The DOI matches its Crossref record, with a small difference in title or year; none of the 117 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
IPCC, 2023: Climate Change 2023: Synthesis Report, Summary for Policymakers. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Core Writing Team, H. Lee and J. Romero (eds.)]. IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland.
Open accessAbstract
The Summary for Policymakers (SPM) of the Synthesis Report (SYR) of the Sixth Assessment Report (AR6) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), is a component of the SYR which provides a policy-relevant but policy-neutral summary of the SYR. It is consistent with the Sections of the SYR and is approved line by line by the Governments at a plenary session of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
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Claims the paper makes
117 Sources not found · 66 Own interpretation · 66 No basis given · 9 Own result · 5 Not checked yet · 1 Own method
In the paper
“Global surface temperature was 1.09 [0.95 to 1.20]°C 5 higher in 2011-2020 than 1850-1900 6 , with larger increases over land (1.59 [1.34 to 1.83]°C) than over the ocean (0.88 [0.68 to 1.01]°C).”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites {2.1.1, Figure 2.1}
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In all regions increases in extreme heat events have resulted in human mortality and morbidity (very high confidence).”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > {2.1.1, Figure 2.1}
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites {2.1.2, Figure 2.3}
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Global mean sea level increased by 0.20 [0.15 to 0.25] m between 1901 and 2018.”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > {2.1.1, Figure 2.1}
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites {2.1.2,Table 2.1, Figure 2.3, Figure 3.4}
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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In the paper
“In 2019, atmospheric CO 2 concentrations (410 parts per million) were higher than at any time in at least 2 million years (high confidence), and concentrations of methane (1866 parts per billion) and nitrous oxide (332 parts per billion) were higher than at any time in at least 800,000 years (very high confidence).”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > {2.1.1, Figure 2.1}
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites {2.1.1, Figure 2.1}
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“Emissions reductions in CO 2 -FFI due to improvements in energy intensity of GDP and carbon intensity of energy, have been less than emissions increases from rising global activity levels in industry, energy supply, transport, agriculture and buildings.(high confidence) {2.1.1}”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > {2.1.1, Figure 2.1}
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites {2.1.1}
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Ocean warming and ocean acidification have adversely affected food production from fisheries and shellfish aquaculture in some oceanic regions (high confidence).”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > {2.1.1, Figure 2.1}
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites {2.1.2,
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Between 2010 and 2020, human mortality from floods, droughts and storms was 15 times higher in highly vulnerable regions, compared to regions with very low vulnerability.(high confidence) {2.1.2,4.4}”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > {2.1.1, Figure 2.1}
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites {2.1.2,4.4}
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“Average annual GHG emissions during 2010-2019 were higher than in any previous decade on record, while the rate of growth between 2010 and 2019 (1.3% yr -1 ) was lower than that between 2000 and 2009 (2.1% yr -1 ).”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > {2.1.1, Figure 2.1}
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites {2.1.1}
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“Evidence of observed changes in extremes such as heatwaves, heavy precipitation, droughts, and tropical cyclones, and, in particular, their attribution to human influence, has further strengthened since AR5.”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > {2.1.1, Figure 2.1}
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites {2.1.2,Table 2.1, Figure 2.3, Figure 3.4}
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Widespread and rapid changes in the atmosphere, ocean, cryosphere and biosphere have occurred.”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > {2.1.1, Figure 2.1}
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites {2.1, Table 2.1, Figure 2.2, Figure 2.3}
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- It may state two separate claims as one. 75
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
- Probably not a substantial claim. 5
In the paper
“The average rate of sea level rise was 1.3 [0.6 to 2.1] mm yr -1 between 1901 and 1971, increasing to 1.9 [0.8 to 2.9] mm yr -1 between 1971 and 2006, and further increasing to 3.7 [3.2 to 4.2] mm yr -1 between 2006 and 2018 (high confidence).”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > {2.1.1, Figure 2.1}
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites {2.1.2,Table 2.1, Figure 2.3, Figure 3.4}
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Historical cumulative net CO 2 emissions from 1850 to 2019 were 2400 ± 240 GtCO 2 of which more than half (58%) occurred between 1850 and 1989, and about 42% occurred between 1990 and 2019 (high confidence).”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > {2.1.1, Figure 2.1}
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites {2.1.1, Figure 2.1}
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The 10% of households with the highest per capita emissions contribute 34-45% of global consumption-based household GHG emissions, while the bottom 50% contribute 13-15%.(high confidence) {2.1.1,Figure 2.2}”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > {2.1.1, Figure 2.1}
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites {2.1.1,Figure 2.2}
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
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In the paper
“Although overall agricultural productivity has increased, climate change has slowed this growth over the past 50 years globally (medium confidence), with related negative impacts mainly in midand low latitude regions but positive impacts in some high latitude regions (high confidence).”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > {2.1.1, Figure 2.1}
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites {2.1.2,
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Human influence has likely increased the chance of compound extreme events since the 1950s, including increases in the frequency of concurrent heatwaves and droughts (high confidence).”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > {2.1.1, Figure 2.1}
