Nonfatal firearm injuries by intent in the United States: 2016-2018 hospital discharge records from the healthcare cost and utilization project
Open accessAbstract
INTRODUCTION: In addition to the nearly 40,000 firearm deaths each year, nonfatal firearm injuries represent a significant public health burden to communities in the United States. We aimed to describe the incidence and rates of nonfatal firearm injuries. METHODS: We calculated nonfatal firearm injury estimates using the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project of the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, including the Nationwide Emergency Department Samples and the National Inpatient Samples. We used the International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision, Clinical Modification to identify firearm injury episodes. Deaths in the emergency department (ED) or as inpatients were excluded. RESULTS: In addition to the 118,171 persons shot and killed by firearms from 2016-2018, 228,380 people were shot (ratio 1.9:1) and treated at a hospital ED or admitted to hospital, a rate of 23.4 nonfatal firearm injury episodes per 100,000 population. The number of nonfatal injury episodes varied by year: 2018 had the lowest at 69,692, compared to 84,776 in 2017 and 73,912 in 2016. Unintentional injury episodes were the most frequent, accounting for 58.5% (n = 81,217) and 38.9% (n = 34,820) of total nonfatal firearm hospital discharges from the ED and inpatients, respectively. Assault episodes were the next most frequent, at 36.3% (n = 50,482) of ED and 49.5% (n = 44,290) of inpatient discharges. The highest rate of nonfatal firearm injury by five-year age group was for 20- to 24-year-olds. With an annual rate of 73.53 per 100,000 population, the rates for ages 20-24 were more than 10 times higher than the rates for patients younger than 15 or 60 years and older. More than half (53.4%, n = 121,884) of hospital-treated, nonfatal firearm injury episodes were patients living in ZIP codes with a median household income in the lowest quartile, compared to 7.5% (n = 17,102) for patients residing in the highest income quartile ZIP codes, a sevenfold difference. CONCLUSION: For every person shot and killed by a gun in the US, two more are wounded. Unlike firearm deaths, which are predominantly suicides, most nonfatal firearm injury episodes are unintentional or with an assault intent. Having a reliable source of nonfatal injury data is essential to understanding the incidence of firearm injuries.
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Two proxy measures commonly used in the existing literature are ED visits and time between firearm injury encounters.
“Two proxy measures commonly used in the existing body of literature are (1) ED visits and (2) time between firearm injury encounters.2,4-9”
From Machine learning classification of new firearm injury encounters in the St Louis region: 2010-2020 (2024) · cites this paper as [6]
The Discussion describes prior analyses based on emergency-department visits, supporting ED visits as a measure used in the literature. It also mentions 30- and 90-day readmissions, but does not identify time between firearm injury encounters as a commonly used proxy measure. The Methods and Results count injury episodes rather than measuring intervals between them. (LLM, conf=0.84)
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Machine learning classification of new firearm injury encounters in the St Louis region: 2010-2020
Ancona, R. M., Cooper, B. P., Foraker, R., Kaser, T., Adeoye, O., & Mueller, K. L. (2024) · Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association · doi:10.1093/jamia/ocae173 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
- Authors
- Schnippel, K., Burd-Sharps, S., Miller, T., Lawrence, B., & Swedler, D.
- Affiliations
- Pacific Institute For Research and Evaluation (US)
- Corresponding author
- Schnippel, Kathryn
- Venue
- Western Journal of Emergency Medicine
- Published
- 2021-06-09
- Volume
- 22
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 462-470
- ISSN
- 1936-900X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8203029
- OpenAlex
- W3171981133
- Cited by
- 40
- References
- 3
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 7
- FWCI
- 3.87
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Western Journal of Emergency Medicine (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Health › Gun Ownership and Violence Research
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Homicide, Infanticide, and Child Abuse
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Injury Epidemiology and Prevention
- Keywords
- nonfatal firearm injuries, injury intent, unintentional firearm injury, emergency department visits, household income disparities, firearm injury prevention, Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Child, Child, Preschool, Emergency Service, Hospital, Female, Firearms, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Length of Stay, Male, Middle Aged, United States, Wounds, Gunshot, Injury Severity Score, Incidence, Age Distribution, Young Adult
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