and relies on donations from other nearby health facilities.”

May combine two claims.

In Kenya, 53% of interviewed IDPs found another source of income, and 36% became unemployed and had no income.

“Fifty-three per cent found another source of income, and 36 per cent became unemployed and had no income.”

May combine two claims.

In Ethiopia, 41% reported an interruption of over a year, 24% of 9 to 12 months and 28% of 4 to 9 months.

“Forty-one per cent reported an interruption of over a year, 24 per cent of 9 to 12 months and 28 per cent of 4 to 9 months.”

May combine two claims.

In Ethiopia, 77% of respondents reported that their children had to interrupt their education because of displacement, and for a significant time.

“Seventy-seven per cent reported that their children had to interrupt their education because of displacement, and for a significant time.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In Ethiopia, older children whose grade is not available have to walk for two hours, sometimes on an empty stomach, to go to school.

“Older children whose grade is not available have to walk for two hours, sometimes on an empty stomach, to go to school.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). The quote only partly states this claim.

In Ethiopia, some parents refuse to let their daughters make the two-hour journey to school for fear that they will be attacked on the way.

“Some parents refuse to let their daughters make that journey for fear that they will be attacked on the way.”

May combine two claims.

In Kenya, 84% of IDPs estimate that their financial resources were enough before displacement, while only 2% think so now.

“While 84 per cent of IDPs estimate that their financial resources were enough before they were displaced, only 2 per cent think so now.”

May combine two claims.

In Ethiopia, the health facility for IDPs does not have a laboratory and is unable to treat complications.

“The facility, however, does not have a laboratory and is unable to treat complications.”

May combine two claims.

In Nakuru County, nearly all surveyed IDPs were forced to move several times: 19% twice, 41% three times, and 36% four times or more.

“Nearly all of them were forced to move several times: 19 per cent were displaced twice, 41 per cent, three times, and 36 per cent, four times or more.”

May combine two claims.

In Ethiopia, transportation to Alemgena costs $0.5, but many IDPs cannot afford it.

“Transportation to Alemgena costs $0.5, but many IDPs cannot afford it.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

In Naivasha, surveyed IDPs pooled their financial resources to buy land collectively and organised themselves through self-help groups.

“In Naivasha, surveyed IDPs pooled their financial resources to buy land collectively and organised themselves through self-help groups.”

May combine two claims.

In Ethiopia, a health facility was created specifically for IDPs and provides free consultations.

“A health facility was created specifically for IDPs and provides free consultations.”

May combine two claims.

In Kenya, 76% of surveyed IDPs feel that their physical health has worsened since displacement, compared with 52% of surveyed hosts.

“Seventy-six per cent of surveyed IDPs feel that their physical health has worsened since they were displaced, compared with 52 per cent of surveyed hosts.”

May combine two claims.

The decrease in access to work is especially sharp for displaced men: 61% used to earn an income from work before displacement, compared with 40% now.

“The decrease in access to work is especially sharp for displaced men.Sixty-one per cent of them used to earn an income from work before displacement, compared with 40 per cent now.”

May combine two claims.

In Kenya, after displacement, 75% of children stayed out of school for an average of six months.

“After they were displaced, 75 per cent stayed out of school for an average of six months.”

May combine two claims.

This drastic change came with some improvements in access to educational and health facilities and in perceived physical and mental health.

“This drastic change came with some improvements in access to educational and health facilities and in perceived physical and mental health.”

May combine two claims.

In Kenya, nearly all the children of surveyed IDPs were going to school before displacement, but only 73% kept going in their host area.

“Nearly all the children of the surveyed IDPs were going to school before displacement, but only 73 per cent kept going in their host area.”

May combine two claims.

In Kenya, within the host community, 36% of respondents feel safer now than before IDPs arrived, 35% report no difference, and 29% feel less safe.

“Within the host community, 36 per cent of respondents feel safer now than they did before IDPs arrived in the area, 35 per cent report no difference, and 29 per cent feel less safe.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Only 20% of the IDPs who previously had a job managed to keep a similar income-generating activity after their displacement.

“Only 20 per cent of the IDPs who previously had a job managed to keep a similar income-generating activity after their displacement.”

May combine two claims.

