The DOI matches its Crossref record.
On the road of the winds: an archaeological history of the Pacific Islands before European contact
Abstract
"The Pacific Ocean covers one-third of the earth's surface and encompasses many thousands of islands, which are home to numerous human societies and cultures. Among these indigenous Oceanic cultures are the intrepid Polynesian double-hulled canoe navigators, the atoll dwellers of Micronesia, the statue carvers of remote Easter Island, and the famed traders of Melanesia. Decades of archaeological excavations, combined with allied research in historical linguistics, biological anthropology, and comparative ethnography, have revealed much new information about the long-term history of these Pacific Island societies and cultures. On the Road of the Winds synthesizes the grand sweep of human history in the Pacific Islands, beginning with the movement of early people out from Asia more than 40,000 years ago, and tracing the development of myriad indigenous cultures up to the time of European contact in the sixteenth to eighteenth centuries. This updated edition, enhanced with many new illustrations and an extensive bibliography, synthesizes the latest archaeological, linguistic, and biological discoveries that reveal the grand sweep of ancient history in the Pacific Islands"...Provided by publisher
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“The practice was widespread throughout the Pacific both in middens and mortuary contexts”
From The Archaeology of Cannibalism: a Review of the Taphonomic Traits Associated with Survival and Ritualistic Cannibalism (2025) · cites this paper as Kirch, 2000
Citations
Cites
Still being checked.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–200 of 766
A 3000-Year Culture Sequence from Palau, Western Micronesia
Clark, G. (2005) · Asian perspectives · doi:10.1353/asi.2005.0020 · Cited by 72
The Four Subfields: Anthropologists as Mythmakers
Borofsky, R. (2002) · American Anthropologist · doi:10.1525/aa.2002.104.2.463 · Cited by 69
Valentin, F., Buckley, H. R., Herrscher, E., Kinaston, R. L., Bedford, S., Spriggs, M., Hawkins, S., & Neal, K. (2010) · Journal of Archaeological Science · doi:10.1016/j.jas.2010.01.039 · Cited by 70
Deciphering Past Human Population Movements in Oceania: Provably Optimal Trees of 127 mtDNA Genomes
Pierson, M., Martínez‐Arias, R., Holland, B. R., Gemmell, N. J., Hurles, M. E., & Penny, D. (2006) · Molecular Biology and Evolution · doi:10.1093/molbev/msl063 · Cited by 69
Swadling, P., Wiessner, P., & Tumu, A. (2008) · Journal de la Société des océanistes · doi:10.4000/jso.2942 · Cited by 69
The Origins of Early Lapita Culture: The testimony of historical linguistics
Pawley, A. (2007) · ANU Press eBooks · doi:10.22459/ta26.2007.02 · Cited by 69
The global geography of human subsistence
Gavin, M. C., Kavanagh, P. H., Haynie, H. J., Bowern, C., Ember, C. R., Gray, R. D., Jordan, F. M., Kirby, K. R., Kushnick, G., Low, B. S., et al. (2018) · Royal Society Open Science · doi:10.1098/rsos.171897 · Cited by 69
Marine historical ecology in conservation: applying the past to manage for the future
Grossinger, R., & Brumbaugh, R. (2015) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.190255 · Cited by 70
Lapita sites in the Central Province of mainland Papua New Guinea
David, B., McNiven, I. J., Richards, T., Connaughton, S. P., Leavesley, M., Barker, B., & Rowe, C. (2011) · World Archaeology · doi:10.1080/00438243.2011.624720 · Cited by 69
