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Cited by 0Contemporary Christian Leadership and EducationWorkplace Spirituality and LeadershipLeadership and Management in Organizations

The Emerging Servant Leadership and the False Narrative Among Air Force Chaplains

Open access
Dyer, Lorrie·2025·Αρετή (Arete): Journal of Excellence in Global Leadership
DOI 10.59319/arete.v3i1.897
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Abstract

Background: Air Force chaplains face the duality of serving as servant leader ministers and competitive Air Force officers. This research identified that limited research exists on balancing this dichotomy (Berry, 2015; Davis, 2011; Earnhardt, 2008; Reinke, 2004; Sampayo & Maranga, 2019). Objectives: Explore how Air Force chaplains balance the dichotomy of service (defined as servant leadership) and self (defined as self-first to receive promotion) in a hierarchical organizational culture. Methods/Approach: Action research (Coghlan & Brannick, 2014) was chosen for this study due to its collaborative approach and cyclical nature, which reveal new knowledge. The researcher analyzed data by implementing Saldaña's (2016) streamlined Codes-to-Theory. Reflection journal and session data were included in the data analysis. Air Force chaplains from different faith groups, ranks, and time in service uncovered shared challenges and applicable solutions. Results: Inquiry outcomes identified the False Narrative and the Great Divide. Outcomes analysis revealed an emerging servant leadership culture, the importance of character, and fulfilling duties in a pluralistic environment. Implications: Findings indicate the False Narrative, the Great Divide, character, and fulfilling duties in a pluralistic environment play a role in how Air Force chaplains carry out their duties to serve and care for Airmen and offer guidance to leadership, impacting the Air Force's local and global missions. Conclusions: Findings suggest intentional actions encouraging the emerging cultural change require acknowledging and dispelling the False Narrative, addressing the Great Divide, and providing leadership skills training that nurtures the emerging servant leadership culture while addressing identified concerns.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

This action research study explored how seven active-duty U.S. Air Force chaplains balance service before self/servant leadership with career progression and promotion in a hierarchical culture. It identified a False Narrative, the Great Divide, an emerging servant leadership culture, character, and pluralism, while finding that servant leadership was not identified as helping chaplains balance service and self.

Key findings

  • Participants identified the “False Narrative”: the belief that Air Force chaplains cannot take care of Airmen and get promoted, which they found was real and perpetuated by leadership; junior chaplains especially felt pressure to be competitive. They also identified “The Great Divide”: two definitions of an Air Force chaplain—one guided by AFI 52-101 and one guided by their religion.
  • Additional outcomes were an emerging servant leadership culture, the importance of leadership, character, and pluralism. Five pivotal insights included servant leadership implementation, the necessity of time for reflection and peer discussions, the importance of chaplain experience, being a minister versus an organizational leader, and that servant leadership was not identified as helping chaplains find balance between service and self.
  • The study did not answer how Air Force chaplains define servant leadership in a military setting, and servant leadership was not identified as a favored form of leadership among chaplains, contradicting an earlier finding that servant leadership was the fifth most important factor to Wing Chaplains (Costin, 2009).
  • Promotion context reported: as of 2025, promotion from Major to Lieutenant Colonel had a total promotion rate of 50.4% in all categories; 28 out of 35 chaplains were selected for promotion to Major; and a 90% promotion rate for chaplains from Captain to Major was cited for those who stayed in the Air Force, had no documented reprimand, obtained Professional Military Education, and passed physical fitness tests.

Methods

  • Action research coupled with Heron’s co-operative inquiry, guided by three research questions. Seven active-duty Air Force chaplains from different faith groups, ranks, positions, time in service, ethnic backgrounds, and genders participated in a four-month study with monthly Zoom meetings lasting one and a half to two hours across three cycles.
  • Data included recorded and transcribed Zoom sessions, participant reflection journals, and field notes. Analysis was inductive and used Saldaña’s Codes-to-Theory Model, with triangulation, member checking, rechecking, reflexivity, bracketing, and a peer debriefing and support group to support fidelity and trustworthiness.

