Animal biomarkers as pollution indicators

Abstract

Biomarkers of the reproductive system 46 3.1 Studies of the breeding cycle 48 3.1.1Introduction 48 3.1.2Laboratory experiments 50 3.1.3Experimental field studies 53 3.1.4Observations on untreated individuals 54 3.2 Studies on embryos 56 3.3 Hormones 58 3.3.1 Effects of polyhalogenated aromatic hydrocarbons 59 3.3.2Effects of organophosphates 64 3.3.3Effects of oil 3.3.4Receptors 3.3.5Summary 4 Studies on genetic material 4.1 Degree of methylation of DNA 4.6 Sister chromatid exchange 4.7 Use of genetic material in monitoring 5 Mixed function oxidases 5.1 Use of mixed function oxidases as biomarkers 101 6 Thyroid function, retinols, haem and regulatory enzymes 6.1 Thyroid function 6.1.1Use of retinoids as biomarkers Haem, porphyrins and inhibition of aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) by lead Porphyrins: an introduction Summary of experimental studies Interrelationship with other biomarkers Use of porphyrins as biomarkers Inhibition of ALAD by lead Factors affecting ALAD activity Interaction with other biomarkers Use of ALAD as a biomarker Enzyme activity Introduction Amino acid metabolism Carbohydrate metabolism: glycolysis Oxidative phosphorylation Phosphatases Use of enzyme activity as a biomarker Behavioural effects: their relationship to physiological changes 7.1 Behavioural effects of polyhalogenated aromatic hydrocarbons 7.4 Behavioural effects of organophosphates 7.5 Behavioural effects of heavy metals and other pollutants 7.6 Relationship of behavioural effects to biomarkers Environmental immunotoxicology 8.1