Between Knowledges: Pacific Studies and Academic Disciplines
Hviding, E. (2003) · The Contemporary Pacific/The contemporary Pacific (Online) · doi:10.1353/cp.2003.0013 · Cited by 67
Sugden, A. M., Stone, R., & Ash, C. (2004) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.304.5677.1613 · Cited by 66
Consistent Ecological Selectivity through Time in Pacific Island Avian Extinctions
Boyer, A. (2010) · Conservation Biology · doi:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2009.01341.x · Cited by 63
Last Writing: Script Obsolescence in Egypt, Mesopotamia, and Mesoamerica
Houston, S., Baines, J., & Cooper, J. S. (2003) · Comparative Studies in Society and History · doi:10.1017/s0010417503000227 · Cited by 64
Dudgeon, J., & Tromp, M. (2012) · International Journal of Osteoarchaeology · doi:10.1002/oa.2249 · Cited by 64
Buckley, H. R., Kinaston, R. L., Halcrow, S. E., Foster, A., Spriggs, M., & Bedford, S. (2014) · International Journal of Paleopathology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpp.2014.03.001 · Cited by 63
Human migration and marine protected areas: Insights from Vezo fishers in Madagascar
Cripps, G., & Gardner, C. J. (2016) · Geoforum · doi:10.1016/j.geoforum.2016.05.010 · Cited by 63
Tjoa-Bonatz, M. L., & Bonatz, A. R. D. (2012) · Project Muse (Johns Hopkins University) · Cited by 62
Islands of Isolation: Archaeology and the Power of Aquatic Perimeters
Fitzpatrick, S. M., & Anderson, A. (2008) · The Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology · doi:10.1080/15564890801983941 · Cited by 62
Kinaston, R. L., Buckley, H. R., Halcrow, S. E., Spriggs, M., Bedford, S., Neal, K., & Gray, A. R. (2009) · Journal of Archaeological Science · doi:10.1016/j.jas.2009.09.004 · Cited by 62
Island Archaeology: In Search of a New Horizon
Boomert, A., & Bright, A. J. (2007) · Island Studies Journal · doi:10.24043/isj.197 · Cited by 62
Complete mitochondrial DNA genome sequences from the first New Zealanders
Knapp, M., Horsburgh, K. A., Prost, S., Stanton, J.-A., Buckley, H. R., Walter, R. K., & Matisoo-Smith, E. A. (2012) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1209896109 · Cited by 61
Advances in Polynesian Prehistory: A Review and Assessment of the Past Decade (1993–2004)
Kirch, P. V., & Kahn, J. G. (2007) · Journal of Archaeological Research · doi:10.1007/s10814-007-9012-0 · Cited by 61
Self-citationEvolution of cultural traits occurs at similar relative rates in different world regions
Currie, T. E., & Mace, R. H. (2014) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2014.1622 · Cited by 61
Lambrides, A. B. J., & Weisler, M. I. (2016) · Journal of Archaeological Research · doi:10.1007/s10814-016-9090-y · Cited by 61
Human evolutionary history in Eastern Eurasia using insights from ancient DNA
Zhang, M., & Fu, Q. (2020) · Current Opinion in Genetics & Development · doi:10.1016/j.gde.2020.06.009 · Cited by 62
Shaw, B., Summerhayes, G. R., Buckley, H. R., & Baker, J. A. (2008) · Journal of Archaeological Science · doi:10.1016/j.jas.2008.12.010 · Cited by 61
Earle, T. (2011) · Social Evolution & History · Cited by 60
New Perspectives in Southeast Asian and Pacific Prehistory
Piper, P. J., Bulbeck, D., & Matsumura, H. (2017) · ANU Press eBooks · doi:10.22459/ta45.03.2017 · Cited by 65
Horrocks, M., Bedford, S., & Spriggs, M. (2009) · Journal of Archaeological Science · doi:10.1016/j.jas.2009.05.024 · Cited by 59
Modeling the prehistoric arrival of the sweet potato in Polynesia
