Metrology for Climate Action

May combine two claims.

The workshop's online questions, interactive poster sessions, and specific topic discussion sessions resulted in 81 issues on key technical challenge areas for metrology and related areas being identified and 126 recommendations being made to address these.

“Online questions for pre-recorded materials, interactive online poster sessions and specific topic discussion sessions resulted in 81 issues on key technical challenge areas for metrology and related areas being identified and 126 recommendations being made to address these, which are described within this report.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Common technical challenges identified at the workshop included developing methods to handle metrological traceability and uncertainty analysis when data is processed through complex processing chains, which increasingly include machine learning methods.

“Developing methods to handle metrological traceability and uncertainty analysis when data is processed through complex processing chains, which increasingly include machine learning methods.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

In many topic areas covered by the workshop, scientific and practical collaborations between the metrology and observation communities have led to improved practices, a deeper understanding of uncertainties, and greater international consistency.

“In many topic areas covered by this workshop, scientific and practical collaborations between the metrology and observation communities have led to improved practices, a deeper understanding of uncertainties, and greater international consistency.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

The 2022 workshop was more comprehensive and inclusive of the large range of scientific disciplines important to this complex Earth System.

“The 2022 workshop was more comprehensive and inclusive of the large range of scientific disciplines important to this complex Earth System.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The workshop had strong participation from a broad range of observation disciplines, covering many of the GCOS essential climate variables, with participation from institutions and agencies in charge of calibrating and using observational instruments on ground-based, ocean-based, airborne and spaceborne platforms as well as those creating essential climate variable data records.

“The workshop had strong participation from a broad range of observation disciplines, covering many of the GCOS essential climate variables, with participation from institutions and agencies in charge of calibrating and using observational instruments on ground-based, ocean-based, airborne and spaceborne platforms as well as those creating essential climate variable data records.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Almost all topic teams at the workshop developed recommendations about creating guidelines to improve the consistency of terminology for metrological concepts and to develop guidelines for applying metrological uncertainty analysis.

“Almost all topic teams developed recommendations about creating guidelines to improve the consistency of terminology for metrological concepts and to develop guidelines for applying metrological uncertainty analysis.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

A common request at the workshop was for the Guide to the expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (GUM) to be translated, through clear examples, to cover specific aspects of environmental observation.

“A common request was for this to be translated, through clear examples, to cover specific aspects of environmental observation (e.g., changing measurand, non-repeatability, spatial and temporal sampling, instruments that cannot be returned for recalibration, and large data sets).”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The Guide to the expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (GUM) has been written from the perspective of laboratory and industrial measurements.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The Metrology for Climate Action Workshop attracted 1078 registered participants and 203 pre-recorded presentations and posters.

“The workshop attracted 1078 registered participants, and 203 pre-recorded presentations and posters.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Common technical challenges identified at the workshop included linking tiered networks, using the highest quality measurements from WMO reference networks or space agency fiducial reference measurements to a broader set of lower quality but higher spatial or temporal resolution data from formal and informal networks.

“Linking tiered networks, using the highest quality measurements from WMO “reference networks” or space agency “fiducial reference measurements” to a broader set of lower quality but higher spatial or temporal resolution data from formal and informal networks”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The workshop showed the value of existing collaborations created following the signing of the CIPM-MRA by WMO in 2010.

“This workshop showed the value of existing collaborations created following the signing of the CIPM-MRA by WMO in 2010.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Common technical challenges identified at the workshop included inter-comparing observational results taken in different ways, and potentially at different times or representative of different surface areas and/or different atmospheric air volumes.

“Inter-comparing observational results taken in different ways, and potentially at different times or representative of different surface areas and/or different atmospheric air volumes”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Common technical challenges identified at the workshop included developing long-term time series from data despite step changes in observational technology and location, ensuring measurement stability and continuity and developing approaches for the harmonization and homogenization of data records.

“Developing long-term time series from data despite step changes in observational technology and location, ensuring measurement stability and continuity and developing approaches for the harmonization and homogenization of data records”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Common technical challenges identified at the workshop included comparing observational results with model outputs.

“Comparing observational results with model outputs”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

For climate change warning systems (e.g., coral bleaching alert systems), components of uncertainty for the measurements on which decisions are made are already considered.

“For climate change warning systems (e.g., coral bleaching alert systems), components of uncertainty for the measurements on which decisions are made are already considered.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The basic recommendation that emerged from the 2022 meeting was that a standing relationship should be established between BIPM and WMO to coordinate work on metrology and climate observations to address common goals and responses and to improve clarity of communication.

“The basic recommendation that emerged from this latest meeting was that a standing relationship should be established between BIPM and WMO to coordinate work on metrology and climate observations to address common goals and responses and to improve clarity of communication.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Errors in satellite-derived climate data records are particularly complex, but progress has been made in applying FIDUCEO principles for E2E budget analysis in some cases.

“Errors in satellite-derived climate data records are particularly complex, but progress has been made in applying FIDUCEO principles for E2E budget analysis in some cases.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

EO practitioners who have attempted to estimate and verify stability have needed to generate ad hoc methods.

“EO practitioners who have attempted to estimate and verify stability have needed to generate ad hoc methods.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Measurement uncertainties required for climate action are always decreasing.

“Measurement uncertainties required for climate action are always decreasing.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Continuity of observations is a challenge for assessing long-term changes.

“Continuity of observations is a challenge for assessing long-term changes.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The structure of the 2022 meeting was broader and covered different data types (e.g., surface-based, aircrafts, and satellite) and showed the existing blending of metrology and atmospheric science that improved knowledge of atmosphere and climate.

“The structure of the meeting was broader and covered different data types (e.g., surface-based, aircrafts, and satellite) and showed the existing blending of metrology and atmospheric science that improved knowledge of atmosphere and climate.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The 2022 workshop participants almost unanimously asked for specific guidelines on the application of metrology principles for field measurements.

“The 2022 workshop participants almost unanimously asked for specific guidelines on the application of metrology principles for field measurements.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Currently, the 'Weather' objective measurement specifications for the indicated measurands are deemed achievable in competent laboratories and, with care, by some of the better autonomous sensors available on the market for monitoring them.

“Currently, the”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The efforts relating to assurance of measurement compatibility for OA measurands suffer from a dearth of professional metrological input and a disconnection from the SI.

“The efforts suffer from a dearth of professional metrological input and a disconnection from the SI.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Tiered networks with extremely high-quality anchoring sites, routine monitoring and very low-cost monitoring are proving invaluable for scientific discovery, long-term monitoring, and appropriate information for policy decisions.

“Tiered networks with extremely high-quality anchoring sites, routine monitoring and very low-cost monitoring are proving invaluable for scientific discovery, long-term monitoring, and appropriate information for policy decisions.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

There is an absence of an authoritative theory of how to verify an estimated stability given real-world historical comparison data on the in situ side.

“There is also the absence of an authoritative theory of how to verify an estimated stability given real-world historical comparison data on the in situ side.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

A common understanding of what 'stability' means when errors correlate on a range of timescales is missing.