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites {2.1.2,Table 2.1, Figure 2.3, Figure 3.4}
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Historical contributions of CO 2 emissions vary substantially across regions in terms of total magnitude, but also in terms of contributions to CO 2 -FFI and net CO 2 emissions from land use, land-use change and forestry (CO 2 -LULUCF).”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > {2.1.1, Figure 2.1}
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites {2.1.1,Figure 2.2}
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
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In the paper
“In 2019, approximately 79% of global GHG 5 Ranges given throughout the SPM represent very likely ranges (5-95% range) unless otherwise stated.”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > {2.1.1, Figure 2.1}
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites {2.1.1}
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
- Not matched
In the paper
“In 2019, around 35% of the global population live in countries emitting more than 9 tCO 2 -eq per capita 11 (excluding CO 2 -LULUCF) while 41% live in countries emitting less than 3 tCO 2 -eq per capita; of the latter a substantial share lacks access to modern energy services.”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > {2.1.1, Figure 2.1}
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites {2.1.1,Figure 2.2}
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“Climate change has reduced food security and affected water security, hindering efforts to meet Sustainable Development Goals (high confidence).”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > {2.1.1, Figure 2.1}
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites {2.1.2,
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Increasing weather and climate extreme events have exposed millions of people to acute food insecurity 12 and reduced water security, with the largest adverse impacts observed in many locations and/or communities in Africa, Asia, Central and South America, LDCs, Small Islands and the Arctic, and globally for Indigenous Peoples, small-scale food producers and low-income households.”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > {2.1.1, Figure 2.1}
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites {2.1.2,4.4}
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Although global tracked climate finance has shown an upward trend since AR5, current global financial flows for adaptation, including from public and private finance sources, are insufficient and constrain implementation of adaptation options, especially in developing countries (high confidence).”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > Current Progress in Adaptation and Gaps and Challenges
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites {2.3.2, 2.3.3}
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Climate and weather extremes are increasingly driving displacement in Africa, Asia, North America (high confidence), and Central and South America (medium confidence), with small island states in the Caribbean and South Pacific being disproportionately affected relative to their small population size (high confidence).”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > {2.1.1, Figure 2.1}
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites {2.1.2, Figure 2.3}
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“High and very high GHG emissions scenarios (SSP3-7.0 and SSP5-8.5 22 ) have CO 2 emissions that roughly double from current levels by 2100 and 2050, respectively.”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > Box SPM.1 The use of scenarios and modelled pathways in the AR6 Synthesis Report
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites {Cross-Section Box.2}
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“Despite progress, adaptation gaps exist across sectors and regions, and will continue to grow under current levels of implementation, with the largest adaptation gaps among lower income groups.(high confidence) {2.3.2}”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > Current Progress in Adaptation and Gaps and Challenges
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites {2.3.2}
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
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In the paper
“Most observed adaptation responses are fragmented, incremental 18 , sector-specific and unequally distributed across regions.”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > Current Progress in Adaptation and Gaps and Challenges
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites {2.3.2}
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“There are gaps between projected emissions from implemented policies and those from NDCs and finance flows fall short of the levels needed to meet climate goals across all sectors and regions.(high confidence) {2.2, 2.3, Figure 2.5, Table 2.2}”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > Box SPM.1 The use of scenarios and modelled pathways in the AR6 Synthesis Report
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites {2.2, 2.3, Figure 2.5, Table 2.2}
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In assessed regions, some mental health challenges are associated with increasing temperatures (high confidence), trauma from extreme events (very high confidence), and loss of livelihoods and culture (high confidence).”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > {2.1.1, Figure 2.1}
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites {2.1.2, Figure 2.3}
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
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In the paper
“Urban infrastructure, including transportation, water, sanitation and energy systems have been compromised by extreme and slow-onset events 14 , with resulting economic losses, disruptions of services and negative impacts to well-being.”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > {2.1.1, Figure 2.1}
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites {2.1.2}
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
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In the paper
“The very low and low GHG emissions scenarios (SSP1-1.9 and SSP1-2.6)have CO 2 emissions declining to net zero around 2050 and 2070, respectively, followed by varying levels of net negative CO 2 emissions.”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > Box SPM.1 The use of scenarios and modelled pathways in the AR6 Synthesis Report
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites {Cross-Section Box.2}
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Global GHG emissions in 2030 implied by nationally determined contributions (NDCs) announced by October 2021 make it likely that warming will exceed 1.5°C during the 21st century and make it harder to limit warming below 2°C.”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > Box SPM.1 The use of scenarios and modelled pathways in the AR6 Synthesis Report
