Indigenous knowledge in sustainable forest management: Community-based approaches achieve greater success
Open accessAbstract
Forests continue to play a critical part in the spiritual and cultural life of Aboriginal people. In Canada, the past two centuries have seen Aboriginal people largely excluded from forest management activities. This has begun to gradually change due to ongoing Aboriginal efforts in the courts as well as to recognition of the potential contribution of Indigenous Knowledge to sustainable forest management.
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1 of 17 cited sources checked · 1 supported · 0 flagged
- Findingreasoning
These responses generally yielded less than satisfactory results.
“These responses generally yielded less than satisfactory results.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The interview respondents' reports of success and failure in the consultation process accurately reflect the actual success and failure of those processes.
- Findingcitation
These processes were largely community-driven in terms of the way in which they were carried out.
“These processes were thus largely community-driven in terms of the way in which they were carried out.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites McGregor 2000
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Rests on an assumption: The interview respondents' reports of success and failure in the consultation process accurately reflect the actual success and failure of those processes.
- Findingown data
Interviews with Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal participants in Ontario's new forest management planning process indicate that the process has yielded some hopeful results in terms of Aboriginal involvement in certain instances.
“Interviews conducted with both Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal participants in Ontario's new forest management planning process indicate that this recently developed process has nonetheless yielded some hopeful results in terms of Aboriginal involvement in certain instances.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The interview respondents' reports of success and failure in the consultation process accurately reflect the actual success and failure of those processes.
- Findingcitation
There was a key difference between the processes identified by those involved as successful and those considered unsuccessful.
“As discussed in McGregor (2000), there was a key difference between the processes that were identified by those involved as “successful,” from those that were considered “unsuccessful.””
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites McGregor 2000
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Rests on an assumption: The interview respondents' reports of success and failure in the consultation process accurately reflect the actual success and failure of those processes.
- Findingreasoning
Ontario's flexible framework has permitted a few situations to develop where more meaningful Aboriginal involvement has been achieved than has generally been seen in Canada.
“This has permitted a few situations to develop where more meaningful Aboriginal involvement has been achieved than has generally been seen in this country.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The cases of successful Aboriginal participation in Ontario's forest management planning are sufficiently representative to support broader conclusions about Indigenous Knowledge incorporation in sustainable forest management.
- Findingreasoning
In those cases where external interests controlled the process, Aboriginal groups found themselves trying to tailor their responses to fit into categories previously defined from a non-Native viewpoint.
“By contrast, in those cases where external interests controlled the process, Aboriginal groups found themselves trying to tailor their responses to fit into categories previously defined from a non-Native viewpoint.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The interview respondents' reports of success and failure in the consultation process accurately reflect the actual success and failure of those processes.
- Findingreasoning
The Native Values Mapping process has resulted in a great deal of variation across Ontario as to how the process has been carried out.
“This has resulted in a great deal of variation across Ontario as to how the process has been carried out.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The interview respondents' reports of success and failure in the consultation process accurately reflect the actual success and failure of those processes.
- Findingcitation
Those processes that worked best tended to focus on using project resources to provide flexible support to the Aboriginal groups involved so that they could engage in the process and contribute such input as they believed appropriate.
“Those processes that worked best tended to focus on using project resources to provide flexible support to the Aboriginal groups involved so that they could engage in the process and contribute such input as they believed appropriate.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites McGregor 2000
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Rests on an assumption: The interview respondents' reports of success and failure in the consultation process accurately reflect the actual success and failure of those processes.
- Findingreasoning
In the most successful examples, non-Native parties recognized that Aboriginal people needed control over the Native Values Mapping process in order for it to be effective.
“In the most successful examples, non-Native parties recognized that Aboriginal people needed control over the Native Values Mapping process in order for it to be effective.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The interview respondents' reports of success and failure in the consultation process accurately reflect the actual success and failure of those processes.
- Findingown data
Both Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal interview respondents most often described the Aboriginal consultation process as a success where control over the nature and methods of sharing information was relinquished to the participating Aboriginal communities.
“It was found that both Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal interview respondents most often described the Aboriginal consultation process to be a success where control over the nature and methods of sharing of information was relinquished to the participating Aboriginal communities.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The interview respondents' reports of success and failure in the consultation process accurately reflect the actual success and failure of those processes.
- Findingcitation
As a result, both parties have felt that greater success has been achieved than when non-Native interests retained control and attempted to have the Aboriginal parties respond within a rigid, pre-defined framework.
“As a result, both parties have felt that greater success has been achieved than when non-Native interests retained control and attempted to have the Aboriginal parties respond within a rigid, pre-defined framework”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites McGregor 2000
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Rests on an assumption: The interview respondents' reports of success and failure in the consultation process accurately reflect the actual success and failure of those processes.