“A common understanding of what”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

NASA continues to be supportive of continuity of solar-irradiance and outgoing broadband energy measurements, with the TSIS-1/TIM and CERES currently providing those measurements.

“NASA continues to be supportive of continuity of solar-irradiance and outgoing broadband energy measurements, with the TSIS-1/TIM and CERES currently providing those measurements.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Currently, most of the effort relating to the assurance of measurement compatibility with established monitoring goals for OA measurands is being carried out by the oceanographic community, often within the framework of climate-related projects or programs or under the aegis of scientific associations or organizations of one kind or another.

“Currently, most of the effort relating to the assurance of measurement compatibility with established monitoring goals for OA measurands is being carried out by the oceanographic community, often within the framework of climate-related projects or programs or under the aegis of scientific associations or organizations of one kind or another.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

What the stability requirement implies in terms of step-changes/breakpoints is unclear, and these do occur, e.g., at the change overs of satellite missions/sensors through the record.

“Similarly, what the stability requirement implies in terms of step-changes/breakpoints is also unclear, and these do occur, e.g., at the change overs of satellite missions/sensors through the record.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

A full metrological evaluation of tiered networks is missing along with guidelines for instrument choices, calibration processes and quantification of uncertainties.

“A full metrological evaluation of tiered networks is missing along with guidelines for instrument choices, calibration processes and quantification of uncertainties.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The 'Climate' objective measurement specifications for the same measurands are achievable only by a very limited number of laboratories at present and are not typically achievable for all parameters by even the best autonomous sensors.

“On the other hand, the”

May combine two claims.

Globally averaged incident-energy values, as used in EEB studies, are one quarter of the TSI, or 340 ± 0.1 W m-2, and achieve the measurement uncertainties needed to directly determine the incoming-energy portion of the EEB.

“Globally averaged incident-energy values, as used in EEB studies, are one quarter of the TSI, or 340 ± 0.1 W m -2 , and achieve the measurement uncertainties needed to directly determine the incoming-energy portion of the EEB.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Many gaps in FRMs remain for ECVs and EOVs, and theoretical/practical problems persist around representation uncertainty.

“Many gaps in FRMs remain for ECVs and EOVs, and theoretical/practical problems persist around representation uncertainty.”

May combine two claims.

These uncertainties are achievable for the incoming total solar irradiance but are much lower than those of the outgoing net radiation, which are more difficult due to spanning a broader spectral range, spatial inhomogeneities, and varying angular distributions.

“These uncertainties are achievable for the incoming total solar irradiance but are much lower than those of the outgoing net radiation, which are more difficult due to spanning a broader spectral range, spatial inhomogeneities, and varying angular distributions.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

It is not known how high pressure affects pH measurements for instruments calibrated at atmospheric pressures.

“It is not known how high pressure affects pH measurements for instruments calibrated at atmospheric pressures.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Use of E2E understanding to drive satellite mission requirements/analysis has even fewer exemplars (ASELSU seems to be pioneering here).

“Use of E2E understanding to drive satellite mission requirements/analysis has even fewer exemplars (ASELSU seems to be pioneering here).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Sensor changes over time, for both satellite and ground-based measurements, contribute to erosion of the quality of collected data for both surface-based and satellite observations.

“Sensor changes over the time, for both satellite and groundbased measurements, contribute to erosion of the quality of collected data for both surface-based and satellite observations.”

May combine two claims.

Current uncertainties in the relationships between Absolute Salinity, temperature, and pressure range from 0.007% to 0.012% at best and do not meet the needs of oceanographers.

“The current uncertainties in the relationships between SA, temperature T, and pressure p range from 0.007 % to 0.012 % at best and do not meet the needs of oceanographers.”

May combine two claims.

Each of the outgoing short- and long-wave radiation measurements has uncertainties of ~4 W m-2, making direct determination of the ~0.4 W m-2 EEB untenable.

“These, therefore, have much higher uncertainties, with each of the outgoing short-and long-wave radiation having uncertainties of ~ 4 W m -2 (Stephens et al. 2015), making direct determination of the ~ 0.4 W m -2 EEB untenable.”

• cites Stephens et al. 2015Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Total solar irradiance (TSI), reported at 1 AU, is 1361 ± 0.5 W m-2 but varies slightly with solar activity.

“This value, reported at 1 AU, is 1361 ± 0.5 W m -2 (Kopp and Lean, 2011;Prsa et al., 2016) but varies slightly with solar activity, as described by Kopp (2014).”

• cites Kopp and Lean, 2011Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Prsa et al., 2016Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Kopp (2014)Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Current incorporation of metrological expertise is often limited to one stage of the full process of supporting climate science.

“Unfortunately, current incorporation of metrological expertise is often limited to one stage of that full process.”

May combine two claims.

Recent work using chemical thermodynamic models has clarified the relationship between total pH and the equivalent conventional thermodynamic total of hydrogen ions and demonstrated the likelihood that the total pH scale can be linked to the SI by directly calculating the influence of the assumptions noted above.

“Recent work using chemical thermodynamic models has clarified the relationship between total pH and the equivalent conventional thermodynamic total of hydrogen ions and demonstrated the likelihood that the total pH scale can be linked to the SI by directly calculating the influence of the assumptions noted above.”

May combine two claims.

Current estimates of the EEB range from 0.4 W m-2 to 0.8 W m-2, accelerating from an average of 0.47 ± 0.1 W m-2 for the entire period 1970 to 2018 to 0.87 ± 0.12 W m-2 for 2010 to 2018.

“Current estimates of the EEB range from 0.4 W m -2 to 0.8 W m -2 , accelerating from an average of 0.47 ± 0.1 W m -2 for the entire period 1970 to 2018 to 0.87 ± 0.12 W m -2 for 2010 to 2018 (e.g., von Schuckmann et al., 2020).”

• cites von Schuckmann et al., 2020Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

The required standard uncertainty (0.0015 kg m-3) for measurement of seawater density is very close to the best measurements made in metrology laboratories at atmospheric pressure.

“The required standard uncertainty (0.0015 kg m -3 ) for measurement of r is very close to the best measurements made in metrology laboratories at atmospheric pressure.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

NIST in the United States is already developing a new program to act as one source of reference materials for chemical oceanography in cooperation with NOAA and other agencies in the United States.

“NIST in the United States is already developing a new program to act as one source of reference materials for chemical oceanography in cooperation with NOAA and other agencies in the United States.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

This work is in the early stages, mostly in Europe, and does not cover all sensors and applications.

“However, this work is in the early stages, mostly in Europe, and does not cover all sensors and applications.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The specific smaller compressor system used by laboratories is no longer manufactured.

“whilst the specific smaller compressor system used by laboratories is no longer manufactured.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Propagating uncertainties through Monte Carlo-based RTMs is challenging due to the large number of input variables and scene complexity.

“Propagating uncertainties through Monte Carlo-based RTMs is challenging due to the large number of input variables and scene complexity.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Greenhouse gases often change concentration with time in the high-pressure cylinders used for their containment.