Survey results show a reduction in IDPs' employment rate following displacement and in their average monthly income.

“The survey results highlight a reduction in IDPs' employment rate following their displacement and in their average monthly income.”

May combine two claims.

The surveyed IDPs in Banadir experienced reduced access to work and lower income after displacement, while surveyed hosts experienced increased access to work and income.

“It also came with reduced access to work and a lower income for IDPs, although surveyed members of the host community experienced the opposite.”

May combine two claims.

Changes in employment are greater for men in the host community than for women, with a 24 and a 12 percentage-point increase in access to work respectively.

“Changes in employment are also greater for men in the host community than for women, with a 24 and a 12 percentage-point increase in access to work respectively.”

May combine two claims.

In Kenya, 57% of interviewed IDPs said they felt sad, worried, nervous or angry more often now than before they left their homes, and 35% less often.

“Fifty-seven per cent of the interviewed IDPs said they felt sad, worried, nervous or angry more often now than before they left their homes, and 35 per cent less often.”

May combine two claims.

In Kenya, over two-thirds of surveyed IDPs said they were less satisfied with their children's education after displacement, mostly because the quality was low.

“Over two-thirds of the surveyed IDPs said they were less satisfied with their children's education after they were displaced, mostly because the quality was low.”

May combine two claims.

Interviewees report that aid is being delivered, but it lacks longer-term planning and funding to foster durable solutions and socioeconomic development for all.

“Interviewees report that aid is being delivered, but it lacks longer-term planning and funding to foster durable solutions and socioeconomic development for all.”

May combine two claims.

In Somalia, as the survey confirms, acute needs include access to food, water and sanitation, life-saving health services, shelter and education.

“As the results of this survey confirm, that includes access to food, water and sanitation, life-saving health services, shelter and education.”

May combine two claims.

In contrast to IDPs, the host community experienced an increased employment rate and average monthly income in the same time period.

“This contrasts with findings for the host community of an increased employment rate and average monthly income in the same time period (Figure 8).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

There are frequent evictions in Banadir, and children have to work instead of going to school.

“There are frequent evictions, and children have to work instead of going to school.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Construction-related work is usually taken up by men.

“Construction-related work is usually taken up by men.”

May combine two claims.

More than a third of surveyed hosts in Banadir report reduced access to healthcare and deterioration in perceived physical and mental health since the arrival of IDPs.

“More than a third of the surveyed hosts report a reduced access to healthcare and a deterioration in their perceived physical and mental health since the arrival of IDPs in the area.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Opportunities are more diverse for the host community: some have businesses in town, others receive remittances from family abroad, and still others work for the government, NGOs or private companies in Mogadishu.

“Opportunities are more diverse for the host community.Some members of the local community have businesses in town, others receive remittances from their family abroad, and still others work for the government, NGOs or private companies in Mogadishu.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

There are reports of violence and abuse against women and children, and several humanitarian organisations are dedicating programmes to protect and assist them.

“There are reports of violence and abuse against women and children, however, and several humanitarian organisations are dedicating programmes to protect and assist them.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Some displaced children support their families instead of going to school, others resort to begging, and many survive thanks to food assistance from humanitarian organisations.

“Some children support their families instead of going to school.Others have to resort to begging.Many survive thanks to food assistance from humanitarian organisations.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

That was the case for only 9% of men, but 24% of women.

“That was the case for only 9 per cent for men, but 24 per cent of women.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The main security concern in the IDP settlement seems to be al Shabaab.

“The main security concern in the IDP settlement seems to be al Shabaab”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Eighty-eight per cent of those who became unemployed remained so for more than six months, including all the men and 86% of the women.

“Eighty-eight per cent of those who became unemployed remained so for more than six months, including all the men and 86 per cent of the women.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Only 35% of IDPs found another job soon after arriving in the host area (61% of men and 24% of women), but 44% became unemployed (26% of men and 52% of women).

“Only 35 per cent found another job soon after arriving in the host area (61 per cent of men and 24 per cent of women), but 44 per cent became unemployed (26 per cent of men and 52 per cent of women).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The perception of security remained the same for 61% of surveyed hosts, although 28% feel less safe since the IDPs arrived in the area, mostly because of increased theft and other criminal activities.

