Primary care management of non-specific low back pain: key messages from recent clinical guidelines

GRADE: an emerging consensus on rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations

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Noninvasive Treatments for Acute, Subacute, and Chronic Low Back Pain: A Clinical Practice Guideline From the American College of Physicians

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Comparison of stratified primary care management for low back pain with current best practice (STarT Back): a randomised controlled trial

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National Clinical Guidelines for non-surgical treatment of patients with recent onset low back pain or lumbar radiculopathy

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The prognosis of acute and persistent low-back pain: a meta-analysis

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Opioids for low back pain

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Low back pain and sciatica in over 16s: assessment and management NICE guideline [NG59].

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Primary care management of non‐specific low back pain: key messages from recent clinical guidelines

Lin, I. B., Mak, D. B., Coffin, J., & O’Sullivan, P. (2018) · The Medical Journal of Australia · doi:10.5694/mja18.00408 · Cited by 4

Pemberian Rekomendasi oleh Mahasiswa Farmasi pada Kasus Nyeri Pinggang di Setting Komunitas: Penelitian di Sebuah Institusi

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What do the general public believe about back pain? A scoping review of population-based studies

Chang, J. R., Maher, C. G., Sharma, S., Altinger, G., van Wyk, A., Wong, A. Y. L., Buchbinder, R., Bailly, F., Jenkins, H. J., & Traeger, A. C. (2026) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-026-26879-3 · Cited by 3

Qualitative Analysis of Illness Representations and Coping Perceptions Among Older Adults With Chronic Spinal Disability: “A Thought in the Back of My Mind”

Salsbury, S. A., & Maiers, M. (2021) · Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.jmpt.2022.02.003 · Cited by 3

Acute back pain – Role of injection techniques and surgery: WFNS spine committee recommendations

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DeVa (Decay Variance): A Novel Score Calculated via Postprocessing the Changes in Signal Intensity of an Intervertebral Disc in a T2 * Multi‐Echo Magnetic Resonance Image Can Quantify Painful and Degenerate Lumbar Vertebral Discs

Sima, S., Sial, A. W., Sharma, S., Ananthakrishnan, D., Kuan, J., & Diwan, A. D. (2025) · JOR Spine · doi:10.1002/jsp2.70056 · Cited by 3

Effects of Williams Exercise and McKenzie Exercise on Pain Level and Oswestry Disability Index in Chronic Low Back Pain Patients

Ko, D. H. (2022) · The Korean Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.5763/kjsm.2022.40.3.170 · Cited by 3

ACTIVATION OF LUMBAR SPINE STABILIZER MUSCLES IN PEOPLE WITH CHRONIC LOW BACK PAIN: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW

ARAUJO, W. J. D., BASTOS, M. S., & Bonvino, M. A. S. (2022) · Coluna/Columna · doi:10.1590/s1808-185120222103257247 · Cited by 3

Comparison of the Effects of Self-Myofascial Release and Combined Core Stabilization Exercises in Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation Students with Non-Specific Low Back Pain

Doğancalı, U., Çil, E. T., & Subaşı, F. (2023) · International Journal of Disabilities Sports & Health Sciences · doi:10.33438/ijdshs.1224969 · Cited by 4

Graded activity for chronic low back pain

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High levels of back disability, not back pain, are associated with reduced physical activity across key activity domains

Alyousef, B., Kazemi, Z., Cicuttini, F., Heritier, S. R., Wang, Y., & Urquhart, D. M. (2023) · Musculoskeletal Science and Practice · doi:10.1016/j.msksp.2023.102768 · Cited by 3

Incorporating evidence-based practice as standard of care

Ganesh, G. S. (2020) · European Journal of Physiotherapy · doi:10.1080/21679169.2020.1786163 · Cited by 3

Patient expectations of manual and non-manual therapy within an osteopathic consultation: A cross sectional study

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Evidenzbasiertes und individualisiertes Training für Schmerzpatient*innen

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Moderators of treatment effect of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for patients with (sub) acute low back pain: Protocol for a systematic review with individual participant data meta-analysis

Fu, Y., Madsen, S. D., Shaheed, C. A., de Zoete, A., Chiarotto, A., & Koes, B. W. (2024) · MethodsX · doi:10.1016/j.mex.2024.102713 · Cited by 2

The prognostic reasoning by physiotherapists of musculoskeletal disorders: A phenomenological exploratory study