Limitations

  • The paper states limitations including potential researcher biases (the researcher had worked with each participant over fifteen years), sample size of seven, chaplain availability due to military commitments, time limited to four months, and Zoom sessions making it harder to observe body language and take field notes.
  • The paper also states that a larger group study could have produced or substantiated the insights, and a longer study could have revealed more significant findings.
  • Evident in the text: the small purposeful sample and reliance on self-reported reflection journals and group discussions limit generalizability, though the authors attempted to mitigate this through triangulation, member checking, reflexivity, and bracketing.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.59319/arete.v3i1.897

Cites

0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

1 of 57 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured

  • Premisecitation

    An examination of 270 studies published between 1998 and 2018 revealed significantly more quantitative empirical research on servant leadership than qualitative manuscripts, with just 28 qualitative studies, eight mixed methods, and 158 quantitative.

    “An examination of 270 studies published between 1998 and 2018 revealed significantly more quantitative empirical research on servant leadership than qualitative manuscripts, with just 28 qualitative studies, eight mixed methods, and 158 quantitative (Eva et al., 2019).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Eva et al., 2019 source

      Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Findingown data

    The study revealed an emerging servant leadership culture.

    “However, it did reveal an emerging servant leadership culture.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingnone given

    Chaplains had different opinions regarding their roles and understanding of what being an Air Force chaplain meant.

    “Chaplains had different opinions regarding their roles and understanding of what being an Air Force chaplain meant.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingreasoning

    Chaplains stated that if one did what they were supposed to and stayed out of trouble, they would receive a promotion.

    “However, chaplains stated that if one did what they were supposed to and stayed out of trouble, they would receive a promotion.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingcitation

    The Great Divide revealed the impact of each chaplain's understanding of what an Air Force chaplain meant and its influence on how they carried out their responsibilities as a chaplain.

    “The profound significance of the Great Divide revealed the impact of each chaplain's understanding of what an Air Force chaplain meant and its influence on how they carried out their responsibilities as a chaplain.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • May combine two claims. 40
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 70

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Servant leadership was not identified to help Air Force chaplains manage the dichotomy of service and self or create equilibrium between service and self.

    “Servant leadership was not identified to help Air Force chaplains manage the dichotomy of service and self or how to create an equilibrium between service and self.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given

    A False Narrative exists and perpetuates the belief that Air Force Chaplains cannot take care of Airmen and get promoted.

    “A False Narrative Exists and perpetuates the belief that Air Force Chaplains cannot take care of Airmen and get promoted.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    In Cycle 3, participants reported that in their conversations with colleagues, they discovered that the False Narrative was real and was perpetuated by leadership.

    “In Cycle 3, participants reported that in their conversations with colleagues, they discovered that the False Narrative was real and was perpetuated by leadership.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The study identified the False Narrative and the Great Divide.

    “Inquiry outcomes identified the False Narrative and the Great Divide.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Findingnone given

    The study did not answer how Air Force chaplains define servant leadership in a military setting.

    “The study did not answer how Air Force chaplains define servant leadership in a military setting.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Findingown data

    Participants identified two definitions of being an Air Force chaplain: chaplains guided by the Air Force Instruction 52-101 and chaplains guided by their religion.

    “Participants identified two definitions of an being an Air Force chaplain: 1. Chaplains guided by the Air Force Instruction 52-101 (AFI52-101).2. Chaplains guided by their religion.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Three additional outcomes revealed themselves as an Emergent Servant Leadership, the implication of the role of Individual Characteristics, and the significance of Pluralism.

    “In addition to the two primary outcomes three additional outcomes revealed themselves as an Emergent Servant Leadership, the implication of the role of Individual Characteristics (on how a chaplain carried out his role), and the significance of Pluralism (being able to perform one's duties in a pluralistic environment).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Findingnone given

    If you can't exist in a pluralistic environment, being a chaplain is not for you.

    “If you can't exist in a pluralistic environment, being a chaplain is not for you.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Outcomes analysis revealed an emerging servant leadership culture, the importance of character, and fulfilling duties in a pluralistic environment.

    “Outcomes analysis revealed an emerging servant leadership culture, the importance of character, and fulfilling duties in a pluralistic environment.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Findingnone given

    Leadership matters.

    “Leadership Matters”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Experience helps chaplains navigate the challenges unique to them as Air Force chaplains, and experience comes from serving time in the Air Force as a chaplain and understanding the difference between being a minister versus an organizational leader.

    “It was revealed that experience help chaplains navigate the challenges unique to them as they served as Air Force chaplains and experience comes from serving time in the Air Force as a chaplain and understanding the difference with being a minister versus an organizational leader.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

    Findingnone given

    Character makes a difference.