“The perception of security also remained the same for 61 per cent of the surveyed hosts, although 28 per cent feel less safe since the IDPs arrived in the area, mostly because of increased theft and other criminal activities.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Figure 3 illustrates the increase in average monthly income reported by surveyed hosts in 2019 compared with 2017: $71 more for men and $24 more for women.

“Figure 3 illustrates the increase in the average monthly income they reported in 2019, compared with 2017: $71 more for men and $24 more for women.”

May combine two claims.

54% of surveyed IDPs felt that their financial resources were enough to fulfil their needs and wants before displacement, but only 1% feel that way now.

“These findings are in line with other results: 54 per cent of surveyed IDPs felt that their financial resources were enough to fulfil their needs and wants before displacement, but only 1 per cent feel that way now.”

May combine two claims.

Another 20% of surveyed IDPs rented before displacement, paying an average of $34 per month.

“Another 20 per cent rented before they were displaced, paying an average of $34 per month.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The few IDPs who spend money on security spend an average of $2 per month, mostly on installing lights or paying for security guards.

“The few that do, spend an average of $2 per month, mostly on installing lights or paying for security guards.”

May combine two claims.

Surveyed members of the host community benefit from greater financial support from family and friends: more than a third reported receiving remittances, for an average monthly value of $113.

“Surveyed members of the host community also benefit from greater financial support from family and friends.More than a third reported receiving remittances, for an average monthly value of $113.”

May combine two claims.

Only 7% of surveyed IDPs reported receiving remittances, with an average monthly value of $33.

“Only 7 per cent of the surveyed IDPs reported receiving remittances.The average monthly value was $33.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The average monthly income of IDPs who managed to find work slightly decreased during the same time period.

“The average monthly income of IDPs who managed to find work, however, slightly decreased during the same time period”

May combine two claims.

Seventy-seven per cent of surveyed IDPs owned their own home before displacement, with an estimated average worth of $2,430.

“Seventy-seven per cent of surveyed IDPs, before their displacement, owned their own home, with an estimated average worth of $2,430.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

There is a more than three-fold difference between the average income in the surveyed host community and in the surveyed displaced one.

“and there is a more than three-fold difference between the average income in the surveyed host community and in the surveyed displaced one.”

May combine two claims.

Most surveyed IDPs, 88%, feel as safe now as they did before they were displaced, while 7% feel less safe and 4% more so.

“Most surveyed IDPs, 88 per cent, feel as safe now as they did before they were displaced, while 7 per cent feel less safe and 4 per cent more so (Figure 6).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

As IDPs are not included in the initial list of beneficiaries, there is not enough aid for everyone, and confrontation ensues.

“As they are not included in the initial list of beneficiaries, there is not enough for everyone.Confrontation ensues.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Only 5% of IDPs spend money on security today, compared with 8% before their displacement.

“Only 5 per cent of IDPs spend money on security today, compared with 8 per cent before their displacement.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

IDPs most often find temporary manual work, washing clothes and cleaning houses for the host community or collecting garbage.

“IDPs most often find temporary manual work, washing clothes and cleaning houses for the host community or collecting garbage.”

May combine two claims.

In the host community, 56% of respondents feel that their resources are enough today, up from 49% before 2017.

“In the host community, 56 per cent of the respondents feel that their resources are enough today, up from 49 per cent before 2017.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Host community members spend $7 per month on average on security, mostly on security guards, lighting and locks.

“They spend $7 per month on average, mostly on security guards, lighting and locks.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Security incidents in the IDP settlement are managed by dedicated committees that liaise with the local administration when needed.

“Security incidents in the IDP settlement are managed by dedicated committees that liaise with the local administration when needed.”

May combine two claims.

The surveyed IDPs in this case study left their homes in the aftermath of drought, not as a result of conflict or violence.

“The surveyed IDPs in this case study left their homes in the aftermath of drought, not as a result of conflict or violence.”

May combine two claims.

Results from surveyed IDPs show that 41% of displaced boys in Banadir are going to school, up from 29% before their displacement.

“Results from surveyed IDPs show that 41 per cent of the displaced boys in Banadir are going to school, up from 29 per cent before their displacement (Figure 9).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The group al Shabaab threatens IDPs into returning so that they can once again collect animals or taxes from them there.