Mullen, N., Ashby, S., Haskins, R., & Osmotherly, P. G. (2024) · Musculoskeletal Science and Practice · doi:10.1016/j.msksp.2024.103241 · Cited by 2

Perception gaps between healthcare professionals and people with CLBP: an online survey of current primary care management practices in the United Kingdom

Zhou, T. (2025) · Annals of Medicine · doi:10.1080/07853890.2025.2553216 · Cited by 2

Effect of core stability exercises and Russian electrical stimulation on nonspecific low back pain: a single-blinded randomized controlled trial

Nayel, N., Ezzat, H., Ahmed, S., & Saleh, H. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-28313-x · Cited by 2

Heatwrap and exercise in acute low back pain: a multi-arm randomised controlled trial

Côté‐Picard, C., Tittley, J., Mailloux, C., Desgagnés, A., Perreault, K., Mercier, C., Dionne, C. E., Roy, J., & Massé‐Alarie, H. (2026) · Musculoskeletal Science and Practice · doi:10.1016/j.msksp.2026.103587 · Cited by 2

Eficacia de la manipulación articular en el dolor lumbar crónico. Revisión sistemática y metaanálisis

Alimán, J. F. (2020) · Fisioterapia · doi:10.1016/j.ft.2020.10.004 · Cited by 2

Outcomes of the butler neural mobilization technique and manual therapy for chronic low back pain in patients with lumbar radiculopathy: A cross-sectional comparative study

Malik, A., Ramsha, M., & Samad, A. (2022) · doi:10.58398/0002.000002 · Cited by 2

Environmental Risk Assessment of Low Back Pain in ICU Nurses: An Instrument Development Study

Zhang, L., Liu, Y., & Yuan, S. (2023) · Journal of Nursing Management · doi:10.1155/2023/3649293 · Cited by 2

Physiotherapy assessment and treatment of patients with tibial external fixator: a systematic scoping review

Schell, M. S., de Araujo, F. X., & Silva, M. F. (2023) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09638288.2023.2202419 · Cited by 2

Lumbar lordotic change and its fulcrum in low back pain disorders: Radiographic evaluation

Okpala, F. O. (2020) · Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice · doi:10.4103/njcp.njcp_522_19 · Cited by 2

Low back pain management – What Australian community pharmacists recommend and how this compares to current clinical guidelines

Mishriky, J., Stupans, I., & Chan, V. (2021) · International Journal of Pharmacy Practice · doi:10.1093/ijpp/riab022 · Cited by 2

Consumer focused education on acetaminophen side effects, inadequate outcomes and weaning for individuals with low back pain: protocol for a feasibility study

Patterson, T., Turner, J. P., Gnjidic, D., Mintzes, B. J., Baysari, M. T., Bennett, C., Bywaters, L., Clavisi, O., Ferreira, M. L., Beckenkamp, P. R., et al. (2021) · International Journal of Clinical Trials · doi:10.18203/2349-3259.ijct20214108 · Cited by 2

Adverse Events Reported Across 15 Years of Multicenter Chiropractic Student Clinical Placements in Western Australia

Amorin-Woods, L., Cascioli, V., Losco, B. E., & Parkin-Smith, G. F. (2025) · Journal of Patient Safety · doi:10.1097/pts.0000000000001339 · Cited by 1

Comparison Of The Effectiveness Of Back School Exercises And Mckenzie Exercises In The Treatment Of Chronic Low Back Pain; A Randomized Controlled Trial”RCT

Nasreen, A., Majeed, Z., Awan, M. A. H., Maqbool, S., Asghar, H. M. U., Tahir, H., Butt, K., & Zaheer, B. (2022) · Pakistan BioMedical Journal · doi:10.54393/pbmj.v5i7.639 · Cited by 1

Australian General Practitioners' Use of Diagnostic Lumbar Spine Imaging for Patients With Acute Low Back Pain: A Qualitative Study

Rozbroj, T., Reed, B., O’Connor, D. A., Gelber, N. D., Bourne, A., Maher, C. G., & Buchbinder, R. (2025) · Musculoskeletal Care · doi:10.1002/msc.70099 · Cited by 1

Dutch translation, cross-cultural adaptation, validation, and reliability of the Back Pain Attitudes Questionnaire (Back-PAQ)

Vanderstraeten, R., Fourré, A., Demoulin, C., Westerweel, A., Meuleman, E. M., Anthierens, S., Michielsen, J., Darlow, B. J. S., Roussel, N. A., & Hutting, N. (2025) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09638288.2025.2487562 · Cited by 1

