Beyond Binary Distinctions: Reappraising the Intricate Nature of Apocrypha in the Sūtra Of Perfect Enlightenment

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The correlation between the Sūtra of Perfect Enlightenment and the Śūraṅgama can be discerned directly from the titles of the two works.

“In fact, the correlation between the SPE and the Śūraṅgama can be discerned directly from the titles of the two works.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The ultimate attainment at the aśaikṣamārga is designated as the complete transformation of basis (niṣṭhāraśrayaparāvrtti).

“The ultimate attainment at the aśaikṣamārga is designated as the “complete transformation of basis” (niṣṭhāraśrayaparāvrtti).”

• cites Robertson, 2008Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Kamalaśīla's Bhāvanākrama I, which also discusses the fourfold system, was not translated into Chinese until the early 11th century under Dānapala.

“It is worth noting that another significant text, Kamalaśīla's Bhāvanākrama I, which also discusses this fourfold system, was not translated into Chinese until the early 11th century under the efforts of Dānapala.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The four stages are presented more or less like a principle of the approach to the elimination of illusions.

“They are presented more or less like a principle of the approach to the elimination of illusions.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

The fourfold meditation system bears no correlation to the other constituents of the SPE, displaying no linkage with the discourse on the twenty-five means of meditation practice centered on śamatha, dhyāna, and samāpatti.

“Significantly, this fourfold meditation system bears no correlation to the other constituents of the SPE, displaying no linkage with the extensive discourse on the “twenty-five means of meditation practice,” which centers on the practices of śamatha, dhyāna, and samāpatti.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The Dharmadharmatāvibhāga delineates the abandoning of marks through correct practice (yang dag par sbyor ba), a process facilitating the journey towards nonconceptual wisdom.

“This is delineated as the “abandoning of marks” through the means of “correct practice” (yang dag par sbyor ba), a process that facilitates the journey towards nonconceptual wisdom.”

• cites Robertson, 2007Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

In its concluding phase, the Avikalpapraveśadhāraṇī directs Bodhisattvas to relinquish marks that signify conceptualized attainment and to reside in the sphere of nonconceptualization.

“In its concluding phase, the Avikalpapraveśadhāraṇī directs the Bodhisattvas towards relinquishing the marks that signify their conceptualized attainment.They are guided to reside in the sphere of nonconceptualization.”

• cites Matsuda, 1996Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The Sūtra of Perfect Enlightenment lists alternate titles including the Dhāraṇī of the Mahāvaipulya Perfect Enlightenment, the Sūtra of Definitive Meaning, the Samādhi of the Secret King, the Tathāgata's State of Certainty, and the Distinction of the Own-Nature of the Tathāgatagarbha.

“This scripture is known as the Dhāraṇī of the Mahāvaipulya Perfect Enlightenment; it is also referred to as the Sūtra of Definitive Meaning; it is further called the Samādhi of the Secret King; it is alternatively named the Tathāgata's State of Certainty; it is also termed the Distinction of the Own-Nature of the Tathāgatagarbha.”

• cites T17.842,921cNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

The Dharmadharmatāvibhāga and its autocommentary were not accessible in Chinese translation until the 20th century.

“A noteworthy point is that the Dharmadharmatāvibhāga and its autocommentary were not accessible in Chinese translation until the advent of the 20th century.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Equipped with proficiency to refrain from mentally engaging with assumed external inherent existence and with internal acknowledgement of its illusory essence, one resides in thusness (tathatā).

“Equipped with the proficiency to refrain from mentally engaging with the assumed external inherent existence, and the internal acknowledgement of the illusory essence of such existence, one resides in a state of “thusness” (tathatā).”

• cites Matsuda, 1996Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The Avikalpapraveśadhāraṇī teaches that Bodhisattvas abandon the marks of conceptuality in stages through the correct application of the mind (samyakmanasikāra).

“The scriptural discourse of the Avikalpapraveśadhāraṇī elucidates how Bodhisattvas abandon the marks of conceptuality in stages through the “correct application of the mind” (samyakmanasikāra).”

• cites Matsuda, 1996Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The second stage in the Avikalpapraveśadhāraṇī mandates Bodhisattvas to relinquish the marks of the antidote to the conceptualization of inherent existence.

“The second stage of practice in the Avikalpapraveśadhāraṇī mandates the Bodhisattvas to relinquish the marks of the antidote to the conceptualization of inherent existence.”