“The group threatens IDPs into returning so that they can once again collect animals or taxes from them there.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Financial difficulties are the main obstacle to education for displaced children.

“Financial difficulties are the main obstacle to education for displaced children.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

More than 66% of displaced families who now send their children to school are more satisfied with education in the host area, mostly because school is free, accessible and has good teachers.

“More than 66 per cent of displaced families who now send their children to school are more satisfied with education in the host area.This is mostly because school is free, accessible and has good teachers.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Children from the host community go to school outside of the camp, often to private schools that charge for registration, extra classes, uniforms, meals, books and supplies; the average cost of education for host community children is $13 per month.

“Children from the host community go to school outside of the camp, often to private schools that charge for registration, and for extra classes, uniforms, meals, books and supplies.The average cost of education for host community children is $13 per month.”

May combine two claims.

Surveyed families had a reason before their displacement for not sending their boys to school; the main reason was that the boys were old enough to work.

“Surveyed families had a reason before their displacement for not sending their boys to school.The main reason, they said, was that the boys were old enough to work.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The host community mostly lives in permanent houses made of stone or brick and equipped with piped water, contrasting with IDPs who mostly live in makeshift tents.

“The host community mostly lives in permanent houses made of stone or brick and equipped with piped water.This contrasts with the housing conditions of IDPs who mostly live in makeshift tents.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Few incidents are reported between IDPs and the local population, and most occur during food and aid distribution.

“Few incidents are reported between IDPs and the local population, and most occur during food and aid distribution.”

May combine two claims.

Sixty-one per cent of IDPs reported no additional housing expense, while 37% bought extra materials or tools to improve their dwelling, paying an average of $16.

“Sixty-one per cent of them reported no additional expense, while 37 per cent bought extra materials or tools to improve their dwelling, paying an average of $16.”

May combine two claims.

The quality of housing for IDPs is rarely adequate; drinkable water is available for free in the camp, but there are not enough taps.

“The quality of housing, however, is rarely adequate.Drinkable water is available for free in the camp, but there are not enough taps.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Some displaced children have problems because they speak a different language than the one used in school, and others seem to have difficulties adjusting to the stress of a new urban environment after having lived in a rural one.

“Some children have problems because they speak a different language than the one used in school.Others seem to have difficulties adjusting to the stress of a new urban environment after having lived in a rural one.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

When IDPs first arrive in the host area, they are unaware of the school services available to their children and may need to focus on other emergencies before looking into schooling.

“When IDPs first arrive in the host area, they are unaware of the school services available to their children.They also may need to focus on other emergencies before looking into schooling.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

IDPs are sometimes forced to pay to stay in the places where they found refuge and fear forced and even violent evictions.

“IDPs are sometimes forced to pay to stay in the places where they found refuge and fear forced and even violent evictions.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Most displaced parents are nomads, did not go to school, are completely unfamiliar with the education system, and do not necessarily think of sending their children to school, or may not know how to do so.

“Most of the displaced parents are nomads.They did not go to school, are completely unfamiliar with the education system and do not necessarily think of sending their children to school, or, if they do, may not know how to do so.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

There are reports of displaced children feeling stigmatised and demoralised for going to school without a uniform, though uniforms are no longer mandatory for displaced children who cannot afford them.

“There are also reports of displaced children feeling stigmatised and demoralised for going to school without a uniform, though uniforms are no longer mandatory for displaced children who cannot afford them.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Once displaced children enrol, their education keeps being interrupted, which can happen when short-term humanitarian funding to organisations that provide education runs out or as a result of repeat evictions.

“Once they enrol, displaced children find their education keeps being interrupted.That can happen when short-term humanitarian funding to organisations that provide education runs out.It can also be the result of repeat evictions.”

May combine two claims.

Cost was a barrier to schooling before displacement for 25% of boys and 33% of girls, but the percentage of respondents who identified it as the main barrier in the home area rose to 95% for boys and 88% for girls.

“Cost was a barrier to schooling before displacement for 25 per cent of the boys and 33 per cent of the girls, but the percentage of respondents who identified it as the main barrier in the home area rose to 95 per cent for boys and 88 per cent for girls.”

May combine two claims.