    “Character makes a difference”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Findingown data

    Some ministers may not be suited to be Air Force chaplains because they cannot set aside their civilian minister role to embrace what it means to be an Air Force chaplain.

    “Chaplains concluded that some ministers may not be suited to be Air Force chaplains because they cannot set aside their civilian minister role to embrace what it means to be an Air Force chaplain.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Five pivotal insights emerged: servant leadership implementation, the necessity of time for reflection and discussions with their peers, the importance and role of a chaplain's experience, being a minister versus an organizational leader, and that servant leadership was not identified as helping chaplains find a balance between service and self.

    “Five pivotal insights also emerged: servant leadership implementation, the necessity of time for reflection and discussions with their peers, the importance and role of a chaplain's experience, and being a minister versus an organizational leader, and that servant leadership was not identified as helping chaplains find a balance between service and self.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    Participants called the two definitions The Great Divide.

    “Participants called this The Great Divide.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Findingown data

    The Great Divide consists of two major definitions of an Air Force chaplain.

    “The Great Divide: Two Major Definitions of an Air Force Chaplain”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Participants emphasized the importance of taking time for reflection and engaging in discussions with their peers.

    “Participants also emphasized the importance of taking time for reflection and engaging in discussions with their peers.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Findingown data

    In Cycle 2, participants stated that many chaplains shared the belief that they had to choose between service and self to receive a promotion, which they identified as the False Narrative.

    “In Cycle 2, participants' discussions continued to evolve from research question 2. Participants stated that many chaplains shared the belief that they had to choose between service and self to receiving a promotion, which they identified as the False Narrative.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Dyer, 2021

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Findingreasoning

    The False Narrative is pressure from leadership to receive a promotion, also referred to as having to choose serving self over serving Airmen.

    “The False Narrative is pressure from leadership to receive a promotion, also referred to in this study as having to choose serving self over serving Airmen.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Findingnone given
    § The Emerging Servant Leadership and the False Narrative Among Air Force Chaplains

    Emerging Servant Leadership is a major result.

    “Emerging Servant Leadership”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Characteristics that influence how chaplains carry out their roles are accountability, beliefs, cultures, faith, honesty, integrity, motivation, personality, upbringing, and values.

    “Characteristics that influence how chaplains carry out their roles are accountability, beliefs, cultures, faith, honesty, integrity, motivation, personality, upbringing, and values (Dyer, 2021, pp. 92-93).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Dyer, 2021, pp. 92-93

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Findingnone given

    Chaplains believe they must adhere to higher standards of behavior.

    “Chaplains believe they must adhere to higher standards of behavior.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Findingcitation

    If a chaplain had good officership, whether a chaplain fulfilled their ministerial obligations and represented God was irrelevant to them receiving a promotion.

    “Additionally, they revealed that if a chaplain had good officership, whether a chaplain fulfilled their ministerial obligations and represented God was irrelevant to them receiving a promotion.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Participants concluded that chaplains should adhere to high standards of behavior and exhibit characteristics such as accountability, beliefs, cultures, faith, honesty, integrity, motivation, personality, and upbringing.

    “During the discussion about standards of behavior and characteristics, participants in the study concluded that chaplains should adhere to high standards of behavior and exhibit characteristics such as accountability, beliefs, cultures, faith, honesty, integrity, motivation, personality, and upbringing.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Findingcitation

    Good officership played a more critical role in promotion.

    “Good officership played a more critical role in promotion (Dyer, 2021).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Dyer, 2021

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Participants stated that officership was defined as fulfilling the expectations of Air Force chaplains and that civilian ministers and Air Force chaplains (officers) have different goals and roles.

    “Participants stated that officership was defined as fulfilling the expectations of Air Force chaplains and that civilian ministers and Air Force chaplains (officers) have different goals and roles (Dyer, 2021).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Dyer, 2021

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The participants identified the necessity of being able to perform one's duty in a pluralistic environment and that it requires chaplains to step outside their beliefs to provide care for all Airmen.

    “The participants identified the necessity of being able to perform one's duty in a pluralistic environment and that it requires chaplains to step outside their beliefs to provide care for all Airmen.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Findingnone given

    Chaplains have a strong sense of responsibility towards those they serve and to the larger purpose of the Chaplain Corps' mission and their greater mission as ministers, which is in line with servant leadership.