• cites Matsuda, 1996Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The Laṅkāvatāra-sūtra was translated into Chinese on four separate occasions, but only the fourth iteration, translated by Śikṣānanda in 702 CE, includes the Sagāthakam chapter (chapter 10).

“Although the Laṅkāvatāra was translated into Chinese on four separate occasions, it was only in the fourth iteration, translated by Śikṣānanda in 702 CE, that the Sagāthakam chapter (chapter 10) is included.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The initial stage in the Avikalpapraveśadhāraṇī involves relinquishing the marks of conceptualization with respect to intrinsic existence of external phenomena.

“It is posited that the initial stride involves relinquishing the marks of conceptualization with respect to intrinsic existence of external phenomena.”

• cites Matsuda, 1996Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Thusness is characteristically nondual, transcending the conventional dichotomy of subject and object.

“This condition is characteristically nondual, transcending the conventional dichotomy of subject and object.”

• cites Matsuda, 1996Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

In the Avikalpapraveśadhāraṇī, the means used to counteract illusory attachment to inherent existence is also illusory and should be relinquished.

“In the Avikalpapraveśadhāraṇī, it is explained that the means used to counteract the illusory attachment to inherent existence is also illusory and should, in turn, be relinquished:”

• cites Matsuda, 1996Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Precise instructions for each of the four stages are not further elaborated in the scripture.

“Precise instructions for each of these stages are not further elaborated in the scripture.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The sphere of nonconceptualization is formless, undemonstratable, unsupported, devoid of appearances, absent of cognition, and without foundation-a well-known description of dharmadhātu in the Ratnakūṭasūtra.

“This domain is formless, undemonstratable, unsupported, devoid of appearances, absent of cognition, and without foundationa well-known description of the realm of reality (dharmadhātu), as articulated in the Ratnakūṭasūtra.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

The SPE does not make any assumptions of a so-called monistic ontology, a feature often criticized by scholars as indicative of Chinese origin.

“The conversation does not make any assumptions of a so-called “monistic ontology,” a feature often criticized by scholars as indicative of Chinese origin.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The third stage entails fostering detachment from any implicit reification of the concept of thusness.

“This entails fostering a detachment from any implicit reification of the very concept of thusness they have strived to grasp:”

• cites Matsuda, 1996Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Both the SPE and the Śūraṅgama share an intimate correlation in their teachings and in their utilization of specific terminologies.

“Nonetheless, it remains irrefutable that both the SPE and the Śūraṅgama share an intimate correlation in their teachings as well as their utilization of specific terminologies.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Certain characteristics of both the SPE and the Śūraṅgama are indisputably of Chinese origin, prompting contemporary academics to categorize them as Chinese apocryphal texts.

“Certain characteristics of both the SPE and the Śūraṅgama are indisputably of Chinese origin, prompting contemporary academics to categorize them as “Chinese apocryphal texts.””

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

In the Xu gujin yijing tuji, Zhisheng gives a more detailed account in which Pāramiti brought the Śūraṅgama to China, Meghaśikhara orally translated it, Huaidi validated its meaning, and Fangrong served as scribe in Guang Prefecture in 705.

“However, in the Xu gujin yijing tuji (Extended Record of an Illustration of Translations of Ancient and Modern Scriptures), also compiled in 730, Zhisheng proffers a more detailed scenario where the Indian monk is identified as Pāramiti from central India.”

• cites T55.2152,371cNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Liang Qichao and Hu Shih argued that the Sūtra of Perfect Enlightenment, the Awakening of Faith, and the Śūraṅgama Sūtra were all Chinese compositions in the guise of Indian Buddhist texts.

“This direction of locating spurious and pseudo-Buddhist texts was soon picked up in Chinese academia, when Liang Qichao and Hu Shih began to look further into the clues to prove that the SPE, the Awakening of Faith, and the Śūraṅgama Sūtra (Lengyan jing) were all Chinese composition in the guise of Indian Buddhist texts.”

• cites Hu, 1970Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Zongmi's commentary suggests the Sūtra of Perfect Enlightenment was translated in 693 at Baiyun Monastery, relying on a now-lost commentary by Daoquan.

“Later, Zongmi's commentary on the sūtra suggests a translation date of 693 at Baiyun Monastery, relying on a now-lost commentary by Daoquan (T39.1795,528b).”