- Premisecitation
In Canada, the past two centuries have seen Aboriginal people largely excluded from forest management activities.
“In Canada, the past two centuries have seen Aboriginal people largely excluded from forest management activities.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites RCAP 1996b
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisereasoning
Aboriginal methods of sharing Indigenous Knowledge are rarely considered as legitimate forms of inquiry.
“Aboriginal methods of sharing Indigenous Knowledge are rarely considered as legitimate forms of inquiry.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisereasoning
Ontario's Forest Management Planning Process presents an example of an attempt to develop a framework for the formal and systematic inclusion of Indigenous Knowledge in sustainable forest management.
“Although under review at this time, Ontario's Forest Management Planning Process presents an interesting example of an attempt to develop a framework for the formal and systematic inclusion of Indigenous Knowledge in sustainable forest management.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Given appropriate support, Aboriginal people will share Indigenous Knowledge using traditional community-based methods.
“Given appropriate support, however, Aboriginal people will share Indigenous Knowledge using traditional community-based methods.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Barriers to Aboriginal participation were set up through discriminatory policies and practices including the denial of treaty rights and obligations, Aboriginal rights, Indigenous Knowledge and other potential Aboriginal contributions.
“For many years, barriers to Aboriginal participation were set up through discriminatory policies and practices including the denial of treaty rights and obligations, Aboriginal rights, Indigenous Knowledge and other potential Aboriginal contributions.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites RCAP 1996b
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation
The EA Board's decision set out three major components that would require increased Aboriginal participation in the forest management planning process to be developed by the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources: the Native Consultation Process, the Native Values Mapping Process, and Term and Condition 77.
“The EA Board's decision set out three major components that would require increased Aboriginal participation in the forest management planning process to be developed by the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources.These were the Native Consultation Process, the Native Values Mapping Process, and Term and Condition 77.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites EA Board 1994
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation
Ontario's new forest management planning process was developed as a result of the findings of the Timber Management Hearings held by the Ontario Environmental Assessment Board.
“This new process was developed as a result of the findings of the Timber Management Hearings held by the Ontario Environmental Assessment Board.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites EA Board 1994
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisereasoning
Aboriginal groups generally recognize the importance of sharing their knowledge with others in order to advance or protect their own interests as well as to benefit society as a whole.
“Aboriginal groups generally recognize the importance of sharing their knowledge with others in order to advance or protect their own interests as well as to benefit society as a whole.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationnone given
It is most often non-Native processes imposed upon Aboriginal groups that make them reluctant to share Indigenous Knowledge.
“It is most often non-Native processes imposed upon them that make them reluctant to do so.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Of the three components, the primary mechanism for the inclusion of Indigenous Knowledge is the Native Values Mapping Process.
“Of the three components, the primary mechanism for the inclusion of Indigenous Knowledge is the Native Values Mapping Process (Brubacher andMcGregor 1998, McGregor 2000).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Brubacher andMcGregor 1998
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites McGregor 2000
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationreasoning
The value of this information to Aboriginal people is such that they are much more likely to share it in situations where they can see a sincere, long-term commitment to this kind of relationship by all parties.
“The value of this information to Aboriginal people is such that they are much more likely to share it in situations where they can see a sincere, long-term commitment to this kind of relationship by all parties.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The cases of successful Aboriginal participation in Ontario's forest management planning are sufficiently representative to support broader conclusions about Indigenous Knowledge incorporation in sustainable forest management.
- Interpretationreasoning
At this time it seems that the key ingredient is building and sustaining Aboriginal/non-Aboriginal relationships to foster a mutual exchange of information, a component of which would be the respectful sharing of Indigenous Knowledge.
“At this time it seems that the key ingredient is building and sustaining Aboriginal/non-Aboriginal relationships to foster a mutual exchange of information, a component of which would be the respectful sharing of Indigenous Knowledge.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The cases of successful Aboriginal participation in Ontario's forest management planning are sufficiently representative to support broader conclusions about Indigenous Knowledge incorporation in sustainable forest management.
- Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 16
- May combine two claims. 12
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationCanada is a signatory nation to international protocols, such as the Convention on Biological Diversity, which recognize the potential importance of Indigenous Knowledge to sustainable resource management.
“Canada is a signatory nation to international protocols, such as the Convention on Biological Diversity, which recognize the potential importance of Indigenous Knowledge to sustainable resource management (Higgins 1998).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites Higgins 1998 source
May combine two claims.