    “They have a strong sense of responsibility towards those they serve and to the larger purpose of the Chaplain Corps' mission and their greater mission as ministers, which is in line with servant leadership.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Findingnone given

    This study shows that there may be differences between civilian ministers and Air Force chaplains.

    “This study shows that there may be differences between civilian ministers and Air Force chaplains.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Findingown data

    Chaplains need to openly and honestly discuss their daily challenges and experiences with other chaplains.

    “Some pivotal insights identified in this study that align with servant leadership revealed that chaplains need to openly and honestly discuss their daily challenges and experiences with other chaplains.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Findingcitation

    Finding balance did not mean compromising one's religion.

    “Chaplains emphasized that finding this balance did not mean compromising one's religion (Dyer, 2021).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Dyer, 2021

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given

    Junior chaplains say leadership perpetuates the False Narrative, pushing chaplains to be more competitive to receive a promotion.

    “Still, junior chaplains say leadership perpetuates the False Narrative, pushing chaplains to be more competitive to receive a promotion.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Chaplains needed time for reflection, conversations, and opportunities to reconnect with why they joined the Air Force, to reconnect with their beliefs and values, and how their responses impacted their ability to be effective chaplains.

    “Chaplains said that to ensure they do not lose sight of what is important, they needed time for reflection, conversations, and opportunities to reconnect with why they joined the Air Force, to reconnect with their beliefs and values, and how their responses impacted their ability to be effective chaplains.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingcitation

    A chaplain described operating in a pluralistic environment as an ability like turning off a switch to be pluralistic and provide practical care instead of spiritual care.

    “A chaplain described operating in a pluralistic environment as an ability like turning off a switch to be pluralistic and provide practical care instead of spiritual care (Dyer, 2021, p. 95).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Dyer, 2021, p. 95

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The definition a chaplain defines as an individual does not offer a clear path toward servant leadership in a military setting because it is according to their religion, which may prevent them from serving Airmen whose beliefs and practices do not align with theirs.

    “The definition a chaplain defines as an individual does not offer a clear path toward servant leadership in a military setting because it is according to their religion, which may prevent them from serving Airmen whose beliefs and practices do not align with theirs.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    The Wing Chaplain Leadership Model used in Costin's study identified servant leadership as the fifth most important factor to Wing Chaplains.

    “Additionally, although the Wing Chaplain Leadership Model (WCLM) used in the study identified servant leadership as the fifth most important factor to Wing Chaplains, it did not adequately address how chaplains balance servant leadership and career progressions (i.e.promotion) (Costin, 2009).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Costin, 2009

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductcitation

    Nonjudgmental support was provided in the Peer Debriefing and Support group to help preserve the honesty and integrity of the research throughout the study.

    “Nonjudgmental support was provided in the Peer Debriefing and Support group (PDS) to help preserve the honesty and integrity of the research throughout the study (Lincoln & Guba, 1985).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Lincoln & Guba, 1985

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    One study suggested that servant leadership may not work in military cultures because it is impractical and unrealistic in such a setting.

    “One study suggested that servant leadership may not work in military cultures because it is impractical and unrealistic in such a setting (Bowie, 2000).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Bowie, 2000

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationreasoning

    These pivotal insights contribute to a chaplain's ability to provide care and guidance to Airmen and leadership as they strive to accomplish local and global missions.

    “These pivotal insights were identified as contributing to a chaplain's ability to provide care and guidance to Airmen and leadership as they strive to accomplish local and global missions.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Servant leadership requires one to serve all, as does AFI52-101, regardless of the chaplains or the Airmen they are serving religious beliefs.

    “Servant leadership requires one to serve all, as does AFI52-101, regardless of the chaplains or the Airmen they are serving religious beliefs.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites AFI52-101

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    Bracketing helped ensure fidelity and trust.

    “Bracketing also helped ensure fidelity and trust.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    Findings indicate the False Narrative, the Great Divide, character, and fulfilling duties in a pluralistic environment play a role in how Air Force chaplains carry out their duties to serve and care for Airmen and offer guidance to leadership, impacting the Air Force's local and global missions.

    “Findings indicate the False Narrative, the Great Divide, character, and fulfilling duties in a pluralistic environment play a role in how Air Force chaplains carry out their duties to serve and care for Airmen and offer guidance to leadership, impacting the Air Force's local and global missions.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    Each inquiry outcome is entwined, affecting one another, creating an Air Force Chaplain Corps Holon.