A third of surveyed hosts had to pay additional housing expenses since the IDPs arrived in the area, at an average cost of $24 per month.

“A third had to pay additional housing expenses since the IDPs arrived in the area, at an average cost of $24 per month.”

May combine two claims.

For displaced girls in Banadir, 29% are going to school, down from 45% in their home area.

“This is, however, not the case for displaced girls in Banadir, 29 per cent of whom are going to school, down from 45 per cent in their home area.”

May combine two claims.

Primary school in the IDP settlement is generally free of charge, but families must pay other expenses including school supplies and transportation; costs increase for secondary school, which is only available outside the settlement.

“Primary school in the IDP settlement is generally free of charge, but families must pay other expenses, including school supplies and transportation.Costs increase for secondary school, which is only available outside of the settlement.”

May combine two claims.

In their host area, surveyed IDPs rarely pay for housing: 81% live in a shelter that was given to them.

“In their host area, surveyed IDPs rarely pay for housing: Eighty-one per cent of respondents live in a shelter that was given to them.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The arrival of IDPs in the area has not affected the host community's level of satisfaction with their children's education: 85% are as satisfied today as they were before 2017, and 14% are more satisfied.

“The arrival of IDPs in the area has not affected the host community's level of satisfaction with their children's education: 85 per cent are as satisfied today as they were before 2017, and 14 per cent are more satisfied.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Several organisations provide shelter and non-food items to IDPs, but IDPs do not receive this support immediately and it is insufficient to ensure decent housing for all.

“Several organisations provide shelter and non-food items to IDPs, including Save Somali Women and Children, the International Red Cross, the Danish Refugee Council and Waafi Charity.IDPs do not receive this support immediately, however, and it is insufficient to ensure decent housing for all.”

May combine two claims.

In the host community, 39% of respondents feel worried, nervous, angry or sad more often now than before the IDPs arrived in the area, compared with 21% feeling so less often.

“In the host community, 39 per cent of the respondents feel worried, nervous, angry or sad more often now than before the IDPs arrived in the area.That compares with 21 per cent feeling so less often.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The average cost of education for host community children is nearly three times the average cost for IDPs.

“That is nearly three times the average cost for IDPs.”

May combine two claims.

Free health facilities intended for IDPs are also open to the host community; those who can afford private facilities prefer them as better equipped and less crowded.

“Free health facilities intended for IDPs are also open to the host community.Those who can afford private facilities, however, prefer them as better equipped and less crowded.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Access to school has improved overall for displaced children in their host area, but access to quality education is still very limited.

“Access to school has improved overall for displaced children in their host area, but access to quality education is still very limited.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Aid is reaching some IDPs and providing much needed support in health, education and other priority areas.

“Aid is reaching some IDPs and providing much needed support in health, education and other priority areas.”

May combine two claims.

More than 60% of surveyed IDPs report no difference in their perceived physical health, but 25% feel better than before they were displaced.

“More than 60 per cent of surveyed IDPs report no difference in their perceived physical health, but 25 per cent feel better than before they were displaced (Figure 19).”

May combine two claims.

Results for surveyed IDPs show challenges in securing a decent income and significant financial losses, but also improved access to school and healthcare.

“Results for surveyed IDPs show challenges in securing a decent income and significant financial losses, but also improved access to school and healthcare.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

For secondary healthcare, including complications and chronic diseases, treatment must be found further away and paid for, something IDPs and locals with limited resources can rarely do.

“For secondary healthcare, including complications and chronic diseases, however, treatment must be found further away and paid for, something IDPs and locals with limited resources can rarely do.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Both IDPs and members of the host community suffer from the same common diseases, including malaria, flu and whooping cough.

“Both IDPs and members of the host community suffer from the same common diseases, including malaria, flu and whooping cough.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Mental disorders have also been reported in the displaced population.

“Mental disorders have also been reported in the displaced population.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

There is no free health care outside the camps, and private facilities, which charge $7 to $20 per visit, reportedly charge more than they did before the IDPs arrival.

“There is no free health care outside the camps, and private facilities, which charge $7 to $20 per visit, reportedly charge more than they did before the IDPs arrival.”

May combine two claims.

Surveyed hosts reported principal concerns since the arrival of IDPs: poor hygiene and sanitation within the displaced community and their effect on health; reduced access to education and healthcare; increased insecurity; and a rise in the costs of rents and utilities.