“GHGs are often seen to change concentration with time in the high-pressure cylinders used for their containment, and the need for recalibration of standards, both laboratory and field deployed.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

During the workshop we identified that the degree of implementation metrology in each of the cryosphere domains is very different.

“During the workshop we identified that the degree of implementation metrology in each of the cryosphere domains is very different.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Existing reanalysis data do not come with traceable uncertainties, which limits the ability to either propagate uncertainties to EO ECVs when used as inputs, e.g. for atmospheric corrections or to validate observational uncertainties.

“Existing reanalysis data do not come with traceable uncertainties, which limits the ability to either propagate uncertainties to EO ECVs when used as inputs, e.g. for atmospheric corrections or to validate observational uncertainties.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

There is a lack of understanding of a common metrological terminology and guidelines on uncertainty calculation for EO based, and downstream, biosphere products.

“There is a lack of understanding of a common metrological terminology and guidelines on uncertainty calculation for EO based, and downstream, biosphere products.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Definitions of some snow variables are still missing.

“Definitions of some snow variables are still missing”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Best practice for recalibration can be gas specific, which has caused confusion.

“Best practice can be gas specific which has caused confusion”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Large compressors for filling cylinders with whole air are available and affordable to industry as a potentially economically viable route.

“Large compressors for filling cylinders with whole air are available and affordable to industry as a potentially economically viable route”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Compatibility of δ13C and δ18O measurements has not been demonstrated at the required target levels.

“Compatibility of δ 13 C and δ 18 O measurements have not been demonstrated at the required target levels”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

The current observed drift of 1 nmol mol -1 yr -1 in carbon monoxide reference materials limits the ability of the atmospheric monitoring community to make un-biased measurements across programmes and time.

“The current observed drift of 1 nmol mol -1 yr -1 limits the ability of the atmospheric monitoring community to make un-biased measurements across programmes and time.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Distributing complete descriptions of uncertainty (including information on error covariance, systematic vs random components, ...) is computationally expensive.

“This is technically challenging as distributing complete descriptions of uncertainty (including information on error covariance, systematic vs random components, …) is computationally expensive.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

There is still no global, coordinated monitoring of snow on the ground.

“Probably this is the reason there is still no global, coordinated monitoring of snow on the ground.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Most specifications of pure gases are conservative but other impurities may yet be present.

“Most specifications of pure gases are conservative but other impurities may yet be present.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The 2022 workshop brought together a group of more than 100 authors and co-authors from 29 organizations (academia, research centres, space agencies and networks), grouped in 10 presentations and 4 posters focusing on a wider range of ECVs (Land Surface Temperature, FAPAR, Soil Moisture), and uncertainty sources.

“The 2022 workshop brought together a group of more than 100 authors and co-authors from 29 organizations (academia, research centres, space agencies and networks), grouped in 10 presentations and 4 posters focusing on a wider range of ECVs (Land Surface Temperature, FAPAR, Soil Moisture), and uncertainty sources.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Space-qualified SI-traceable calibration sources for tracking instrument performance in the UV spectral range are not readily available.

“Space-qualified SI-traceable calibration sources for tracking instrument performance in the UV spectral range are not readily available.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

This 20-year-old ocean observation system is global and ongoing but needs technical input to provide improved knowledge of ocean heat content.

“This 20-year-old ocean observation system is global and ongoing but needs technical input to provide improved knowledge of ocean heat content.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Observations of meteorological parameters such as air temperature, wind speed and direction, and snow albedo over climate-relevant time scales are particularly challenging in the (sub-)polar and high-mountain environment.

“Observations of these meteorological parameters such as air-temperature, wind speed and direction, snow albedo, and others over climate relevant time scales is particularly challenging in the (sub-)polar and high-mountain environment.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Components of the biosphere can face tipping points, e.g., due to extreme climatic events.

“Components of the biosphere can face tipping points, e.g., due to extreme climatic events.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

In the 2010 WMO-BIPM workshop, the biosphere contributions were limited to considerations on pre and post launch calibration, the need for traceability, and on a couple case studies focused on certain instruments.

“In the 2010 WMO-BIPM workshop, the biosphere contributions were limited to considerations on pre and post launch calibration, the need for traceability, and on a couple case studies focused on certain instruments.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Drift in N2O reference materials is becoming an issue as new analyzers with higher precision are being developed and become more widely used.

“drift in N2O reference materials is becoming an issue as new analyzers with higher precision are being developed and become more-widely used.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Expiration date on certificate (NMI) forces end user to return for recertification/repurchase if the cylinder has low pressure (<300 psi).

“Expiration date on certificate (NMI) forces end user to return for recertification/repurchase if the cylinder has low pressure (<300 psi).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

In situ observations in the cryosphere are difficult to make, and satellite observations can be difficult to interpret in a region of ever-changing snow and ice.

“In situ observations in the cryosphere are difficult to make, and satellite observations can be difficult to interpret in a region of ever-changing snow and ice.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

As the only cryosphere quantity permafrost cannot be adequately monitored remotely and relies on a network of diverse sensors (e.g., to observe borehole temperature or ice content of the soil).

“as the only cryosphere quantity permafrost cannot be adequately monitored remotely and relies on a network of diverse sensors (e.g., to observe borehole temperature or ice content of the soil).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

There are no international data-acquisition and curating efforts to obtain currently lacking subsurface temperature profiles after the year 2000 and/or in the southern hemisphere.

“There are no international data-acquisition and curating efforts to obtain currently lacking subsurface temperature profiles after the year 2000 and/or in the southern hemisphere.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The ocean heat content observing system currently undersamples ocean measurements polewards of 60° latitude, in the deep ocean (>2000 m depth), and in some shallow areas (<300 m depth).

“The ocean heat content observing system currently undersamples ocean measurements polewards of 60° latitude, in the deep ocean (> 2000 m depth), and in some shallow areas (< 300 m depth).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Common strategies to store data, define and store metadata, ownership of measured data, data set curation, and data set rescue are now demanded by the scientific community.

“Common strategies to store data, to define and store metadata, the ownership of measured data; data set curation; data set rescue are now demanded by the scientific community.”

May combine two claims.

Each cryosphere domain includes several variables [1] and some of these have poorly defined, or not agreed definitions (including the measurement units).

“Each cryosphere domain includes several variables [1] and some of these have poorly defined, or not agreed definitions (including the measurement units).”

• cites [1] 1. Chao, Qingchen; Han Dolman, Albertus Johannes; Herold, Martin; Krug, Thelma; Speich, Sabrina; Suda, Kazuto; Thorne, Peter; Yu, Weidong; Zemp, Michael. The 2022 GCOS Implementation Plan. GCOS-No. 244, Geneva: World Meteorological Organization https://library.wmo.int/doc_num.php?explnum_id=11317Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Instability of CH4 reference materials does not seem to be a big issue using current analytical systems.

“Instability of CH4 reference materials does not seem to be a big issue using current analytical systems”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Increasingly, scientists are developing algorithms involving machine learning (ML), and uncertainty analysis for machine learning is not well known.