Montenegro, Á., Avis, C., & Weaver, A. (2008) · Journal of Archaeological Science · doi:10.1016/j.jas.2007.04.004 · Cited by 58
Island Environments in a Changing World
Walker, L. R., & Bellingham, P. J. (2011) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511973949 · Cited by 58
Allen, J., & O’Connell, J. F. (2008) · Islands of Inquiry: Colonisation, seafaring and the archaeology of maritime landscapes · doi:10.22459/ta29.06.2008.02 · Cited by 16
Historical Archaeology, Contact, and Colonialism in Oceania
Flexner, J. L. (2013) · Journal of Archaeological Research · doi:10.1007/s10814-013-9067-z · Cited by 57
Lum, J. K., Jorde, L. B., & Schiefenhövel, W. (2002) · Human Biology · doi:10.1353/hub.2002.0031 · Cited by 57
Shaw, B., Buckley, H. R., Summerhayes, G. R., Anson, D., Garling, S., Valentin, F., Mandui, H., Stirling, C. H., & Reid, M. (2009) · Journal of Archaeological Science · doi:10.1016/j.jas.2009.10.025 · Cited by 56
Kennett, D. J., Anderson, A., Cruz, M. J., Clark, G., & Summerhayes, G. R. (2004) · Archaeometry · doi:10.1111/j.1475-4754.2004.00142.x · Cited by 56
Microfossils of Polynesian cultigens in lake sediment cores from Rano Kau, Easter Island
Horrocks, M., Baisden, W. T., Nieuwoudt, M. K., FLENLEY, J. R., Feek, D., Nualart, L. G., Haoa-Cardinali, S., & Gorman, T. E. (2011) · Journal of Paleolimnology · doi:10.1007/s10933-011-9570-5 · Cited by 55
A model-based approach to the tempo of “collapse”: The case of Rapa Nui (Easter Island)
DiNapoli, R. J., Rieth, T. M., Lipo, C. P., & Hunt, T. L. (2020) · Journal of Archaeological Science · doi:10.1016/j.jas.2020.105094 · Cited by 54
Proto-Micronesian Kin Terms, Descent Groups, and Interisland Voyaging
Hage, P., & Marck, J. C. (2002) · Oceanic Linguistics · doi:10.1353/ol.2002.0020 · Cited by 54
The Chronology of Colonization in Remote Oceania
Rieth, T. M., & Cochrane, E. E. (2015) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199925070.013.010 · Cited by 55
Rapa Nui (Easter Island) monument (ahu) locations explained by freshwater sources
DiNapoli, R. J., Lipo, C. P., Brosnan, T., Hunt, T. L., Hixon, S., Morrison, A., & Becker, M. W. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0210409 · Cited by 57
Louwagie, G., Stevenson, C. M., & Langohr, R. (2006) · Journal of Anthropological Archaeology · doi:10.1016/j.jaa.2005.11.008 · Cited by 54
Voyaging and Interaction in Ancient East Polynesia
Rolett, B. V. (2002) · Asian perspectives · doi:10.1353/asi.2003.0009 · Cited by 53
Pieces of the Vanuatu Puzzle (Terra Australis 23): Archaeology of the North, South and Centre
Bedford, S. (2007) · ANU Press eBooks · doi:10.22459/pvp.02.2007 · Cited by 54
Currie, T. E., Bogaard, A., Cesaretti, R., Edwards, N. R., François, P., Holden, P. B., Hoyer, D., Korotayev, A., Manning, J., García, J. C. M., et al. (2015) · Cliodynamics The Journal of Quantitative History and Cultural Evolution · doi:10.21237/c7clio6127473 · Cited by 54
The Northern Outliers–East Polynesian Hypothesis expanded
Wilson, W. H. (2018) · Waka Kuaka | The Journal of the Polynesian Society · doi:10.15286/jps.127.4.389-423 · Cited by 52
Vilela, B., Fristoe, T. S., Tuff, T., Kavanagh, P. H., Haynie, H. J., Gray, R. D., Gavin, M. C., & Botero, C. A. (2020) · Evolutionary Human Sciences · doi:10.1017/ehs.2020.55 · Cited by 53
Ecosystem science and human–environment interactions in the Hawaiian archipelago
Vitousek, P. M. (2006) · Journal of Ecology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2745.2006.01119.x · Cited by 54
