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Cited by 218Racial and Ethnic Identity ResearchRace, Genetics, and SocietyHealth disparities and outcomes

Race, Healthcare, and Health Disparities: A Critical Review and Recommendations for Advancing Health Equity

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Macias-Konstantopoulos, Wendy L., Collins, Kimberly A., Diaz, Rosemarie, Duber, Herbert C., Edwards, Courtney D., Hsu, Anthony P., Ranney, Megan L., Riviello, Ralph J. +2 more·2023·Western Journal of Emergency Medicine
DOI 10.5811/westjem.58408PMC PMC10527840
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Abstract

An overwhelming body of evidence points to an inextricable link between race and health disparities in the United States. Although race is best understood as a social construct, its role in health outcomes has historically been attributed to increasingly debunked theories of underlying biological and genetic differences across races. Recently, growing calls for health equity and social justice have raised awareness of the impact of implicit bias and structural racism on social determinants of health, healthcare quality, and ultimately, health outcomes. This more nuanced recognition of the role of race in health disparities has, in turn, facilitated introspective racial disparities research, root cause analyses, and changes in practice within the medical community. Examining the complex interplay between race, social determinants of health, and health outcomes allows systems of health to create mechanisms for checks and balances that mitigate unfair and avoidable health inequalities. As one of the specialties most intertwined with social medicine, emergency medicine (EM) is ideally positioned to address racism in medicine, develop health equity metrics, monitor disparities in clinical performance data, identify research gaps, implement processes and policies to eliminate racial health inequities, and promote anti-racist ideals as advocates for structural change. In this critical review our aim was to (a) provide a synopsis of racial disparities across a broad scope of clinical pathology interests addressed in emergency departments-communicable diseases, non-communicable conditions, and injuries-and (b) through a race-conscious analysis, develop EM practice recommendations for advancing a culture of equity with the potential for measurable impact on healthcare quality and health outcomes.

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  • Health inequities disproportionately affect historically marginalized groups.

    “Health inequities disproportionately affect historically marginalized groups.”

    From Advancing Health Equity through Multi-Level Fairness in Health Informatics (2026) · cites this paper as [17]

  • Black, Indigenous, and People of Color (BIPOC) often experience worse health outcomes due to the legacy of structural racism.

    “For instance, Black, Indigenous, and People of Color (BIPOC) often experience worse health outcomes due to the legacy of structural racism, which has historically shaped everything from the quality of healthcare facilities to the biases embedded in diagnostic tools [16,17].”

    From Advancing Health Equity through Multi-Level Fairness in Health Informatics (2026) · cites this paper as [17]

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Authors
Macias-Konstantopoulos, W. L., Collins, K. A., Diaz, R., Duber, H. C., Edwards, C. D., Hsu, A. P., Ranney, M. L., Riviello, R. J., Wettstein, Z. S., & Sachs, C. J.
Affiliations
  • Tampa General Hospital (US)
  • University of California, Los Angeles (US)
  • Washington State Department of Health (US)
  • Samford University (US)
  • Yale University (US)
  • The University of Texas at San Antonio Health Science Center (US)
  • University of Washington (US)
ORCID
Venue
Western Journal of Emergency Medicine
Publisher
California Digital Library (CDL)
Published
2023-09-13
Volume
24
Issue
5
Pages
906-918
ISSN
  • 1936-900X (ISSN-L)
  • 1936-9018
DOI
10.5811/westjem.58408
PMC
PMC10527840
OpenAlex
W4385657331
Cited by
218
References
8
Citations by year
2026: 91 · 2025: 100 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 1
FWCI
11.08
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
cc-by
Locations
  • Western Journal of Emergency Medicine (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Race, Genetics, and Society
  • Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
Keywords
racial disparities in health, health equity, structural racism, implicit bias, social determinants of health, emergency medicine, racism in medicine, anti-racism, infectious diseases, injuries, root cause analysis, quality of care
MeSH terms
Health Equity, Evidence Gaps, Emergency Medicine, Emergency Service, Hospital, Health Facilities, Humans

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