• cites T39.1795,528bNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Zhisheng attributes the Sūtra of Perfect Enlightenment's translation to Buddhatrāta without defining a specific year.

“In regard to the SPE, Zhisheng in his Xu gujin yijing tuji attributes the translation to Buddhatrāta, albeit without defining a specific year.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S3 (load-bearing).

Lü Cheng proposed that the Sūtra of Perfect Enlightenment was fabricated on the basis of other Chinese apocryphal texts, using the Awakening of Faith as the basis and enriched by the contents of the Śūraṅgama Sūtra.

“Lü Cheng, another very well-respected Buddhist scholar in China at the beginning of the 20th century, further proposed that the SPE was fabricated on the basis of other Chinese apocryphal texts, using the Awakening of Faith as the basis and enriched by the contents of the Śūraṅgama Sutra (Lü, 1985).”

• cites Lü, 1985Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The SPE narrative encourages further dissociation from the dissociation of the illusory perception of external phenomena.

“Within the SPE, the narrative is framed in such a manner as to encourage further dissociation from the dissociation of the illusory perception of external phenomena.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Zongmi claimed to have examined a prior translation of the Sūtra of Perfect Enlightenment from 647, allegedly completed at Baoyun Monastery.

“Zongmi also professed to have examined a prior translation of the sūtra from 647, allegedly completed at the Baoyun Monastery (Z9.245, 537b).”

• cites Z9.245, 537bNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The parable reminds Buddhist practitioners not to become entranced by initial discoveries, because more significant treasures remain hidden.

“It offers a reminder to Buddhist practitioners not to become entranced by any initial discoveries, no matter how valuable they may seem.More significant treasures, rarer in their occurrence, still lay hidden, awaiting discovery.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

The end result is an effortless, organic realization of the inherent, primordial wisdom embodied in the tathāgatagarbha.

“The end result is an effortless, organic realization of the inherent, primordial wisdom embodied in the tathāgatagarbha.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

The four-stage meditation establishes the crux of the Avikalpapraveśadhāraṇī.

“Indeed, this four-stage meditation establishes the crux of the Avikalpapraveśadhāraṇī (Dhāraṇī of Entering into Nonconceptuality).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The teachings, like the raft, are to be employed for the journey and then let go, preventing them from becoming another layer of attachment.

“Hence, the teachings, much like the raft, are to be employed for the journey and then let go, preventing them from becoming yet another layer of attachment.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The term perfect enlightenment might be construed as an interpretive rendition of the Sanskrit phrase anuttara-samyak-saṃbodhi.

“The term might be construed as an interpretive rendition of the Sanskrit phrase anuttara-samyak-saṃbodhi (unsurpassed, correct, and perfect awakening).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

There is an absence of an analogous methodology in the indigenous Chinese meditative traditions.

“To the best of my understanding, there seems to be an absence of an analogous methodology in the indigenous Chinese meditative traditions.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The Sūtra of Perfect Enlightenment was propagated in China during the seventh century.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Neither Daoist meditation practice nor the eclectic Buddhist meditation schemas established in China, including Tiantai, Huayen, Pure Land, or Chan, contains a comparable approach.

“Neither in the Daoist meditation practice, nor in the eclectic Buddhist meditation schemas that were established in China, including the likes of Tiantai, Huayen, Pure Land, or Chan, can a comparable approach be identified.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The second stage in the Avikalpapraveśadhāraṇī is analogous to the parable of the raft in early Buddhist teachings.

“This is analogous to the parable of the raft, as found within early Buddhist teachings.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The four commentaries include the one-fascicle interpretation by Weique, a two-fascicle commentary by Wushi, a three-fascicle interpretation by Daoquan, and a four-fascicle analysis by Jianzhi.

“Allegedly, these commentaries include the one-fascicle interpretation by Weique from Baoguo Monastery, a two-fascicle commentary by Wushi of Xiantian Monastery, a three-fascicle interpretation by Daoquan from Zanghai Monastery, and a four-fascicle analysis by Jianzhi of Jianfu Monastery.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

At the terminal point of complete transformation of basis, dichotomous discrimination of dharma and dharmatā or saṃsāra and nirvāṇa evaporates, transcending constructs of relinquishment and attainment.

“At this terminal point of “complete transformation of basis,” even the dichotomous discrimination of dharma and dharmatā or saṃsāra and nirvāṇa evaporates, thereby transcending the very constructs of relinquishment and attainment.”