    “It was revealed that each inquiry outcome is entwined, affecting one another, creating an Air Force Chaplain Corps Holon.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Action research is cyclical in nature, pulling participants in and inviting them to share and work together to identify and solve problems while developing new shared knowledge.

    “Additionally, action research is cyclical in nature, pulling participants in and inviting them to share and work together to identify and solve problems while developing new shared knowledge (McFraland & Stansell, 1993).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites McFraland & Stansell, 1993

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The False Narrative most likely appeared out of necessity when receiving a promotion was highly competitive and being relieved of duty from the Air Force for not receiving a promotion on the second try was common.

    “The False Narrative most likely appeared out of necessity when receiving a promotion was highly competitive and being relieved of duty from the Air Force for not receiving a promotion on the second try was common.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationreasoning

    The belief that receiving a promotion requires putting oneself before service to stand out above the crowd can lead to internal and external conflicts for ministers and servant leaders.

    “The belief that receiving a promotion requires putting oneself before service to stand out above the crowd can lead to internal and external conflicts for ministers and servant leaders.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationcitation

    AFI52-101 leaves room for chaplains to carry out their duties as servant leaders without compromising their religious beliefs or those of the Airmen they serve.

    “AFI52-101 leaves room for chaplains to carry out their duties as servant leaders without compromising their religious beliefs or those of the Airmen they serve.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites AFI52-101

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Premisecitation

    A minister's core value is to put service before self.

    “A minister's core value is to put service before self, which in a promotion-based culture can present a unique problem (Ali, 2009;Allen, 2016;Butler & Herman, 1999;Estocin, 2016;Harper, n.d.;Rocca, 2013).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Ali, 2009

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Allen, 2016

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Butler & Herman, 1999

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Servant leadership could abate toxic leadership concerns in military settings.

    “Servant leadership could abate toxic leadership concerns in military settings (Wong & Davey, 2007).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Wong & Davey, 2007

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    As of 2025, promotion from Major to Lieutenant Colonel has a total promotion rate of 50.4% in all categories.

    “As of 2025, promotion from Major to Lieutenant Colonel has a total promotion rate of 50.4% in all categories (Hadley, 2024).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Hadley, 2024

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductcitation

    Field notes provided additional data and insights, undergoing a process similar to that of group data, which was transcribed, coded, and verified for accuracy.

    “Field notes provided additional data and insights, undergoing a process similar to that of group data, which was transcribed, coded, and verified for accuracy (Creswell, 2013).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Creswell, 2013

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Premisenone given

    Receiving a promotion beyond captain is traditionally considered very competitive among chaplains.

    “Receiving a promotion beyond captain is traditionally considered very competitive among chaplains.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Premisenone given

    A promotion to captain is automatically earned for a chaplain.

    “A promotion to captain is automatically earned for a chaplain.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Chaplains will not perform duties incompatible with their endorsing organizations or professional role and will remain in a noncombatant status.

    “Chaplains will not perform duties incompatible with their endorsing organizations or professional role and will remain in a noncombatant status.(T-0).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites 10 USC, § 8067 (h)

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Earnhardt's (2008) study discovered that servant leadership can and does work in a military setting based on Patterson's (2003) constructs of servant leadership.

    “Earnhardt's (2008) study discovered that based on Patterson's (2003) constructs of servant leadership: love, humility, altruism, vision, trust, empowerment, and service, servant leadership can and does work in a military setting.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Earnhardt, 2008

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Patterson, 2003

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    Ethical concerns were identified and addressed, and solutions were ascertained.

    “Ethical concerns were identified and addressed, and solutions were ascertained.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In accordance with 10 USC § 8067(h), chaplains provide religious worship and rites, religious accommodation, pastoral care, unit engagement, counseling, and spiritual care.

    “In accordance with 10 USC, § 8067 (h), chaplains provide religious worship and rites, religious accommodation, pastoral care, unit engagement, counseling, and spiritual care.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites 10 USC, § 8067 (h)

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    Findings suggest intentional actions encouraging the emerging cultural change require acknowledging and dispelling the False Narrative, addressing the Great Divide, and providing leadership skills training that nurtures the emerging servant leadership culture while addressing identified concerns.

    “Findings suggest intentional actions encouraging the emerging cultural change require acknowledging and dispelling the False Narrative, addressing the Great Divide, and providing leadership skills training that nurtures the emerging servant leadership culture while addressing identified concerns.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductcitation

    Each Zoom session was recorded, transcribed, and verified for accuracy.