Thomas, F. R. (2002) · World Archaeology · doi:10.1080/00438240220134313 · Cited by 53
Kirch, P. V. (2007) · Earth and environmental science transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh · doi:10.1017/s1755691007000011 · Cited by 52
Self-citationSocial Archaeologies of Landscape
Ashmore, W. (2007) · doi:10.1002/9780470693605.ch11 · Cited by 52
Denham, T. P. (2017) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316686942.008 · Cited by 51
Rapid settlement of Majuro Atoll, central Pacific, following its emergence at 2000 years CalBP
Kayanne, H., Yasukochi, T., Yamaguchi, T., Yamano, H., & Yoneda, M. (2011) · Geophysical Research Letters · doi:10.1029/2011gl049163 · Cited by 51
Palaeohabitat of first settlement sites 1500–1000 B.C. in Guam, Mariana islands, western Pacific
Carson, M. T. (2011) · Journal of Archaeological Science · doi:10.1016/j.jas.2011.03.021 · Cited by 51
Mangarevan invention of binary steps for easier calculation
Bender, A., & Beller, S. (2013) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1309160110 · Cited by 51
Neves, E. G. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-4780-7_16 · Cited by 49
Fijian Polygenesis and the Melanesian/Polynesian Divide
Burley, D. V. (2013) · Current Anthropology · doi:10.1086/671195 · Cited by 50
Assessing Human Diet and Movement in the Tongan Maritime Chiefdom Using Isotopic Analyses
Stantis, C., Kinaston, R. L., Richards, M. P., Davidson, J., & Buckley, H. R. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0123156 · Cited by 51
Gibbons, A. (2001) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.291.5509.1735 · Cited by 49
The Prehistoric Maritime Frontier of Southeast China
Wu, C. (2021) · The Archaeology of Asia-Pacific Navigation · doi:10.1007/978-981-16-4079-7 · Cited by 48
Gosling, A. L., Buckley, H. R., Matisoo-Smith, E. A., & Merriman, T. R. (2015) · Annals of Human Genetics · doi:10.1111/ahg.12132 · Cited by 51
Multiple Factors Affect Socioeconomics and Wellbeing of Artisanal Sea Cucumber Fishers
Purcell, S. W., Ngaluafe, P. F., Foale, S. J., Cocks, N., Cullis, B. R., & Lalavanua, W. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0165633 · Cited by 47
Geospatial modeling of pre-contact Hawaiian production systems on Molokaʻi Island, Hawaiian Islands
Kurashima, N., & Kirch, P. V. (2011) · Journal of Archaeological Science · doi:10.1016/j.jas.2011.08.037 · Cited by 45
Self-citationAt the Crossroads: Starch Grain and Phytolith Analyses in Lucayan Prehistory
Berman, M. J., & Pearsall, D. M. (2008) · Latin American Antiquity · doi:10.1017/s1045663500007793 · Cited by 45
Kinaston, R. L., Bedford, S., Richards, M. P., Hawkins, S., Gray, A. R., Jaouen, K., Valentin, F., & Buckley, H. R. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0104071 · Cited by 44
10. Breadfruit Origins, Diversity, and Human-Facilitated Distribution
Zerega, N. J. C., Ragone, D., & Motley, T. J. (2006) · Columbia University Press eBooks · doi:10.7312/motl13316-011 · Cited by 44
Nature‐society interactions in the pacific islands
Nunn, P. D. (2003) · Geografiska Annaler Series B Human Geography · doi:10.1111/j.0435-3684.2003.00144.x · Cited by 44
Language Spread Rates and Prehistoric American Migration Rates
Nichols, J. (2008) · Current Anthropology · doi:10.1086/592436 · Cited by 43
Neves, E. G. (2007) · Boletín de Arqueología PUCP · doi:10.18800/boletindearqueologiapucp.200701.005 · Cited by 43
