European AI regulation: Brussels effect versus human dignity?
Open accessAbstract
The European Commission proposal for a legal framework to comprehensively regulate Artificial Intelligence (AI) came after years of public consultation and deliberation. Most prominently the AI High Level Expert Group (AI HLEG) prepared ethical guidelines and policy recommendations since 2018. While countries such as China and the United States, or international organisations such as the Council of Europe work on legal frameworks to regulate the development and use of AI, the European Commission’s proposal (AI Act or AIA) presented on 21 April 2021 seems to put the Union in the most powerful position to establish regulatory standards with global relevance for a key emerging technology. After shortly summarising the origin, context and main characteristics of the prospective regulation, this article explores whether the ‘Brussels Effect’ will manifest in ground-breaking AI regulation, or whether the Union and its Member States run the risk of hastily adopting an incapable legal framework for a technology whose effects on society are still insufficiently understood. Furthermore, it remains open whether the proposed AIA integrates with existing and emerging legal frameworks, potentially watering down the commitment of the EU to protect human rights and human dignity.
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La clasificación de riesgo de la IA se compara con el cambio climático, pues ambos fenómenos comparten riesgos similares, con magnitudes impredecibles y una complejidad creciente por la interacción de múltiples factores.
“Comparan esta clasificación con el cambio climático, pues ambos fenómenos comparten riesgos similares, con magnitudes impredecibles y una complejidad creciente por la interacción de múltiples factores (Novelli et al., 2024;Gstrein, 2022).”
From Hacia una normativa sobre la inteligencia artificial (IA): consideraciones clave y regulaciones internacionales (2024) · cites this paper as Gstrein, 2022
The available passages, labelled Abstract (no page given), contain bibliographic details and keywords, including “Risk-Based Approach,” but no discussion of climate change. Searches for climate change, unpredictable risk and interacting factors found no passage addressing the comparison; the substantive article text appears to be missing from our copy. (LLM, conf=0.73)
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Demystifying the Draft EU Artificial Intelligence Act
Veale, M., & Zuiderveen Borgesius, F. (2021) · doi:10.31235/osf.io/38p5f · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Olsen, H. P., Slosser, J. L., Hildebrandt, T. T., & Wiesener, C. (2019) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3402974 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
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Bustillos Ortega, O., Murillo Gamboa, J., Núñez Peralta, O., & Rodríguez Sibaja, F. (2024) · Interfases · doi:10.26439/interfases2024.n020.7178 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Comparan esta clasificación con el cambio climático, pues ambos fenómenos comparten riesgos similares, con magnitudes impredecibles y una complejidad creciente por la interacción de múltiples factores (Novelli et al., 2024; Gstrein, 2022).”
Haitsma, L. M. (2025) · European Journal of Social Security · doi:10.1177/13882627251351093 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
- Authors
- Gstrein, O. J.
- Affiliations
- University of Groningen (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Gstrein, Oskar J.
- ORCID
- Gstrein, Oskar J.
- Venue
- Zeitschrift für europarechtliche Studien
- Publisher
- Nomos Verlag
- Published
- 2022
- Volume
- 25
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 755-772
- ISSN
- 1435-439X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4313049182
- Cited by
- 26
- References
- 2
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 5
- FWCI
- 32.39
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- doi.org
- Locations
- Zeitschrift für europarechtliche Studien (publishedVersion)
- SSRN Electronic Journal (publishedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Law › Digitalization, Law, and Regulation
- Social Sciences › Safety Research › Ethics and Social Impacts of AI
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Law, AI, and Intellectual Property
- Keywords
- AI regulation, EU AI Act, Brussels effect, human dignity, human rights, European Union law, member states, Council of Europe, AI ethics guidelines
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