May combine two claims.

Among the aforementioned commentators, only Weique is referenced in the Song gaoseng zhuan, which associates him with the commentary on the Śūraṅgama but makes no reference to the Sūtra of Perfect Enlightenment.

“Among the aforementioned commentators, only Weique is referenced in the Song gaoseng zhuan (The Song Dynasty Record of the Biographies of Eminent Monks), which features a succinct biography that associates him with the commentary on the Śūraṅgama, but makes no reference to the SPE (T50.2061,738b-c).”

• cites T50.2061,738b-cNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The parable underscores that the ultimate goal, the wish-fulfilling jewel, is ever-present, mirroring the intrinsic state of enlightenment in tathāgatagarbha theory.

“Furthermore, the parable underscores an essential Buddhist tenet: the ultimate goal of this metaphorical treasure huntthe wish-fulfilling jewelis everpresent.This mirrors the intrinsic state of enlightenment articulated within tathāgatagarbha theory.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

This blend of influences contributes to the unique complexity and richness of the text.

“This blend of influences contributes to the unique complexity and richness of the text.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Śrīmālādevī and Anūnatvāpūrṇatvanirdeśa were already translated into Chinese and circulating prior to the propagation of the Sūtra of Perfect Enlightenment in China during the seventh century.

“These were already translated into Chinese and circulating prior to the propagation of the SPE in China during the 7th century.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The Sūtra of Perfect Enlightenment was propagated in China during the seventh century.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

The Avikalpapraveśadhāraṇī passage inspired Vasubandhu to construct a more intricate and comprehensive explication of the fourfold system in his Dharmadharmatāvibhāga.

“It inspired Vasubandhu to construct a more intricate and comprehensive explication of the fourfold system in his Dharmadharmatāvibhāga.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Zongmi claimed to have spent much effort locating four commentaries on the Sūtra of Perfect Enlightenment, all composed towards the end of the seventh century, but none of them is extant.

“Zongmi, on the other hand, claimed to have spent much effort locating four commentaries on the SPE, all composed towards the end of the seventh century, but none of them is extant.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Yang's fresh perspective does not adequately address numerous inquiries posed by contemporary scholars who connect the Sūtra of Perfect Enlightenment with other Chinese apocryphal texts, including the Śūraṅgama.

“While Yang's fresh perspective presents an intriguing angle, it does not adequately address numerous inquiries posed by contemporary scholars who connect this scripture with other Chinese apocryphal texts, including the Śūraṅgama.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The earlier Chinese translation of the Avikalpapraveśadhāraṇī came into existence subsequent to the SPE, no earlier than the 8th century.

“Regardless, this earlier translation does not appear to have gained widespread circulation within China, and even if it did, it came into existence subsequent to the SPE, no earlier than the 8 th century.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The Avikalpapraveśadhāraṇī was only rendered into Chinese in the 11th century by Dānapāla under the title Foshuo wufenbie famen jing.
• AssumptionRests on an assumption: An earlier Chinese translation of the Avikalpapraveśadhāraṇī, credited to an anonymous scholar and titled Ru wufenbie zongchi jing, was discovered in Dunhuang.
• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The earlier Chinese translation of the Avikalpapraveśadhāraṇī did not gain widespread circulation within China.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

This transformative state marks the culmination of the path-the actualization of Buddhahood or perfect enlightenment.

“This transformative state marks the culmination of the paththe actualization of Buddhahood or perfect enlightenment.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Zongmi contends that Jianzhi's lost commentary corroborates the same details regarding the Sūtra of Perfect Enlightenment's translation year and translator, with Daoquan identifying Buddhatrāta as from Jibin and Jianzhi as from Kāśmīra.

“He further contends that an additional, now-lost commentary by Jianzhi corroborates the same details regarding the translation's year and translator, with a minor disparity: Daoquan identifies Buddhatrāta as hailing from Jibin, while Jianzhi suggests the monk was from Kāśmīra.”

May combine two claims.

The SPE appears to incorporate elements sourced from Indian Mahāyāna and an amalgamation of reinterpreted elements by Chinese practitioners.