    “Each Zoom session was recorded, transcribed, and verified for accuracy (Creswell, 2013).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Creswell, 2013

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    Group session data underwent the analysis process three times to ensure accuracy.

    “Group session data underwent the analysis process three times to ensure accuracy.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    Reflexivity was implemented throughout the study to help participants sort through their thoughts and ideas.

    “Reflexivity was implemented throughout the study to help participants sort through their thoughts and ideas, enabling them to determine what they found helpful and what did not work to help them better understand their beliefs of service and self in the context of being an Air Force chaplain.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    The findings from this study, particularly the findings on the need for chaplains to spend time reflecting on what they are experiencing and why they became a chaplain in the first place, may be a need that exists with all chaplains or ministers, both military and civilian.

    “The findings from this study, particularly the findings on the need for chaplains to spend time reflecting on what they are experiencing and why they became a chaplain in the first place, may be a need that exists with all chaplains or ministers, both military and civilian.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductnone given

    Researcher biases included observations, personal opinions, and thoughts formed from working with Air Force chaplains for over fifteen years, and the researcher had worked with each participant.

    “Researcher biases included observations, personal opinions, and thoughts that had formed from working with Air Force chaplains for over fifteen years.At one point, the researcher had worked with each of the participants.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Several resources exist to help chaplains overcome the False Narrative, eliminate the Great Divide, encourage a servant leadership culture, identify and nurture character strengths and help eliminate character weaknesses, and identify individuals that may not be suited to serve as a chaplain in a pluralistic environment early on.

    “As illustrated in Table 2, several resources exist to help chaplains overcome the False Narrative, eliminate the Great Divide, encourage a servant leadership culture, identify and nurture character strengths and help eliminate character weaknesses, and identify individuals that may not be suited to serve as a chaplain in a pluralistic environment early on.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Table 2

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    While there is room to grow and expand our understanding of these roles, chaplains continue to serve selflessly, and civilian ministers continue to answer the call to become Air Force chaplains.

    “While there is room to grow and expand our understanding of these roles, chaplains continue to serve selflessly, and civilian ministers continue to answer the call to become Air Force chaplains.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    Experience or learning by doing may also be a finding that is transferable and not limited to individuals in ministry roles.

    “Additionally, experience or learning by doing may also a finding that is transferable and not limited to individuals in ministry roles.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    These insights were identified as impacting their ability to provide service to Airmen, impacting the global mission of the Air Force, which ties back to falling victim to the False Narrative.

    “These insights were identified as impacting their ability to provide service to Airmen, impacting the global mission of the Air Force, which ties back to falling victim to the False Narrative.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    Being an Air Force chaplain is riddled with complexities and seeming contradictions.

    “Being an Air Force chaplain is riddled with complexities and seeming contradictions.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    Air Force chaplains are hired for their faith backgrounds but are required to serve all Airmen regardless of the Airmen's faith background.

    “Air Force chaplains are hired for their faith backgrounds but are required to serve all Airmen regardless of the Airmen's faith background.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    By implementing these programs, chaplains can implement servant leadership, contributing to the emerging servant leadership culture and fulfilling their commitment to service before self, finding balance as ministers, Air Force chaplains, and Officers.

    “They can also implement servant leadership, contributing to the emerging servant leadership culture and fulfilling their commitment to service before self, finding balance as ministers, Air Force chaplains, and Officers.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Friedman's (2014) Total Leadership program aligns with servant leadership and requires one to take time to look inward and reflect on their behaviors, beliefs, and core values.

    “Friedman's (2014) Total Leadership program aligns with servant leadership and requires one to take time to look inward and reflect on their behaviors, beliefs, and core values (Green et al., 2015;Greenleaf, 2002;Liden et al., 2008).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Friedman, 2014

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Green et al., 2015

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Greenleaf, 2002

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    By being self-aware of their leadership style and limitations, chaplain leaders can develop skills to become servant leaders because self-awareness increases leadership effectiveness.

    “By being self-aware of their leadership style and limitations, chaplain leaders can develop skills to become servant leaders because self-awareness increases leadership effectiveness (Clarr et al., 2014).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Clarr et al., 2014

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Interpretationreasoning

    Implementing Friedman's (2014) Total Leadership program offers an opportunity to meet the need for chaplains to balance their lives.