The Impact of a Physiotherapy-Led Virtual Clinic in a South Australian Hospital: A Quantitative and Qualitative Investigation

Jarrett, M., Beard, M., & Kumar, S. (2025) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare13172185 · Cited by 1

What do physiotherapists find useful in e-learning interventions to improve their knowledge, attitudes and beliefs on low back pain management: a nested qualitative study from an educational randomized clinical trial

Vanderstraeten, R., Fourré, A., Demoulin, C., Michielsen, J., Bastiaens, H., Roussel, N. A., & Anthierens, S. (2025) · BMC Family Practice · doi:10.1186/s12875-025-03032-4 · Cited by 1

Fizyoterapistlerin bel ağrısına yaklaşımları

Bahçacı, U., Çolak, T. K., & Acar, G. (2021) · Journal of Exercise Therapy and Rehabilitation · doi:10.15437/jetr.602789 · Cited by 1

Assessment of organizational readiness for implementing an online pain education program for chronic musculoskeletal pain in Brazilian public health context: a cross-sectional study

Baroni, M. P., Bomfim, R. A., Gallon, B. C., Bim, C. R., Hespanhol, L., & Saragiotto, B. T. (2026) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-026-15372-7 · Cited by 1

Acute back pain: minimizing the risks of therapy as the basis for effective treatment

Kasatkin, D. S. (2019) · S S Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry · doi:10.17116/jnevro201911911180 · Cited by 1

Primary care management of patients with pain complaints and the influence of physician training in mechanical diagnosis and therapy

Agarwal, V., Schenk, R., & Ross, M. D. (2020) · Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1007/s10389-020-01386-w · Cited by 1

Be Brave and Cool, Be Far From Low Back Pain: Kinesiophobia and Pain Catastrophizing Behaviour Can Cause Disability in Chronic Non-Specific Low Back Pain Patients Like the Other Maladaptive Psyschosocial Factors

Dal, Ç. N., & Ekinci, B. (2021) · Fiziksel Tıp ve Rehabilitasyon Bilimleri Dergisi · doi:10.31609/jpmrs.2020-80286 · Cited by 1

Exercise for chronic pain

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Chronic Pain: Perspective on the Second Wave

Adams, L. M., & Turk, D. C. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-11677-3_29 · Cited by 1

Advice and education for spinal pain

Zadro, J. R., & Elkins, M. R. (2022) · Journal of physiotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.jphys.2022.03.006 · Cited by 1

“Crying in a cupboard”: Five minutes with . . . Sarah Abrams

Mahase, E. (2023) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.p708 · Cited by 1

The Over-medicalisation of Low Back Pain: An Exigent Caribbean Crisis

Rauseo, C. (2021) · Caribbean Medical Journal · doi:10.48107/cmj.2021.03.002

Red and yellow flags for guiding imaging of lower back pain

Hacking, C., Bell, D. A., & Feger, J. (2019) · Radiopaedia.org · doi:10.53347/rid-65432

Clinical practice guidelines and best practice – A comment

Jull, G. A., & Moore, A. P. (2022) · Musculoskeletal Science and Practice · doi:10.1016/j.msksp.2022.102585

Physiotherapists’ perceptions of implementing STarT Back in New Zealand: A thematic analysis of focus group data

Chapple, C., McKenna, C., Hill, J., Ellis, R., Reid, D. W., Mani, R., Tumilty, S., & Baxter, D. G. (2022) · New Zealand Journal of Physiotherapy · doi:10.15619/nzjp/50.3.02

Critically appraised paper: In patients with acute low back or neck pain, a judicious short course of opioids did not reduce pain compared with placebo [commentary]

Langford, A. V. (2023) · Journal of physiotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.jphys.2023.08.002

Cross-cultural adaptation and psychometric properties of the Thai version of the neurophysiology of pain questionnaire

Pasangkayo, P. (2021) · doi:10.58837/chula.the.2021.316

Identification and Triage of Emergent Spinal Pathology via Telemedicine: A Case Report

Derian, J. M., Campbell, S. S., Hah, R. J., & Lantz, J. M. (2022) · JOSPT Cases · doi:10.2519/josptcases.2022.10820

Physical therapy and exercise

Poston, C., Verzosa, J., Brimhall, E. J., & Bricoune, O. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-15962-6.00006-0