“Surveyed hosts also reported on their principal concerns since the arrival of the IDPs.These included poor hygiene and sanitation within the displaced community and their affect on health; reduced access to education and healthcare; increased insecurity and a rise in the costs of rents and utilities.”

May combine two claims.

The improvement in surveyed IDPs' health is in line with findings that 28% of them have better access to healthcare now than before they were displaced.

“The improvement in surveyed IDPs' health is in line with findings that show that 28 per cent of them have better access to healthcare now than before they were displaced (Figure 20).”

May combine two claims.

A third of surveyed hosts find their health has worsened and link it to improper sanitation and the outbreak of diseases in the IDP settlement.

“A third finds their health has worsened and link it to improper sanitation and the outbreak of diseases in the IDP settlement.”

May combine two claims.

Another 11% of surveyed IDPs, comprised especially of women, feel that their health has worsened, and cite a lack of access to sanitation, inadequate hygiene, poor housing conditions, and insufficient food.

“Another 11 per cent, comprised especially of women, feel that their health has worsened, and cite a lack of access to sanitation, inadequate hygiene, poor housing conditions, and insufficient food.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Before newcomers can receive support, they must register and wait, sometimes for months, for humanitarian organisations to include them in their budgets and get the funds needed for assistance.

“Before newcomers can receive support, however, they must register and wait, sometimes for months, for humanitarian organisations to include them in their budgets and get the funds needed for assistance.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The quality of education available to displaced children in the camps is considered much lower than that available to children outside them, as teachers in the camps rarely have training.

“The quality of the education available to displaced children in the camps is considered much lower than that available to children outside them, as teachers in the camps rarely have training.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Government-run schools provide education free to all children, but displaced children live too far away to attend them.

“Government-run schools provide education free to all children, but displaced children live too far away to attend them.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Most surveyed IDPs, and particularly men, feel less worried, nervous, angry or sad now than before they were displaced.

“Most surveyed IDPs, and particularly men, feel less worried, nervous, angry or sad now than before they were displaced (Figure 15).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Teachers' salaries range from $300 a month in private schools in the city to $80 inside the IDP settlement.

“Reflecting that difference, teachers' salaries range from $300 a month in private schools in the city to $80 inside the IDP settlement.”

May combine two claims.

Surveyed hosts report greater access to free healthcare in 2019 compared with before 2017: from 12% to 42% for surveyed IDPs and from 16% to 28% for surveyed hosts.

“hosts, however, report greater access to free healthcare in 2019 compared with before 2017: from 12 per cent to 42 per cent for surveyed IDPs and from 16 per cent to 28 per cent for surveyed hosts (Figure21).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Sub-Saharan Africa accounted for the highest number of IDPs and new displacements associated with conflict and violence in 2018.

“Sub-Saharan Africa accounted for the highest number of IDPs and new displacements associated with conflict and violence in 2018.”

• cites [1] 1. IDMC, Global Report on Internal Displacement 2019, May 2019.Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Sub-Saharan Africa registered a historically high number of new displacements associated with disasters in 2018.

“It also registered a historically high number of new displacements associated with disasters.1”

• cites [1] 1. IDMC, Global Report on Internal Displacement 2019, May 2019.Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The first estimate of the economic impact of internal displacement in sub-Saharan Africa, published in November 2019, amounted to $4 billion a year.

“The first estimate of the economic impact of internal displacement in sub-Saharan, published in November 2019, amounted to $4 billion a year. 2”

• cites [2] 2. IDMC, Unveiling the cost of internal displacement in Africa, December 2019. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

IDPs also suffer a degradation in their education, security and environment.

“They also suffer a degradation in their education, security and environment.”

• cites [4] 4. IDMC, The Ripple Effect: Multidimensional impacts of inter- nal displacement, 2018.Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

The four case studies demonstrate the diversity of internal displacement's consequences and possible responses by governments and their partners in supporting IDPs and host communities.

“These four case studies demonstrate the diversity of internal displacement's consequences and possible responses by governments and their partners in supporting IDPs and host communities.”

May combine two claims.

IDPs often experience a deterioration in their livelihoods, health, social life, housing and access to infrastructure.