“Increasingly, scientists are developing algorithms involving machine learning (ML), and uncertainty analysis for machine learning is not well known.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Sensors monitoring EEB have larger uncertainties at UV-blue wavelengths because spectral responses of sensors decrease at these wavelengths, and sources have low signal-to-noise.

“sensors monitoring EEB have larger uncertainties at UV-blue wavelengths because spectral responses of sensors decrease at these wavelengths, and sources have low signal-to-noise.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Such collaboration has begun in some specific application areas; but is not yet common.

“Such collaboration has begun in some specific application areas; but is not yet common.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Solid precipitation measurements using rain gauges suffer from under-catch, particularly in areas prone to high wind speeds or mountain areas.

“For solid precipitation, the measurement of snow falling still needs a better deal with the under-catch of solid precipitation measurements when using rain gauges -particularly in areas prone to high wind speeds / mountain areas.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

New SilcoNert treated cylinders behaved very well.

“while with new SilcoNert treated cylinders behaved very well.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Instruments used in (sub-)polar and high-mountain environments face extreme weather conditions, with expected large impact on the measurements.

“Instruments used are facing extreme weather conditions, with (expected) big impact on these measurements.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Interoperability and stability among different sensing technologies or geophysical retrieval algorithms is not always guaranteed.

“Interoperability and stability among different sensing technologies or geophysical retrieval algorithms is not always guaranteed.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Some research work has begun on how to establish robust uncertainty analysis and metrological traceability to climate records of cryosphere ECVs derived from satellite observations.

“Some research work has begun on how to establish robust uncertainty analysis and metrological traceability to climate records of cryosphere ECVs derived from satellite observations.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Satellite records are also limited in their timescales.

“Satellite records are also limited in their timescales.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

In both 'validation' or 'in situ data' assimilation in models, there is a difficulty in understanding and considering all the uncertainty effects that impact the process of moving from a point source measurement to a pixel size area (satellite) or model grid, especially for land ECVs, considering the surface heterogeneity, observation conditions and measurement conditions.

“In both 'validation' or 'in situ data' assimilation in models, there is a difficulty in understanding and considering all the uncertainty effects that impact the process of moving from a point source measurement to a pixel size area (satellite) or model grid, especially for land ECVs, considering the surface heterogeneity, observation conditions and measurement conditions.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The degree of implementation of metrological principles in observing different permafrost variables is very diverse.

“The degree of the implementation of metrological principles in observing the different permafrost variables is very diverse.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

There are difficulties in performing on-field measurements under extreme conditions, developing high stresses on sensor systems and conditioning measurement procedures.

“There are also difficulties in performing on field measurements under such extreme conditions, developing high stresses on the sensor systems and conditioning the measurement procedures.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Few (if any) SI-traceable input data are available, which makes it practically impossible to build SI-traceable synthetic reference data for calibration.

“Few (if any) SI-traceable input data are available, which makes it practically impossible to build SI-traceable synthetic reference data for calibration.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Currently, it is challenging for the atmospheric monitoring community to meet the WMO DQO for N2O of 0.1 nmol/mol.

“Currently, it is challenging for the atmospheric monitoring community to meet the WMO DQO for N2O of 0.1 nmol/mol.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Gas reference materials are susceptible to trace amount fraction changes as the cylinder pressure is drawn down.

“Gas reference materials are susceptible to trace amount fraction changes as the cylinder pressure is drawn down.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Solar measurements and models currently achieve the needed accuracies to provide such an on-orbit calibration source for any instrument able to directly measure the spectral solar irradiance.

“Solar measurements and models currently achieve the needed accuracies to provide such an on-orbit calibration source for any instrument able to directly measure the spectral solar irradiance.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

At to date, no SI-traceable in situ or top-of-atmosphere radiometric records can be used as a reference.

“However, at to date, no SI-traceable in situ or top-of-atmosphere radiometric records can be used as a reference.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

For some variables/methods good practice has been established (e.g. through the technical working groups of WMO/INFCOM/GCW) but the involvement of metrology in other variables is still at a very early stage.

“For some variables/methods good practice has been established (e.g. through the technical working groups of WMO/INFCOM/GCW) but the involvement of metrology in other variables is still at a very early stage.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

FTIR spectrometers are typically used for making these types of measurements but are limited by low SNRs in the thermal-infrared EEB regions.

“FTIR spectrometers are typically used for making these types of measurements but are limited by low SNRs in the thermal-infrared EEB regions.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Across product providers and modellers, there is often a different understanding of uncertainty, and its estimation is often retrieved by non-metrological processes such as ensemble models bias or by comparison with so-called reference independent data.

“Across product providers and modellers, there is often a different understanding of uncertainty, and its estimation is often retrieved by non-metrological processes such as ensemble models bias or by comparison with so-called reference independent data.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Discussions at this workshop have shown the value of greater collaboration between the observation communities (across all those cryosphere domains and including both in situ and remote methods) and metrologists.

“Discussions at this workshop have shown the value of greater collaboration between the observation communities (across all those cryosphere domains and including both in situ and remote methods) and metrologists.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

High-resolution urban GHG emission inventory operators face very costly private offerings initially dedicated to urban logistics actors that penalize the feasibility of science-based and action-driven tools for cities.

“but face very costly private offerings initially dedicated to urban logistics actors that penalize the feasibility of such science-based and action-driven tools for cities.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Stakeholders need simpler, more accessible information from national to local levels.

“Discussion during the workshop 2D.6 Stakeholders need simpler, more accessible information from national to local levels.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The scientific community has developed many useful techniques and produced some guidelines/reference documents.

“The scientific community has developed many useful techniques and produced some guidelines/reference documents.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Stakeholders need robust estimates with defined uncertainties on facility scales for point sources of methane and carbon dioxide.

“2D.3 Stakeholders need robust estimates with defined uncertainties on facility scales for point sources of methane and carbon dioxide.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Articulating the advantage of the use of the combined bottom-up and top-down emissions determination approach is a critical messaging need for NDC applications and national inventories and other stakeholders.

“Articulating the advantage of the use of the combined bottom-up and top-down emissions determination approach is a critical messaging need for NDC applications and national inventories and other stakeholders.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

The underlying science required for inversion-based techniques is still a scientific niche.

“as the underlying science required for this technique is still a scientific niche”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Remote sensing of greenhouse gases from space is a new capability developing in the 21st century.

“Remote sensing of greenhouse gases from space is a new capability developing in the 21 st century.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

A plethora of new sensors and techniques have emerged in recent years.

“A plethora of new sensors and techniques have emerged in recent years.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

The atmospheric science community lacks understanding of the needs of stakeholders, e.g., how precise flux/emission rate estimates have to be to be useful.

“The atmospheric science community lacks understanding of the needs of stakeholders, e.g., how precise do flux/emission rate estimates have to be to be useful”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

All communities have a need for improved connectivity and ability to communicate and collaborate.

“Discussion during the workshop 2D.5 All communities have a need for improved connectivity and ability to communicate and collaborate.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Capabilities for space-based remote sensing are improving rapidly both instrumentally and in the methods that link to space-based observations.