Patients’ Experiences Participating Within an Interdisciplinary Primary Care Program for Low Back Pain

Gogovor, A., Hunt, M. R., Hovey, R. B., & Ahmed, S. (2025) · Journal of Patient Experience · doi:10.1177/23743735241311752

Effect of core stability exercises and Russian electrical stimulation on nonspecific low back pain: a randomized controlled trialPreprint

Nayel, N., Ezzat, H., Ahmed, S., & Saleh, H. (2025) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-6612460/v1

Cupping therapy for chronic non-specific low back pain

Saragiotto, B. T., Silva, H. J. D. A., Fandim, J. V., Rios, W. R. C., Barbosa, G. M., Silva, R. S., Jenkins, L. C., & de Souza, M. C. (2025) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd015269

Delphi Consensus Revealing the Thoughts of Pain Management and Referral Specialties on the Use of SCS for Chronic Back Pain Patients Not Suitable for Spine Surgery

Provenzano, D. A., Abd-Elsayed, A. A., Anițescu, M., Coric, D., Desai, M. J., Khalil, J. G., Kim, P., Petersen, E., & Roper, G. E. (2025) · Pain Practice · doi:10.1111/papr.70069

Influence of medicinal treatment on the course of nonspecific acute low back pain in older adults: generalized estimating equation using data from the BACE Study – Brazil

Caldeira, E. A. D. C., da Silva, S. L. A., Pereira, L. S. M., & Leite, I. C. G. (2025) · European Spine Journal · doi:10.1007/s00586-025-09323-9

Prevalence and Predictors of Opioid Use Before Spine Surgery: A Multicenter, Cross‐Sectional Observational Study

Liu, S., Stevens, J., Tran, C., Collins, A., Duff, J. S., Sutherland, J., Oddie, M. D., Naylor, J., Patanwala, A. E., Jauregui, K., et al. (2025) · Pharmacology Research & Perspectives · doi:10.1002/prp2.70172

Effectiveness and Cost-effectiveness of an Internet-Based Self-management Program for People With Chronic Pain: A Randomized Controlled Trial With Economic Evaluation (the ReabilitaDOR Trial)

Saragiotto, B. T., Fioratti, I., dos Reis, F. J. J., Fandim, J. V., Vallio, V., Costa, L. O. P., Maher, C. G., Yamato, T. P., & Miyamoto, G. C. (2025) · Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy · doi:10.2519/jospt.2025.13418

Additional file 1 of Multimorbidity and co-occurring musculoskeletal pain do not modify the effect of the selfBACK app on low back pain-related disability

Øverås, C. K., Nilsen, T. I. L., Nicholl, B. I., Rughani, G., Wood, K., Søgaard, K., Mair, F. S., & Hartvigsen, J. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.19135999

Additional file 5 of Feasibility of testing the effectiveness of a theory-informed intervention to reduce imaging for low back pain: a pilot cluster randomised controlled trial

Jenkins, H. J., French, S. D., Young, A., Moloney, N. A., Maher, C. G., MAGNUSSEN, J. S., Dear, B. F., & Hancock, M. J. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.22613644

Additional file 1 of Feasibility of testing the effectiveness of a theory-informed intervention to reduce imaging for low back pain: a pilot cluster randomised controlled trial

Jenkins, H. J., French, S. D., Young, A., Moloney, N. A., Maher, C. G., MAGNUSSEN, J. S., Dear, B. F., & Hancock, M. J. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.22613632

Additional file 1 of Efficacy, acceptability, and safety of antidepressants for low back pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Ferraro, M. C., Bagg, M. K., Wewege, M. A., Cashin, A. G., Leake, H. B., Rizzo, R. R. N., Jones, M. D., Gustin, S. M., Day, R., Loo, C. K. A., et al. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.14111264

Additional file 4 of Feasibility of testing the effectiveness of a theory-informed intervention to reduce imaging for low back pain: a pilot cluster randomised controlled trial

Jenkins, H. J., French, S. D., Young, A., Moloney, N. A., Maher, C. G., MAGNUSSEN, J. S., Dear, B. F., & Hancock, M. J. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.22613641

Additional file 3 of Feasibility of testing the effectiveness of a theory-informed intervention to reduce imaging for low back pain: a pilot cluster randomised controlled trial

Jenkins, H. J., French, S. D., Young, A., Moloney, N. A., Maher, C. G., MAGNUSSEN, J. S., Dear, B. F., & Hancock, M. J. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.22613638