Burley, D. V., Sheppard, P. J., & Simonin, M. (2011) · Journal of Archaeological Science · doi:10.1016/j.jas.2011.05.016 · Cited by 42
Blench, R. M. (2014) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139342872.032 · Cited by 42
Factors Affecting Tropical Tree Damage and Survival after Catastrophic Wind Disturbance
Webb, E. L., van de Bult, M., Fa’aumu, S., Webb, R. C., Tualaulelei, A., & Carrasco, L. R. (2013) · Biotropica · doi:10.1111/btp.12067 · Cited by 42
Vilar, M. G., Chan, C. W., Santos, D. R., Lynch, D., Spathis, R., Garruto, R. M., & Lum, J. K. (2012) · American Journal of Human Biology · doi:10.1002/ajhb.22349 · Cited by 42
Diaspora and Identity in Archaeology: Moving beyond the Black Atlantic
Lilley, I. (2007) · A Companion to Social Archaeology · doi:10.1002/9780470693605.ch13 · Cited by 8
Sailing virtual canoes across Oceania: revisiting island accessibility
Di Piazza, A., Di Piazza, P., & Pearthree, E. (2007) · Journal of Archaeological Science · doi:10.1016/j.jas.2006.10.013 · Cited by 41
Sushames, A., van Uffelen, J. G. Z., & Gebel, K. (2016) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/s12966-016-0455-x · Cited by 41
A History of Pigs in China: From Curious Omnivores to Industrial Pork
Lander, B., Schneider, M. L., & Brunson, K. (2020) · The Journal of Asian Studies · doi:10.1017/s0021911820000054 · Cited by 40
Geoarchaeology of Tonga: Geotectonic and geomorphic controls
Dickinson, W. R., & Burley, D. V. (2007) · Geoarchaeology · doi:10.1002/gea.20164 · Cited by 40
Mitochondrial DNA evidence for the spread of Pacific rats through Oceania
Matisoo-Smith, E. A., & Robins, J. H. (2008) · Biological Invasions · doi:10.1007/s10530-008-9404-1 · Cited by 40
Lapita Writ Small? Revisiting the Austronesian Colonisation of the Papuan South Coast
Summerhayes, G. R., & Allen, J. (2007) · ANU Press eBooks · doi:10.22459/ta26.2007.05 · Cited by 40
First Lapita Settlement and its Chronology in Vava'u, Kingdom of Tonga
Burley, D. V., & Connaughton, S. P. (2007) · Radiocarbon · doi:10.1017/s0033822200041965 · Cited by 41
The role of agricultural innovation on Pacific Islands: a case study from Hawai'i Island
McCoy, M. D., & Graves, M. W. (2010) · World Archaeology · doi:10.1080/00438240903430340 · Cited by 39
Horrocks, M., Nieuwoudt, M. K., Kinaston, R. L., Buckley, H. R., & Bedford, S. (2013) · Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand · doi:10.1080/03036758.2013.842177 · Cited by 39
Early farming in Island Southeast Asia: an alternative hypothesis
Denham, T. P. (2013) · Antiquity · doi:10.1017/s0003598x00048766 · Cited by 39
Neo-traditional approaches for ensuring food security in Fiji Islands
Shah, S., Moroca, A., & Bhat, J. A. (2018) · Environmental Development · doi:10.1016/j.envdev.2018.11.001 · Cited by 39
The 'sleeping giant' hypothesis and New Guinea's place in the prehistory of Greater Near Oceania
Terrell, J. E. (2004) · World Archaeology · doi:10.1080/0043824042000303782 · Cited by 39
Microbotanical remains reveal Polynesian agriculture and mixed cropping in early New Zealand
Horrocks, M., Shane, P., Barber, I., D'Costa, D. M., & Nichol, S. (2004) · Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology · doi:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2004.03.003 · Cited by 39
Wetland Loss in Hawai’i Since Human Settlement
van Rees, C. B., & Reed, J. M. (2013) · Wetlands · doi:10.1007/s13157-013-0501-2 · Cited by 39
Oscillating climate and socio-political process: the case of the Marquesan Chiefdom, Polynesia