“Internally displaced people (IDPs) often experience a deterioration in their livelihoods, health, social life, housing and access to infrastructure.4”

• cites [4] 4. IDMC, The Ripple Effect: Multidimensional impacts of inter- nal displacement, 2018.Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Sub-Saharan Africa is the region with the most people living in internal displacement associated with conflict or violence, with nearly 16.5 million at the end of 2018.

“Sub-Saharan Africa is the region with the most people living in internal displacement associated with conflict or violence, with nearly 16.5 million at the end of 2018. 3”

• cites [3] 3. IDMC, Global Report on Internal Displacement 2019, May 2019.Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Disasters led to more than 2.5 million new displacements in sub-Saharan Africa in 2018, a historical record.

“Disasters also led to more than 2.5 million new displacements last year, a historical record.”

• cites [3] 3. IDMC, Global Report on Internal Displacement 2019, May 2019.Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Sub-Saharan Africa is where most new displacement associated with conflict and violence occurred in 2018.

“It is where most new displacement associated with conflict and violence occurred in 2018.”

• cites [3] 3. IDMC, Global Report on Internal Displacement 2019, May 2019.Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The survey tool used in the report's case studies is a first step towards filling a major gap in knowledge about the economic impacts of internal displacement.

“The survey tool used in this report's case studies is a first step towards filling this major gap in knowledge.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

About 2.9 million new displacements associated with conflict were recorded in Ethiopia in 2018, the highest figure worldwide.

“About 2.9 million new displacements associated with conflict were recorded in Ethiopia in 2018, the highest figure worldwide.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The results presented in the report must be understood as representative only of the people surveyed, and not of the entire population of IDPs or hosts in each country.

“The results presented in this report must be understood as representative only of the people surveyed, and not of the entire population of IDPs or hosts in each country.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

If the psychological trauma and stress of displacement are not immediately and effectively addressed, they could impact the lives of affected people long after displacement has ended.

“If the psychological trauma and stress of displacement are not immediately and effectively addressed, they could impact the lives of affected people long after displacement has ended.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

All interviewees in Eswatini were selected from the list of beneficiaries of the National Disaster Management Agency's support.

“All interviewees were selected from the list of beneficiaries of the National Disaster Management Agency's support.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Assessing the full range of economic impacts of internal displacement requires data that is rarely available and models that have yet to be developed.

“Assessing the full range of economic impacts requires data that is rarely available and models that have yet to be developed.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Drought caused by El Nino severely affected food security for 600,000 people in Eswatini in 2016, prompting a humanitarian response from the European Union and several United Nations agencies.

“Drought caused by El Nino severely affected food security for 600,000 people in 2016, prompting a humanitarian response from the European Union and several United Nations agencies.7”

• cites [7] 7. OCHA, SOUTHERN AFRICA: Humanitarian Snapshot (July - August 2018), 2018; European Commission, European Civil Protection and Humanitarian Aid Operations: Southern Africa and Indian Ocean, 2018.Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Fighting and displacement that began along the border between the Oromia and Somali regions in 2017 continued in 2018 and was aggravated by drought, which increased competition for scarce resources.

“Fighting and displacement that began along the border between the Oromia and Somali regions in 2017 continued in 2018 and was aggravated by drought, which increased competition for scarce resources.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

At the global level, the cost of internal displacement is estimated at $13 billion a year, $4 billion for sub-Saharan Africa alone, and that only accounts for some of the most immediate impacts of displacement.

“At the global level, this cost is estimated at $13 billion a year, $4 billion for sub-Saharan Africa alone, and that only accounts for some of the most immediate impacts of displacement.5”

• cites [5] 5. IDMC, Unveiling the cost of internal displacement, February 2019; IDMC, Unveiling the cost of internal displacement in Africa, December 2019. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

The existence of a disaster management and preparedness system and the recognition of home ownership prior to the disaster allowed the government to support IDPs in Eswatini.

“The existence of a disaster management and preparedness system and the recognition of home ownership prior to the disaster allowed the government to support IDPs.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Eswatini provides primary education to all children and has achieved universal enrolment for both boys and girls.

“Eswatini provides primary education to all children and has achieved universal enrolment for both boys and girls.”

May combine two claims.