“With the newness of these observations, capabilities are improving rapidly both instrumentally and in the methods that link to space-based observations.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

NMIs and the carbon cycle science community need better connection to enable robust development of greenhouse gas measurement and monitoring technologies including credible standards.

“2D.2 NMIs and the carbon cycle science community need better connection to enable robust development of greenhouse gas measurement and monitoring technologies including credible standards.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Pilot cities experimenting with high-resolution urban GHG monitoring platforms have data definitions that are not necessarily aligned with the practices of the GHG protocol for cities community.

“Pilot cities that are experimenting with implementation of high- resolution urban GHG monitoring platforms have data definitions that are not necessarily aligned with the practices of the GHG protocol for cities community”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Reliable and traceable remote-sensing observations are needed to serve as an input to a greenhouse gas emissions monitoring system.

“Reliable and traceable remote-sensing observations are needed to serve as an input to a greenhouse gas emissions monitoring system.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Stakeholders need estimates of area (up to nation-state) emissions with defined uncertainties of methane and carbon dioxide concentrations and fluxes.

“2D.4 Stakeholders need estimates of area (up to nation-state) emissions with defined uncertainties of methane and carbon dioxide concentrations and fluxes.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

States and local governments have not yet fully grasped the transformative capacity of independent scientific tracking of methane leakage for innovative regulations, monitoring, and effective and appropriate economic incentives.

“States and local governments have not yet fully grasped the transformative capacity of independent scientific tracking of methane leakage for innovative regulations, monitoring, and effective and appropriate economic incentives.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The carbon cycle scientific community has not a clear visibility on access to controlled release test facilities, which prevents having comparable results for methane detection techniques.

“The carbon cycle scientific community has not a clear visibility on access to controlled release test facilities which prevent from having methane detection techniques comparable results.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

These approaches are rapidly improving, advancing, and multiplying.

“These approaches are rapidly improving, advancing, and multiplying.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Satellite based atmospheric monitoring is not yet responsive enough to fit with needs of GHG emission inventory makers due to lack or constrained access to large scale computing facilities.

“Satellite based atmospheric monitoring is not yet responsive enough to fit with needs (timely release of in situ/ remote sensing data for calibration/validation) of GHG emission inventory makers due to lack or constrained access to large scale computing facilities.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The density of seawater is the most important thermodynamic property for modelling ocean circulation or water level anomalies.

“The density of seawater r is the most important thermodynamic property for modelling ocean circulation or water level anomalies.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

The technical challenges identified in the workshop require a broader metrological scientific approach to climate sciences than traditional and industrial laboratory metrology.

“The technical challenges identified in this workshop require a broader metrological scientific approach to climate sciences than traditional and industrial laboratory metrology.”

May combine two claims.

Metrological approaches are embedded in the 2022 GCOS Implementation Plan, the CEOS quality assurance framework for Earth observation, and the WMO regulatory and guidance documents.

“Metrological approaches are embedded in the 2022 GCOS Implementation Plan [1], the CEOS quality assurance framework for Earth observation [2] and the WMO regulatory and guidance documents (e.g., [3,4]).”

• cites [1] 1. Chao, Qingchen; Han Dolman, Albertus Johannes; Herold, Martin; Krug, Thelma; Speich, Sabrina; Suda, Kazuto; Thorne, Peter; Yu, Weidong; Zemp, Michael. The 2022 GCOS Implementation Plan. GCOS-No. 244, Geneva: World Meteorological Organization https://library.wmo.int/doc_num.php?explnum_id=11317Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites [2] 2. A best practice framework endorsed by The Group on Earth Observations (GEO) to establish The Global Earth Observation System of Systems -based on coordinated and harmonised processes and activities that enable interoperability. www.qa4eo.orgNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites [3] 3. Manual on WIGOS (WMO No. 1160) https://library.wmo.int/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=19223Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites [4] 4. Guide to Instruments and Methods of Observation (WMO-No. 8) https://library.wmo.int/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=12407 ReferencesNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Overall, capabilities to observe the physical climate system have continued to improve and expand; records from several satellite instruments of globally distributed, high-vertical-resolution profiles of temperature, humidity, and wind up to the lower stratosphere are now long enough and of sufficient quality to be relevant for climate assessments.

“Overall, capabilities to observe the physical climate system have continued to improve and expand; for example, records from several satellite instruments of globally distributed, high-vertical-resolution profiles of temperature, humidity, and wind up to the lower stratosphere are now long enough and of sufficient quality to be relevant for climate assessments (IPCC).”

• cites IPCCNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The GUM is not straightforwardly applicable for Earth observation, so community-specific reference documents are needed.

“The GUM is not straightforwardly applicable for EO, hence there is a need for community-specific reference documents.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Many atmospheric properties determining energy availability at the ground as well as the storage mechanisms themselves are spectrally dependent, requiring knowledge of the incoming and outgoing spectral radiation.

“Many atmospheric properties determining energy availability at the ground as well as the storage mechanisms themselves are spectrally dependent, requiring knowledge of the incoming and outgoing spectral radiation.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

The value of metrology can only be fully understood with better incorporation of cross-disciplinary approaches into the full value chain of climate observations.

“The value of metrology can only be fully understood with better incorporation of cross-disciplinary approaches into the full value chain of climate observations.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Consistency of reference materials could be assured through CCQM key comparisons, the framework for which is already well established.

“Consistency could be assured through CCQM key comparisons, the framework for which is already well established.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

The difference between the incoming solar radiation and the outgoing radiation, a sum of the reflected solar radiation and emitted thermal radiation, determines the EEB.

“The difference between the incoming solar radiation and the outgoing radiation, a sum of the reflected solar radiation and emitted thermal radiation, determines the EEB.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

The Earth climate's current state and rate of change are driven by the flow of energy between different components internal and external to the Earth system.

“The Earth climate's current state and rate of change are driven by the flow of energy between different components internal and external to the Earth system.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

While the fundamental principles of the GUM address uncertainty in measurement in general, remotely sensed/Earth observations are characterized by inverse methods and spatio-temporal error correlation structures (e.g., in imagery) that could benefit from domain-focused equivalent guidance.

“While the fundamental principles of the GUM address uncertainty in measurement in general, remotely sensed/Earth observations are characterized by inverse methods and spatio-temporal error correlation structures (e.g., in imagery) that could benefit from domain-focused equivalent guidance.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

A positive EEB, having more incoming than outgoing radiation, leads to global warming.

“A positive EEB, having more incoming than outgoing radiation, leads to global warming.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The external factors determine the overall Earth energy balance (EEB) and the rate at which energy is absorbed or lost by the Earth's system.

“The external factors determine the overall Earth energy balance (EEB) and the rate at which energy is absorbed or lost by the Earth's system.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The GUM is intended for laboratory measurements and is not easily applied to climate observations.

“(important because the GUM is intended for laboratory measurements and is not easily applied to climate observations)”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The 'Climate' objective requires the change in carbonate ion concentration to be estimated with a relative standard uncertainty of 1%, implying an uncertainty of approximately 0.003 in pH, of 2 μmol kg-1 in measurements of TA and DIC, and a relative uncertainty of about 0.5% in pCO2.