    “Implementing Friedman's (2014) Total Leadership program offers an opportunity to meet the need for chaplains to balance their lives.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Friedman, 2014

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    Air Force chaplain leaders are in a position to impact followers.

    “Air Force chaplain leaders are in a position to impact followers.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    Although the Air Force is taking leadership seriously and removing leaders who are falling short, they may unknowingly contribute to the False Narrative by allowing these former leaders to continue to serve in the Air Force.

    “Although the Air Force is taking leadership seriously and removing leaders who are falling short, they may unknowingly contribute to the False Narrative by allowing these former leaders to continue to serve in the Air Force.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    Best servant leadership practices may also address the chaplains' concerns in this study.

    “Best servant leadership practices may also address the chaplains' concerns in this study.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Interpretationreasoning

    The Great Divide needs further exploration due to the significance of how a chaplain understands and defines their role as an Air Force chaplain impacts how they carry out their mission and serve Airmen.

    “The Great Divide needs further exploration due to the significance of how a chaplain understands and defines their role as an Air Force chaplain impacts how they carry out their mission and serve Airmen.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Those who answer the call to fill the role of an Air Force chaplain respond to the calling with a servant leader's heart, a commitment to serving Airmen, and a desire to balance service and self.

    “Those who answer the call to fill the role of an Air Force chaplain respond to the calling with a servant leader's heart, a commitment to serving Airmen, and a desire to balance service and self.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Interpretationcitation

    Total Leadership, accompanied by nurturing the Nine Dimensions of Servant Leadership, can assist chaplains in reconnecting to core values and beliefs.

    “Not only can it support the emergence of servant leadership and culture, but when accompanied by nurturing the Nine Dimensions of Servant Leadership (Liden et al., 2008) by addressing the whole person through proven methods that seek to teach individuals how to achieve four-way wins (Friedman, 2014), it can assist chaplains in reconnecting to core values and beliefs (Friedman, 2014).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Liden et al., 2008 source
    • cites Friedman, 2014

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationreasoning

    The differences between civilian ministers and Air Force chaplains may also contribute to a more expanded definition and understanding of the Great Divide.

    “The differences between civilian ministers and Air Force chaplains may also contribute to a more expanded definition and understanding of the Great Divide.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    By implementing these programs, chaplains can embrace their ministerial roots while reflecting on why they became Air Force chaplains.

    “By implementing these programs, chaplains can embrace their ministerial roots while reflecting on why they became Air Force chaplains.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationown data

    A chaplain must be able to function in a pluralistic environment to fulfill their role and mission as Air Force chaplains to serve all Airmen.

    “A chaplain must be able to function in a pluralistic environment to fulfill their role and mission as Air Force chaplains to serve all Airmen.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Premisenone given

    Chaplains offer leadership guidance.

    “Additionally, chaplains offer leadership guidance.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    Several limitations were identified in this study, including potential researcher biases, sample size, availability of chaplains, and time.

    “Several limitations were identified in this study, and attempts were made to mitigate those limitations.These limitations include potential researcher biases, sample size of the study, the availability of the chaplains, and time.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    The need to pause and reflect may also be beneficial for individuals in similar caregiving roles, such as counselors, clinicians, or psychologists.

    “The need to pause and reflect may also be beneficial for individuals in similar caregiving roles, such as counselors, clinicians, or psychologists.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Servant leadership involves right identity, right motivation, right method, right impact, and right character.

    “Right identity-Seeing oneself as a servant Right motivation-Serving God by serving others Right method-Relating to others in a positive manner Right impact-Inspiring others to serve a higher purpose Right character-Maintaining integrity and authenticity (Wong & Davey, 2007, pp. 7-8).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Wong & Davey, 2007, pp. 7-8

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

86 of 86

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The experiences and reports of the seven participating Air Force chaplains are representative enough of Air Force chaplains generally to support conclusions about Air Force chaplains.

    “Seven active-duty Air Force chaplains participated in this four-month study.”
    “Air Force chaplains from different faith groups, ranks, and time in service uncovered shared challenges and applicable solutions.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The False Narrative is a false and harmful belief that affects Air Force chaplains and the Chaplain Corps.

    “which ties back to falling victim to the False Narrative.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The participants' accounts accurately represent their experiences and the broader Air Force Chaplain Corps.