Allen, M. S. (2010) · Antiquity · doi:10.1017/s0003598x00099786 · Cited by 39
Rethinking migration, ancient to future
Sanjek, R. (2003) · Global Networks · doi:10.1111/1471-0374.00064 · Cited by 39
Beyond Paradise? Retelling Pacific Stories in Disney's Moana
Tamaira, A. M., & Fonotī, D. (2018) · The Contemporary Pacific/The contemporary Pacific (Online) · doi:10.1353/cp.2018.0029 · Cited by 38
Territoriality and the rise of despotic social organization on western Santa Rosa Island, California
Jazwa, C. S., Kennett, D. J., Winterhalder, B. P., & Joslin, T. L. (2017) · Quaternary International · doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2017.11.009 · Cited by 38
Island Archaeology, Model Systems, the Anthropocene, and How the Past Informs the Future
Fitzpatrick, S. M., & Erlandson, J. M. (2018) · The Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology · doi:10.1080/15564894.2018.1447051 · Cited by 39
Coastal groundwater discharge and the ancient inhabitants of Rapa Nui (Easter Island), Chile
Brosnan, T., Becker, M. W., & Lipo, C. P. (2018) · Hydrogeology Journal · doi:10.1007/s10040-018-1870-7 · Cited by 38
Prehistoric inter-archipelago trading of Polynesian tree snails leaves a conservation legacy
Lee, T., Burch, J. B., Coote, T., Fontaine, B., Gargominy, O., Pearce‐Kelly, P., & Foighil, D. Ó. (2007) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2007.1009 · Cited by 38
Rick, T. C., Walker, P. L., Willis, L. M., Noah, A. C., Erlandson, J. M., Vellanoweth, R. L., Braje, T. J., & Kennett, D. J. (2008) · The Holocene · doi:10.1177/0959683608095579 · Cited by 38
The Mangarevan Sequence and Dating of the Geographic Expansion into Southeast Polynesia
Green, R. C., & Weisler, M. I. (2002) · Asian Perspectives · doi:10.1353/asi.2003.0006 · Cited by 37
Sources of nutrients to windward agricultural systems in pre‐contact Hawai‘i
Palmer, M. A., Graves, M. W., Ladefoged, T. N., Chadwick, O. A., Duarte, T., Porder, S., & Vitousek, P. M. (2009) · Ecological Applications · doi:10.1890/08-0983.1 · Cited by 37
Prehistoric agricultural depletion of soil nutrients in Hawai'i
Hartshorn, A. S., Chadwick, O. A., Vitousek, P. M., & Kirch, P. V. (2006) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0604594103 · Cited by 37
Self-citationGeeta, R., & Gharaibeh, W. (2007) · Journal of Biosciences · doi:10.1007/s12038-007-0132-y · Cited by 37
Metadata
- Authors
- Kirch, P. V.
- Corresponding author
- Patrick Vinton Kirch
- Venue
- Choice Reviews Online
- Publisher
- American Library Association
- Published
- 2000-12-01
- Volume
- 38
- Issue
- 04
- Pages
- 38-2228-38-2228
- ISSN
- 0009-4978 (ISSN-L)
- 1523-8253
- OpenAlex
- W1607715453
- Cited by
- 767
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2025: 50 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 43 · 2019: 35 · 2018: 41 · 2017: 39 · 2016: 31 · 2015: 43 · 2014: 33 · 2013: 28 · 2012: 40
- Type
- book review
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Choice Reviews Online (publishedVersion)
- University of Michigan Library Repository (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Anthropology › Pacific and Southeast Asian Studies
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History › Global Maritime and Colonial Histories
- Social Sciences › Geography, Planning and Development › Island Studies and Pacific Affairs
- Keywords
- Polynesia, Micronesia, Melanesia, Easter Island, Polynesian navigation, pre-European contact
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review