“The”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Overall effectiveness of satellite observations will be enhanced by adopting FIDUCEO/E2E principles.

“Overall effectiveness of satellite observations will be enhanced by adopting these principles.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Total solar irradiance and globally averaged outgoing Earth radiation both need to be measured to <0.03% standard uncertainties to discern energy imbalances directly.

“Total solar irradiance (TSI) and globally averaged outgoing Earth radiation both need to be measured to < 0.03 % standard uncertainties to discern energy imbalances directly.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Metrological approaches are useful for supporting climate science from instrument design, through to fundamental observations and final use of the data either to support analyses, ensure comparability of multiple products offered by climate services, develop policy or improve reanalysis and models.

“Metrological approaches are useful for supporting climate science from instrument design, through to fundamental observations and final use of the data either to support analyses, ensure comparability of multiple products offered by climate services, develop policy or improve reanalysis and models.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Having multiple sources of reference materials would improve overall measurement quality because different practitioners would establish metrological traceability through different materials, rather than everyone achieving traceability through the same material.

“Having multiple sources would also improve overall measurement quality because different practitioners would establish metrological traceability through different materials, rather than everyone achieving traceability through the same material.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The EEB is the most fundamental, direct measure of climate change.

“The EEB is thus the most fundamental, direct measure of climate change.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

Requirements on EO ECVs from GCOS rightly include requirements on observational stability because stability is clearly crucial to quantification of change on multidecadal timescales of long satellite climate records.

“Requirements on EO ECVs from GCOS rightly include requirements on observational stability because stability is clearly crucial to quantification of change on multidecadal times scales of long satellite climate records.”

• cites GCOSNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The 'Weather' objective requires the carbonate ion concentration to have a relative standard uncertainty of 10%, implying an uncertainty of approximately 0.02 in pH, of 10 μmol kg-1 in measurements of TA and DIC, and a relative uncertainty of about 2.5% in pCO2.

“The”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Heat-storage reservoirs can, for some length of time, cause an imbalance in the EEB by taking up or releasing energy, affecting climate change as well as climate adaptation and mitigation strategies.

“Heat-storage reservoirs can, for some length of time, cause an imbalance in the EEB by taking up or releasing energy, affecting climate change as well as climate adaptation and mitigation strategies.”

May combine two claims.

Outgoing measurements are more difficult because they must encapsulate the outgoing radiation from the entire Earth's surface, account for scatter and anisotropies, and span the solar-reflected plus thermal-infrared spectral ranges.

“Outgoing measurements, however, are more difficult since they must encapsulate the outgoing radiation from the entire Earth's surface, account for scatter and anisotropies, and span the solarreflected plus thermal-infrared spectral ranges.”

May combine two claims.

Natural, on-orbit calibration sources include the Sun and the Moon, both of which are well characterized and can provide long-term stability monitoring and even accuracy calibrations for orbiting Earth-viewing sensors.

“Natural, on-orbit calibration sources include the Sun and the Moon, both of which are well characterized and can provide long-term stability monitoring and even accuracy calibrations for orbiting Earth-viewing sensors (Stone 2008;Kopp et al. 2017).”

• cites Stone 2008Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Kopp et al. 2017Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

EO scientists depend on FRMs to help establish metrological traceability for measurands such as soil moisture, inland water level, sea surface temperature and sea level.

“EO scientists depend on FRMs to help establish metrological traceability for measurands such as soil moisture, inland water level, sea surface temperature and sea level.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

The successful development and application of metrological standards to aerosols, methane, CO2, water vapor, ozone and VOCs depends on sustained international commitments for station operations, use of common reference standards, intercomparison of observational results and methods, and maintaining the archiving facilities.

“The successful development and application of metrological standards to these components depends on sustained international commitments for station operations, use of common reference standards, intercomparison of observational results and methods, and maintaining the archiving facilities.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

Instruments must have better stability than the trends they are attempting to detect and space agencies must maintain overlap between successive instruments, avoiding data gaps in critical EEB measurements.

“Instruments must have better stability than the trends they are attempting to detect and space agencies must maintain overlap between successive instruments, avoiding data gaps in critical EEB measurements.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

EO scientists can improve the uncertainties of their measurements, such as those of GMSL, by focusing efforts on the most important uncertainty components.

“EO scientists can improve the uncertainties of their measurements, such as those of GMSL, by focusing efforts on the most important uncertainty components.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The current paradigm governing the observation strategy for addressing the global phenomenon of ocean acidification distinguishes between two finalities: 'Weather' (measuring to identify relative spatial patterns and short-term variation) and 'Climate' (measuring to assess long-term trends with a defined level of confidence).

“The current paradigm governing the observation strategy for addressing the global phenomenon of OA distinguishes between the following two finalities: i)”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

All critical climate observations will benefit from strong tiered networks, including high-quality anchoring sites at a variety of locations through to moderate quality sites and as widespread network as possible for low-cost sensors.

“All critical climate observations will benefit from strong tiered networks, including high-quality anchoring sites at a variety of locations through to moderate quality sites and as widespread network as possible for low-cost sensors.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

SI-traceable, low uncertainty, spatially and spectrally resolved radiance measurements in the visible to far-infrared can reduce times of trend detection of climate change in the presence of natural variability, enabling better attribution and more credible policy decisions.

“SI-traceable, low uncertainty, spatially and spectrally resolved radiance measurements in the visible to far-infrared can reduce times of trend detection of climate change in the presence of natural variability, enabling better attribution and more credible policy decisions.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

For aerosols, absorption coefficient measurements traceable to the SI supply the foundational measurement; improved reference materials will help establish common traceable techniques and improve cooperation between national metrology institutes, networks, and other stakeholders.

“For aerosols, absorption coefficient measurements traceable to the SI supply the foundational measurement; improved reference materials will help establish common traceable techniques, will help improve cooperation between national metrology institutes, networks, and other stakeholders.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

A closer relationship between the metrology and atmospheric science communities will allow identified, societally important challenges to be addressed more efficiently.

“A closer relationship between the metrology and atmospheric science communities will allow identified, societally important challenges to be addressed more efficiently.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The four major heat-storage reservoirs are the oceans, land, permafrost, and cryosphere.

“The four major such reservoirs are the oceans, land, permafrost, and cryosphere.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

The effects of assumptions in the calibration of the total pH scale become larger when moving away from ideal and laboratory conditions.

“It is known that the effects of assumptions in the calibration of the scale become larger when moving away from ideal and laboratory conditions.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Identification of the important components of uncertainty can be achieved through rigorous examinations of the relative contributions of the individual components of uncertainty.

“Identification of the important components of uncertainty can be achieved through rigorous examinations of the relative contributions of the individual components of uncertainty.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

These measurements require a ~10× reduction in on-orbit uncertainties, nearly matching what is achievable in ground-based NMI laboratories.

“These require a ~ 10× reduction in on-orbit uncertainties, nearly matching what is achievable in ground-based NMI laboratories.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Accurate and consistent spectroscopic parameters for trace gases including greenhouse gases are vital to the success of remote sensing products.