FindingcitationAccording to the Ph.D. research presented in McGregor (2000), examples of success in the inclusion of Indigenous Knowledge in sustainable forest management planning have been achieved where sufficient flexibility has been incorporated into the process to allow communities to bring forth information that they see as important and appropriate, and in a manner which maintains the proper context of
“According to the Ph.D. research presented in McGregor (2000), examples of success in the inclusion of Indigenous Knowledge in sustainable forest management planning have been achieved where sufficient flexibility has been incorporated into the process to allow communities to bring forth information that they see as important and appropriate, and in a manner which maintains the proper context of”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites McGregor 2000
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Rests on an assumption: The interview respondents' reports of success and failure in the consultation process accurately reflect the actual success and failure of those processes.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Findingown dataAn example from the research in Ontario involved a First Nation hosting a community feast where Elders or other knowledge holders shared their experience with each other and the community as a whole, in particular with the younger generation.
“An interesting example, discussed during the research I undertook in Ontario, involved a First Nation hosting a community feast where Elders or other knowledge holders shared their experience with each other and the community as whole, in particular with the younger generation.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The interview respondents' reports of success and failure in the consultation process accurately reflect the actual success and failure of those processes.
May combine two claims.
FindingreasoningAboriginal groups were able to respond with much more meaningful information that provided valuable insights to the forest management planning process and also supplied benefits to their own communities.
“Aboriginal groups were able to respond with much more meaningful information that provided valuable insights to the forest management planning process and also supplied benefits to their own communities.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The interview respondents' reports of success and failure in the consultation process accurately reflect the actual success and failure of those processes.
May combine two claims.
FindingcitationWhile in many cases the Native Values Mapping process has not been a great success, there are examples where all parties involved report significant achievements in terms of the process and the utilization of Indigenous Knowledge.
“While in many cases the process has not been a great success, there are examples of where all parties involved report significant achievements in terms of the Native Values Mapping process and the utilization of Indigenous Knowledge.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The interview respondents' reports of success and failure in the consultation process accurately reflect the actual success and failure of those processes.
May combine two claims.
FindingcitationProcesses that were still largely externally controlled were far less effective and did not yield satisfactory results.
“In contrast, processes that were still largely externally controlled were far less effective and did not yield satisfactory results (McGregor 2000).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites McGregor 2000
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Rests on an assumption: The interview respondents' reports of success and failure in the consultation process accurately reflect the actual success and failure of those processes.
May combine two claims.
FindingcitationThis involves the relinquishment of a degree of control over the process by non-Native participants, demonstrates trust between the parties, and has resulted in more meaningful information being shared.
“While this involves the relinquishment of a degree of control over the process by non-Native participants, it demonstrates trust between the parties and has resulted in more meaningful information being shared.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites McGregor 2000
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Rests on an assumption: The interview respondents' reports of success and failure in the consultation process accurately reflect the actual success and failure of those processes.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
Interpretationnone givenInvolving Indigenous Knowledge, which flows from Aboriginal world view, philosophy, and ethics, requires the meaningful long term participation of Aboriginal people.
“Involving this knowledge, which flows from Aboriginal world view, philosophy, and ethics as expressed in various traditional teachings and practices, requires the meaningful long term participation of Aboriginal people.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.
Premisenone givenDespite improvements, the potential contribution of Indigenous Knowledge to sustainable forest management remains poorly understood and is far from fully explored.
“Despite such improvements, the potential contribution of Indigenous Knowledge to sustainable forest management remains poorly understood and is far from fully explored.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).
Premisenone givenThere is enough flexibility in Ontario's sustainable forest management framework to allow for change and improvement where all participants desire as much.
“This is not to say that Ontario's policies on Aboriginal participation are vastly different from other programs, but that there is enough flexibility in Ontario's sustainable forest management framework to allow for change and improvement where all participants desire as much.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisereasoningAn ongoing forestry paradigm shift away from sustained yield and towards more sustainable forestry in which a broader set of values, including social and cultural considerations, must be addressed is adding to a climate of increasing Aboriginal participation.
“Key among these is an ongoing forestry paradigm shift away from sustained yield and towards more sustainable forestry in which a broader set of values, including social and cultural considerations, must be addressed.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).
Premisenone givenThe situation is now changing in large part due to the continued struggle by Aboriginal people for the recognition of their rights, both nationally and internationally.
“This situation is now changing in large part due to the continued struggle by Aboriginal people for the recognition of their rights, both nationally and internationally.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.
Interpretationown dataInvolving Indigenous Knowledge stands to benefit both Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal society as well as the forests upon which we all depend.
“It also stands to benefit both Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal society as well as the forests upon which we all depend.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationThe broader field of Indigenous Knowledge research in Canada continues to be largely dominated by interests external to Aboriginal communities and by methodologies that are rooted in the western social sciences.