    “Seven individuals from different faith backgrounds, ranks, time in service, cultures, and genders participated in the study.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    An emerging servant leadership culture exists in the Air Force Chaplain Corps.

    “contributing to the emerging servant leadership culture”
4 of 4

Cites

The publisher hasn’t deposited this paper’s reference list.

Research works printed but not linked: 17

  1. Carter, D., & Baghurst, T. (2013). The influence of servant leadership on restaurant employee engagement. Journal of Business Ethics, 124(3), 453-464. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551- 013-1882-0 · DOI
  2. Creswell, J. W. (2013). Qualitative inquiry & research design: Choosing among five approaches. SAGE.
  3. Dyer, L. L. (2021). Air Force chaplains balancing the scales: The dichotomy between service before self and self before service (Publication No. 28775633) [Doctoral dissertation, The Chicago School of Professional Psychology]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.
  4. Earnhardt, M. P. (2008). Testing a servant leadership theory among United States military members. Emerging Leadership Journeys, 1(2), 14-24. https://www.regent.edu/acad/global/publications/elj/vol1iss2/ELJ_V1Is2_Earnhardt.pdf
  5. Flick, U. (2018). Triangulation. In N. K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.), The SAGE handbook of qualitative research (5th ed., pp. 444-462). Sage Publications.
  6. Friedman, S. D. (2014). Total leadership: Be a better leader, have a richer life. Harvard Business Review Press.
  7. Green, M. T., Rodriguez, R. A., Wheeler, C. A., & Baggerly-Hinojosa, B. (2015, August). Servant leadership: A quantitative review of instruments and related results. Servant Leadership: Theory and Practice, 2(2), 76- 96. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/995c/0f757f00d3f299708687f8a586d0ed79a3b5.pdf
  8. Greenleaf, R. K. (2002). Servant leadership: A journey into the nature of legitimate power & greatness (25th Anniversary Edition). Paulist Press.
  9. McFarland, K. P., & Stansell, J. C. (1993). Historical perspectives on teacher research. In D. J. Flinders & G. E. Mills (Eds.), Theory and concepts in qualitative research: Perspectives from the field (pp. 113-127). Teachers College Press.
  10. Neuman, W. L. (2011). Social research methods: Qualitative and quantitative approaches (7th ed.).
  11. Padgett, D. (2017). Qualitative methods in social work research (3rd ed.). SAGE.
  12. Reinke, S. J. (2004). Service before self: Towards a theory of servant-leadership. Global Virtue Ethics Review, 5(3), 30-57. https://spaef.org/article/624/Service-Before-Self-Towards-a-Theory-of- Servant-Leadership
  13. Saleen, N., Brown, A., Smith, J., & Johnson, L. (2020). Practices to foster physician presence and connection with patients in clinical encounters. Journal of Patient Experience, 7(2), 123-130. https://doi.org/10.1177/1234567890123456 · DOI
  14. van Dierendonck, D., & Nuijten, I. (2011). The servant leadership survey: Development and validation of a multidimensional measure. Journal of Business and Psychology, 26(3), 249- 267. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10869-010-9194-1 · DOI · Paper page
  15. van Dierendonck, D., & Patterson, K. (2010). Servant leadership: Developments in theory and research. Palgrave Macmillan.
  16. Yin, R. K. (2011). Qualitative research from start to finish. NY: The Guilford Press.
  17. Yukl, G. (2013). Leadership in organizations (8th ed.). Pearson.

Cited by

Still being checked.

Related

Authors
Dyer, L.
Affiliations
Saint Mary-of-the-Woods College (US)
Corresponding author
Dyer, Lorrie
ORCID
Dyer, Lorrie
Venue
Αρετή (Arete): Journal of Excellence in Global Leadership
Publisher
Private Academic Library Network of Indiana, Inc.
Published
2025-02-12
Volume
3
Issue
1
Pages
137-161
ISSN
2836-4937 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.59319/arete.v3i1.897
OpenAlex
W4407397801
Cited by
0
References
0
FWCI
0.00
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
αρετή (Arete) Journal of Excellence in Global Leadership (publishedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Religious studies › Contemporary Christian Leadership and Education
  • Social Sciences › Demography › Workplace Spirituality and Leadership
  • Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Strategy and Management › Leadership and Management in Organizations
Keywords
servant leadership, military chaplaincy, false narratives, Great Divide, organizational hierarchy, self-promotion, character, pluralism, leadership training, organizational culture change

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