“Accurate and consistent spectroscopic parameters for trace gasesincluding greenhouse gases -are vital to the success of remote sensing products.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Understanding the heat uptake and release from reservoirs as well as their net inventory helps characterize the EEB.

“Understanding the heat uptake and release from reservoirs as well as their net inventory helps characterize the EEB.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Measurements of a specific GHG by a specific method can be affected by matrix effects or cross-sensitivities to other components in the air.

“Since measurements of a specific GHG by a specific method can be affected by matrix effects or (potentially ill-defined) cross-sensitivities to other components in the air”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

NOAA recommends recalibration periods of 2-3 years, but these are not always followed.

“NOAA recommends recalibration periods of 2-3 years, but these are not always followed.”

• cites NOAANot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

The atmospheric monitoring community needs access to traceable isotopic GHG reference materials to support verification of emissions measurements.

“The atmospheric monitoring community need access to traceable isotopic GHG reference materials to support verification of emissions measurements.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Source apportionment of natural and manmade GHG emissions requires extensive long-term spatially dispersed measurements of isotope ratio of GHGs.

“Source apportionment of natural and manmade GHG emissions requires extensive long-term spatially dispersed measurements of isotope ratio of GHGs.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

NMIs/DIs and expert organizations need access to available and affordable high quality purified air/whole air matrix gases and certified zero air.

“NMIs/DIs, and expert organizations need access to available and affordable high quality purified air/whole air matrix gases and certified zero air.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Lunar irradiances used as on-orbit calibration references need improved uncertainties from the current modelled levels of about 5% to 10% to less than 1%.

“Lunar irradiances used as on-orbit calibration references need improved uncertainties from the current modelled levels of about 5 % to 10 % to less than 1 %.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

The increase in CO2 measurements must be supported by readily available high-quality CO2 in air field standards and intermediate standards traceable to the SI.

“this increase in measurements must be supported by readily available high-quality CO2 in air field standards and in the chain of intermediate standards supporting their traceability to the SI.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

The validity of instrument calibration and measurement capabilities might encounter larger unwanted drift, enhancing their contribution to the uncertainty budget of a single measurement as a function of location, time, and frequency of extreme events.

“Validity of the instrument's calibration and its measurement capabilities might therefore encounter a larger (unwanted) drift, enhancing their contribution to the uncertainty budget of a single measurement -as a function of, e.g., location, time, frequency of particularly extreme events.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Market size expectation will be a key issue for specialty gas industry involvement.

“Market size expectation will be a key issue for specialty gas industry involvement.”

May combine two claims.

Snow is characterized by multiple variables, with different measurement techniques needed for different applications.

“Snow is characterized by multiple variables [1], with different measurement techniques needed for different applications.”

• cites [1] 1. Chao, Qingchen; Han Dolman, Albertus Johannes; Herold, Martin; Krug, Thelma; Speich, Sabrina; Suda, Kazuto; Thorne, Peter; Yu, Weidong; Zemp, Michael. The 2022 GCOS Implementation Plan. GCOS-No. 244, Geneva: World Meteorological Organization https://library.wmo.int/doc_num.php?explnum_id=11317Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Compatibility of δ13C and δ18O measurements needs to be improved.

“and need to be improved.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The unwanted termination of observational time series as glaciers retreat is becoming increasingly likely with time.

“The unwanted termination of observational time series as glaciers retreat is becoming increasingly likely with time.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Satellite measurements often report greenhouse gas concentrations in a way that intrinsically integrates entire atmospheric columns, whereas airborne and surface measurements might furnish spatially resolved data giving better insight into altitude distributions and surface phenomena.

“In terms of altitude, satellite measurements often report GHG concentrates in a way that intrinsically integrates entire atmospheric columns, whereas airborne and surface measurements might furnish spatially resolved data that gives better insight into altitude distributions of GHGs and phenomena that take place at the surface (human activity in particular).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Difficult comparison between various methodologies leads to a reluctance to endorse/integrate these scientific data products in official communications.

“as the difficult comparison between various methodologies leads to a reluctance to endorse/integrate these scientific data products in their official communications.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

This would require improved characterizations of instrument spectral-response functions at far-IR wavelengths (>30 μm).

“This would require improved characterizations of instrument spectral-response functions at far-IR wavelengths (>30 µm).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Due to current limitations in observational data, a permafrost model, rather than observations, is required to estimate the heat uptake by thawing of ground ice.

“Due to current limitations in observational data, a permafrost model, rather than observations, is required to estimate the heat uptake by thawing of ground ice.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Observations of permafrost variables are extremely diverse because of the different environments and forms in which permafrost occurs.

“Observations of permafrost variables are extremely diverse because of the different environments and forms in which permafrost occurs.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

It is likely also to be difficult for most users to use.

“It is likely also to be difficult for most users to use.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

For the operational timeframe of upcoming missions like FORUM (scheduled for launch in 2026), on-board blackbody calibration sources will need to deliver 100 mK (k = 3) uncertainties in the MIR and FIR spectral range to determine climate trends via absolute accuracy.

“For the operational timeframe of upcoming missions like FORUM (scheduled for launch in 2026), on-board blackbody calibration sources will need to deliver 100 mK (k = 3) uncertainties in the MIR and FIR spectral range to determine climate trends via absolute accuracy.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

For N2O, meeting the WMO DQO is most likely addressed through the development of additional N2O scales.

“For N2O this is most likely addressed through the development of additional N2O scales.”

May combine two claims.

Being inherently very stable, the Sun and Moon can also bridge non-overlapping instruments, mitigating measurement data gaps.

“Being inherently very stable, they can also bridge non-overlapping instruments, mitigating measurement data gaps (T1.C3).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Due to recent advances in optical spectroscopy, the atmospheric monitoring community now has requirements for larger volumes of calibration gases compared to those traditionally needed for IRMS.

“Due to recent advances in optical spectroscopy, the atmospheric monitoring community now has requirements for larger volumes of calibration gases compared to those traditionally needed for IRMS.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Reduced uncertainties for measurements of Earth-emitted thermal radiation are needed to determine the EEB directly.

“Reduced uncertainties for measurements of Earth-emitted thermal radiation (which span a broad spectral region and account for a significant fraction of the Earth's emitted radiant energy) are needed to determine the EEB directly.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Melting poses a particular challenge for long-term measurements of ice variables describing their status, such as thickness and speed.

“Such melting also poses a particular challenge for long-term measurements of ice variables describing their status (e.g.thickness, speed).”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Climate change accelerates ice melt and glacier disintegration.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

The national greenhouse gas emissions inventory community needs a unified approach to quality assurance of inverse atmospheric modeling and data.

“The national greenhouse gas emissions inventory community needs a unified approach to quality assurance of inverse atmospheric modeling and data”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Zero gas is not used as a calibration point in GHG scales.

“Although zero gas is not used as a calibration point in GHG scales”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

It is critical that reference materials behave in the same way as the matrix being measured (commutability).