“The broader field of Indigenous Knowledge research in Canada continues to be largely dominated by interests external to Aboriginal communities and by methodologies that are rooted in the western social sciences (AFN 1995 ).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites AFN 1995
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationInternational recognition has brought greater attention to the issue of Indigenous Knowledge in sustainable resource management on a national level.
“This international recognition has in turn brought greater attention to the issue on a national level (CCFM 1998).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites CCFM 1998
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisereasoningThe Native Values Mapping process in forest management planning is locally conducted, which leaves a significant amount of flexibility for groups to implement it as they see fit.
“Moreover, the Native Values Mapping process in forest management planning is locally conducted, which leaves a significant amount of flexibility for groups to implement it as they see fit.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningMapping offers only a limited form of protection of Native values, in contrast to the holistic manner in which Aboriginal people define them, but it does offer an opportunity for Native people to apply Indigenous Knowledge to the process.
“While mapping offers only a limited form of protection of Native values (in stark contrast to the holistic manner in which Aboriginal people define them), it does offer an opportunity for Native people to apply Indigenous Knowledge to the process.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Premisenone givenThe Native Values Mapping Process is intended to protect values of Native groups in or adjacent to a given management unit through the identification and documentation of sites that hold such values.
“The process is intended to protect values of Native groups in or adjacent to a given management unit through the identification and documentation of sites that hold such values.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Premisenone givenThis is slowly changing, and at least in some cases Aboriginal communities are beginning to have greater control over the process of sharing their knowledge.
“This is slowly changing, however, and at least in some cases Aboriginal communities are beginning to have greater control over the process of sharing their knowledge.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).
InterpretationreasoningIt is these sorts of processes, where Aboriginal people retain control over what information is to be shared and how that sharing will take place, that will provide long-term improvements in Indigenous Knowledge incorporation and sustainable forest management as a whole.
“It is these sorts of processes, where Aboriginal people retain control over what information is to be shared and how that sharing will take place, that will provide long-term improvements in Indigenous Knowledge incorporation and sustainable forest management as a whole.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The cases of successful Aboriginal participation in Ontario's forest management planning are sufficiently representative to support broader conclusions about Indigenous Knowledge incorporation in sustainable forest management.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
Interpretationown dataKnowledge in this setting was transmitted in its proper context, as has been done by Aboriginal people for thousands of years.
“Knowledge in this setting was transmitted in its proper context, as has been done by Aboriginal people for thousands of years.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationIn a Canadian forestry context, the history of Aboriginal exclusion is well established.
“In a Canadian forestry context, the history of Aboriginal exclusion is well established (RCAP 1996b).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites RCAP 1996b
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
The paper relies on this without support.
The interview respondents' reports of success and failure in the consultation process accurately reflect the actual success and failure of those processes.
“It was found that both Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal interview respondents most often described the Aboriginal consultation process to be a success where control over the nature and methods of sharing of information was relinquished to the participating Aboriginal communities.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The cases of successful Aboriginal participation in Ontario's forest management planning are sufficiently representative to support broader conclusions about Indigenous Knowledge incorporation in sustainable forest management.
“This has permitted a few situations to develop where more meaningful Aboriginal involvement has been achieved than has generally been seen in this country.”
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“LEK comprises people’s lived experiences and their dialectical interaction with the natural environment [13].”
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“For indigenous peoples, territoriality is linked to self-determination (McGregor, 2002; Tuhiwai Smith, 2013; Deloria, 1969) in that their traditional sustainable forest practices connect culture with nature and their collective identity aims to maintain the balance of ecosystem services, but also…”
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(2002) · The Forestry Chronicle · doi:10.5558/tfc78912-6
Kemp, C., Yarchuk, K., Menzies, A. K., Perron, N., Noganosh, S., Northrup, J. M., & Popp, J. N. (2026) · FACETS · doi:10.1139/facets-2025-0188
- Authors
- McGregor, D.
- Affiliations
- Canadian Forest Service (CA)
- Corresponding author
- McGregor, Deborah
- ORCID
- McGregor, Deborah
- Venue
- The Forestry Chronicle
- Publisher
- Canadian Institute of Forestry
- Published
- 2002-12-01
- Volume
- 78
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 833-836
- ISSN
- 0015-7546 (ISSN-L)
- 1499-9315
- OpenAlex
- W2071873594
- Cited by
- 32
- References
- 1
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 4 · 2019: 2 · 2017: 2 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 2.78
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The Forestry Chronicle (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Forest Management and Policy
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Indigenous Studies and Ecology
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Conservation, Biodiversity, and Resource Management
- Keywords
- indigenous knowledge, traditional ecological knowledge, sustainable forest management, Aboriginal peoples, community forestry, forest management planning, sustainable communities, Canada
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-10.
Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-10.
Cited sources are checked by gpt-6-sol.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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