“It appears to incorporate elements sourced from Indian Mahāyāna and an amalgamation of reinterpreted elements by Chinese practitioners.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The Sūtra of Perfect Enlightenment's unique approach to the cultivation of śamatha, dhyāna, and samāpatti as an integral trio, while conspicuously excluding vipaśyana, may serve as a hint towards its non-Indian roots.

“The SPE's unique approach to the cultivation of śamatha, dhyāna, and samāpatti as an integral trio, whilst conspicuously excluding vipaśyana, may indeed serve as an intriguing hint towards its non-Indian roots.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

Buddhist practice is a journey of deconstructing illusions that moves progressively from the palpable to the intricate.

“The entirety of the Buddhist practice thus becomes a journey of deconstructing our illusions, a journey that moves progressively from the palpable to the intricate.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The record presented only very brief information on the translator Buddhatrāta, who seems to be unknown even to Zhisheng and has translated no other Buddhist texts.

“In addition, the record presented only very brief information on the translator Buddhatrāta, who seems to be unknown even to the Zhisheng and has translated no other Buddhist texts.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The Kaiyuan shijiao lu was the first catalogue that mentioned the Sūtra of Perfect Enlightenment.

“The Kaiyuan shijiao lu was the first catalogue that mentioned the SPE.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The documents imply that the Sūtra of Perfect Enlightenment was translated in 647, predating the translation of the Śūraṅgama in 705.

“These documents thus seem to imply that the SPE was translated in 647, predating the translation of the Śūraṃgama in 705.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Residing in this domain of reality through successive stages of mental detachment is regarded as effortless and innate.

“The act of residing in this domain of reality, traversed through successive stages of mental detachment from illusory attachments or consciously refraining from engaging with various strata of conceptualization, is regarded as effortless and innate.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

This state can be conceived as a return to the primordial condition of the mind, a reversion to the mind's original unadulterated state, known in the SPE as yuanjue (perfect enlightenment).

“To articulate this state using terminology deeply rooted in the Chinese philosophical tradition, it can be conceived as a “return” to the primordial condition of the mind.This “return” signifies a reversion to the mind's original, unadulterated state, unencumbered by the layered constructs of conceptual thought, known in the SPE as the yuanjue (perfect enlightenment).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

Re-examining the SPE through such a lens may yield a rejuvenating methodology and novel insights into its teachings.

“By re-examining the SPE through such a lens, a rejuvenating methodology may emerge, providing novel insights into the teachings it encapsulates.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

This process mirrors the open canon ethos of Indian Mahāyāna Buddhism.

“This process mirrors the “open canon” ethos of Indian Mahāyāna Buddhism.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

If one liberates oneself from the notion that the SPE's sole purpose was to summarise the Śūraṅgama, its origins could date back further as proposed by Zongmi.

“However, if we were to liberate ourselves from the notion that the SPE's sole purpose was to summarise the Śūraṅgama, its origins could date back further as proposed by Zongmi.”

• cites ZongmiNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

It is plausible that some Indian monks conveyed oral teachings that ultimately found form in these apocryphal texts.

“Given the long history of Indian monks journeying to China, as chronicled in historical records, it is plausible that some of them conveyed oral teachings that ultimately found form in these “apocryphal texts.””

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

If Benn's hypothesis that the SPE was devised as a précis of the Śūraṅgama is accepted, then the SPE could not have been in circulation significantly prior to 705, the purported year of the Śūraṅgama's translation.

“Conversely, if we were to subscribe to Benn's hypothesis that the SPE was devised as précis of the Śūraṅgama, it stands to reason that it could not have been in circulation significantly prior to 705, the purported year of the Śūraṅgama's translation.”

• cites BennNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The origins of some apocryphal texts may not fall neatly into a dichotomous division between Indian or Chinese.

“The origins of some of these “apocryphal texts” may not fall neatly into a dichotomous division between Indian or Chinese.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

These texts may be an amalgamation of Indian and Chinese influences, compiled to cater to spiritual and cultural requirements of the populace, incorporating concepts transcending purely Chinese thought.

“Consequently, these texts may be an amalgamation of Indian and Chinese influences, compiled in a manner that catered to the spiritual and cultural requirements of the populace, incorporating concepts that transcended purely Chinese thought.”

May combine two claims.

The article challenges the prevalent notion that such texts are the product of single authorship, thereby broadening understanding of their nuanced development.

“It particularly challenges the prevalent notion that such texts are the product of single authorship, thereby broadening our understanding of their nuanced development.”