“It is critical that the reference materials behave in the same way as the matrix that is being measured -this concept is termed commutability of the reference material.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The quality of zero gas is very important because it is a potentially useful diagnostic tool.

“Given its use as a potentially useful diagnostic tool the quality of zero gas is very important.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Improvements in measurement techniques/analytical methods are needed to allow more consistent measurements and increase the possibility of meeting or exceeding the WMO DQO through the use of the scale approach.

“Improvements in measurement techniques/analytical methods are needed to allow more consistent measurements and increase the possibility of meeting or exceeding the WMO DQO through the use of the scale approach.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

These are needed to complete the cryosphere component for the assessment of Earth's heat inventory.

“These are needed to complete the cryosphere component for the assessment of Earth's heat inventory.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Monitoring for avalanche warning is not the same as monitoring for hydrological purposes.

“Monitoring for avalanche warning is not the same as monitoring for hydrological purposes.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Small scale liquid nitrogen filling is a possibility but requires care and is not the preferred method.

“Small scale liquid nitrogen filling is a possibility but requires care and is not the preferred method.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The SPICE project launched by WMO CIMO evaluated a number of gauges and windshields available on the market and provided recommendations on their use and operation.

“In solid precipitation, the SPICE project [3] launched by WMO CIMO, evaluated a certain number of gauges and windshields available on the market and provided a set of recommendations on their use and operation.”

• cites [3] 3. Manual on WIGOS (WMO No. 1160) https://library.wmo.int/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=19223Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

The atmospheric greenhouse gas monitoring community needs clear language to describe the isotopic composition of atmospheric gases.

“The atmospheric greenhouse gas monitoring community needs clear language to describe the isotopic composition of atmospheric gases.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Argo is an international programme that collects information on temperature, salinity, pressure, and biogeochemical components such as oxygen, pH, nitrates, chlorophyll, etc. of the world's oceans.

“Argo is an international programme that collects information on temperature, salinity, pressure, and biogeochemical components such as oxygen, pH, nitrates, chlorophyll, etc. of the world's oceans.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Consistent, SI-traceable, low-uncertainty, long-duration, on-orbit spectral calibration sources are needed for calibrating, adjusting, and checking Earth-observing instruments operating in the visible and near-infrared spectral regions.

“Consistent, SI-traceable, low-uncertainty, long-duration, on-orbit spectral calibration sources are needed for calibrating, adjusting, and checking Earth-observing instruments operating in the visible and nearinfrared spectral regions.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Transfer functions were developed to correct the wind-induced error to the level of the reference measurement performed within a Double Fence Inter-comparison Reference (DFIR).

“Also, transfer functions were developed to correct the wind induced error to the level of the reference measurement performed within a Double Fence Inter-comparison Reference (DFIR).”

• cites [3] 3. Manual on WIGOS (WMO No. 1160) https://library.wmo.int/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=19223Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Zero gas could be used to prove that calibrations extrapolate through zero.

“it could be used to prove that calibrations extrapolate through zero.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

There is an urgent need for increased monitoring of atmospheric CO2 at all spatial scales to improve quantification of urban or sector level emissions and evaluate emission reduction strategies.

“For governments to improve the quantification of urban or sector level emissions (and to evaluate emission reduction strategies) there is an urgent need for increased monitoring of atmospheric CO2 at all spatial scales”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Currently, well characterized point-source quantification capabilities are multiplying and, particularly in the case of methane, provide a near-term pathway towards actionable information for governments, business, and industry.

“Currently, well characterized pointsource quantification capabilities are multiplying and, particularly in the case of methane, provide a near-term pathway towards actionable information for governments, business, and industry.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

The carbon cycle scientific community needs a comprehensive view of the observation data on methane leakage currently disseminated on different public and private platforms.

“The carbon cycle scientific community, to inform the institutions in charge of climate negotiations and their follow-up, and private actors (ESG rating agencies, investors, corporates, NGOs) need a comprehensive view of the observation data on methane leakage (CH4) initially.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

The atmospheric modelling community needs to be able to use GHG observations from different data sources, e.g., in situ, mobile systems, ground-based remote sensing, satellites.

“The atmospheric modelling community needs to be able to use GHG observations from different data sources, e.g., in situ, mobile systems, ground-based remote sensing, satellites”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

From space the same observations can be made globally, and with high revisit frequency, thus conceptually supporting operational systems with physical measurements useful for quantifying emissions.

“From space the same observations can be made globally, and with high revisit frequency, thus conceptually supporting operational systems with physical measurements useful for quantifying emissions”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Research to advance inversion-based methods continues and would benefit from acceleration of efforts.

“and research to advance inversion-based methods continues and would benefit from acceleration of efforts.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The scientific community needs to find the right partners to deploy suitable systems as soon as possible.

“The scientific community now needs to find the right partners to deploy suitable systems as soon as possible”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Novel sensors and measurement techniques need to be deployed rapidly and widely to support better climate science.

“Novel sensors and measurement techniques need to be deployed rapidly and widely to support better climate science.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Misalignment of data definitions may create future barriers for new cities.

“which may create future barriers for new cities.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Instrument developers need guidance on what gases to target, what measurement sensitivities are needed, what spatial and temporal resolutions are needed, and what instrument requirements to design suitable systems.

“Instrument developers need guidance on what gases to target, what measurement sensitivities are needed, what spatial and temporal resolutions are needed, and what instrument requirements (stability, cost, etc.) to design suitable systems”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

High-resolution urban GHG emission inventory operators need spatialized data with high update frequency to estimate road transport flows and speeds.

“High-resolution urban GHG emission inventory operators (university labs, start-ups) need spatialized data with high update frequency to estimate road transport flows and speeds”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Cities need a unified approach to quality assurance of high-resolution emissions inventories, because the difficult comparison between different methodologies could lead to a reluctance to approve inventories and to decision-making based on this family of tools.

“2B.11 Cities need a unified approach to quality assurance of highresolution emissions inventories, as the difficult comparison between different methodologies could lead to a reluctance to approve inventories and the decision-making process based on this family of tools.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

The diversity of methodologies for modeling atmospheric transport of greenhouse gas emissions at different scales does not facilitate the recognition, use and economic valuation of these data by public and private actors who need a recognized and stable framework.

“The diversity of methodologies for modeling atmospheric transport of greenhouse gas emissions at different scales (regional, national, sub-national, local, point source) does not facilitate the recognition, use and economic valuation of these data by public and private actors who need a recognized and stable framework.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

UNFCCC Expert reviewers of national greenhouse gas emissions inventory need an easily implemented transparency framework to assess the quality of inversion-based greenhouse gas emission inventories.

“The UNFCCC Expert reviewers of national greenhouse gas emissions inventory need an easily implemented transparency framework (e.g., a checklist) to assess the quality of inversion-based greenhouse gas emission inventories”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

The scientific community needs the ability to demonstrate that different flux/emission rate estimation techniques are equivalent or comparable to ensure reliable data can be produced for decision makers.

“The scientific community needs the ability to demonstrate that different flux/emission rate estimation techniques are equivalent or comparable to ensure reliable data can be produced for decision makers.”