Additional file 2 of Efficacy, acceptability, and safety of antidepressants for low back pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Ferraro, M. C., Bagg, M. K., Wewege, M. A., Cashin, A. G., Leake, H. B., Rizzo, R. R. N., Jones, M. D., Gustin, S. M., Day, R., Loo, C. K. A., et al. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.14111267

Additional file 2 of Feasibility of testing the effectiveness of a theory-informed intervention to reduce imaging for low back pain: a pilot cluster randomised controlled trial

Jenkins, H. J., French, S. D., Young, A., Moloney, N. A., Maher, C. G., MAGNUSSEN, J. S., Dear, B. F., & Hancock, M. J. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.22613635

Additional file 6 of Feasibility of testing the effectiveness of a theory-informed intervention to reduce imaging for low back pain: a pilot cluster randomised controlled trial

Jenkins, H. J., French, S. D., Young, A., Moloney, N. A., Maher, C. G., MAGNUSSEN, J. S., Dear, B. F., & Hancock, M. J. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.22613647

Exploring physicians’ perspectives on influencing factors of chronic non-specific low back pain: a qualitative study

Vanderstraeten, R., Fourré, A., Demeure, I., Bastiaens, H., Demoulin, C., Michielsen, J., Anthierens, S., & Roussel, N. A. (2026) · Scandinavian Journal of Primary Health Care · doi:10.1080/02813432.2026.2640406

Interventions to safely and effectively reduce (taper) use of opioids in chronic non-cancer pain: a systematic review

Hill, R. A., Maden, M., Duarte, R. V., Eldabe, S. S., Golder, S., Chaplin, M., Shaw, B., Sutcliffe, K., Todd, A., Bresnahan, R., et al. (2024) · Health Technology Assessment · doi:10.3310/gdwp3572

Evaluating real-world uptake of the online Military to Civilian Adjustment and Reintegration Measure among former military members

Alichniewicz, K., Fisher, G., Tabinga, A., & Guindalini, C. (2026) · Australian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00049530.2026.2664166

Physiotherapists’ ability to identify and manage specific low back pain: an exploratory vignette-based cross-sectional study

Fourré, A., Denis, C., Pieter, V., Dankaerts, W., Timmermans, A. A. A., Goossens, N., Severijns, P., Pitance, L., Janssens, L., & Roussel, N. A. (2026) · Musculoskeletal Science and Practice · doi:10.1016/j.msksp.2026.103588

Effectiveness of physiotherapy-guided self-management programmes for adult patients with chronic non-specific low back pain in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Motha, S. G., Moyo, M., Naidoo, N., Clerk, C., Musekiwa, A., Kgarosi, K., Basson, A., & Mostert, K. (2026) · Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies · doi:10.1016/j.jbmt.2026.08.031

Research hotspots and trends in exercise interventions for chronic nonspecific low back pain

Wang, X., Xiang, H., Liu, Z., Jiang, S., Hongping, P., Liu, X., Zhou, B., Gao, D., & Zhu, C. (2026) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000050593

The short-term effects of dry cupping the lumbar paraspinal muscles on pain and function in individuals with non-specific low back pain: A single-blind randomized trial

Scavarelli, N. T., Zerpa, C., Sinden, K. E., & Sanzo, P. (2026) · Journal of Back and Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation · doi:10.1177/10538127261487533

ЕФЕКТИВНІСТЬ ТА ПЕРЕНОСИМІСТЬ КОМБІНОВАНОГО ЛІКУВАННЯ ХРОНІЧНОГО БОЛЮ В СПИНІ ПРИ ДЕГЕНЕРАТИВНО-ДИСТРОФІЧНИХ УРАЖЕННЯХ ХРЕБТА ІЗ ЗАСТОСУВАННЯМ МЕЛОКСИКАМУ І ТОЛПЕРИЗОНУ ГІДРОХЛОРИДУ

Кожем'яка, М. О., & Soloviuk, O. O. (2026) · Актуальні проблеми сучасної медицини Вісник Української медичної стоматологічної академії · doi:10.31718/2077-1096.26.3.32

Physiotherapists’ beliefs on dosage and management of activity and training in patients with low back pain: a qualitative survey

Terhorst, S., Jünger, S., & Thiel, C. (2026) · German Journal of Exercise and Sport Research · doi:10.1007/s12662-026-01166-w

Management of non-specific low back pain in primary care – A systematic overview of recommendations from international evidence-based guidelines

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