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites {2.2, 2.3, Figure 2.5, Table 2.2}
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
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In the paper
“The occurrence of climate-related food-borne and water-borne diseases (very high confidence) and the incidence of vector-borne diseases (high confidence) have increased.”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > {2.1.1, Figure 2.1}
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites {2.1.2, Figure 2.3}
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
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In the paper
“Individual livelihoods have been affected through, for example, destruction of homes and infrastructure, and loss of property and income, human health and food security, with adverse effects on gender and social equity.(high confidence) {2.1.2}”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > {2.1.1, Figure 2.1}
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites {2.1.2}
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
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In the paper
“Adaptation planning and implementation has progressed across all sectors and regions, with documented benefits and varying effectiveness.”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > Current Progress in Adaptation and Gaps and Challenges
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites {2.2, 2.3}
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Examples of effective adaptation options include: cultivar improvements, on-farm water management and storage, soil moisture conservation, irrigation, agroforestry, community-based adaptation, farm and landscape level diversification in agriculture, sustainable land management approaches, use of agroecological principles and practices and other approaches that work with natural processes (high”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > Current Progress in Adaptation and Gaps and Challenges
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites {2.2.3}
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Key barriers to adaptation are limited resources, lack of private sector and citizen engagement, insufficient mobilization of finance (including for research), low climate literacy, lack of political commitment, limited research and/or slow and low uptake of adaptation science, and low sense of urgency.”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > Current Progress in Adaptation and Gaps and Challenges
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites {2.3.2, 2.3.3}
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“In WGIII, a large number of global modelled emissions pathways were assessed, of which 1202 pathways were categorised based on their assessed global warming over the 21st century; categories range from pathways that limit warming to 1.5°C with more than 50% likelihood (noted >50% in this report) with no or limited overshoot (C1) to pathways that exceed 4°C (C8).”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > Box SPM.1 The use of scenarios and modelled pathways in the AR6 Synthesis Report
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites {Cross-Section Box.2}
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Despite progress, adaptation gaps exist, and will continue to grow at current rates of implementation.”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > Current Progress in Adaptation and Gaps and Challenges
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites {2.2, 2.3}
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Adaptation finance has come predominantly from public sources, and a small proportion of global tracked climate finance was targeted to adaptation and an overwhelming majority to mitigation (very high confidence).”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > Current Progress in Adaptation and Gaps and Challenges
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites {2.3.2, 2.3.3}
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Many countries have signalled an intention to achieve net zero GHG or net zero CO 2 by around mid-century but pledges differ across countries in terms of scope and specificity, and limited policies are to date in place to deliver on them.”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > 2.2, Figure 2.4}
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites {2.3.1, Table 2.2, Figure 2.5, Table 3.1, 4.1}
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“The Paris Agreement, adopted under the UNFCCC, with near universal participation, has led to policy development and target-setting at national and sub-national levels, in particular in relation to mitigation, as well as enhanced transparency of climate action and support (medium confidence).”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > Box SPM.1 The use of scenarios and modelled pathways in the AR6 Synthesis Report
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites {2.2.1, 2.2.2}
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Several mitigation options, notably solar energy, wind energy, electrification of urban systems, urban green infrastructure, energy efficiency, demand-side management, improved forest and crop/grassland management, and reduced food waste and loss, are technically viable, are becoming increasingly cost effective and are generally supported by the”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > Box SPM.1 The use of scenarios and modelled pathways in the AR6 Synthesis Report
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites {2.2, Figure 2.4}
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Targeted reductions of air pollutant emissions lead to more rapid improvements in air quality within years compared to reductions in GHG emissions only, but in the long term, further improvements are projected in scenarios that combine efforts to reduce air pollutants as well as GHG emissions 33 .(high confidence) {3.1.1}”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > 2.2, Figure 2.4}
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites {3.1.1}
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“From 2010 to 2019 there have been sustained decreases in the unit costs of solar energy (85%), wind energy (55%), and lithium-ion batteries (85%), and large increases in their deployment, e.g., >10× for solar and >100× for electric vehicles (EVs), varying widely across regions.”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > Box SPM.1 The use of scenarios and modelled pathways in the AR6 Synthesis Report
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites {2.2, Figure 2.4}
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“The overwhelming majority of tracked climate finance is directed towards mitigation, but nevertheless falls short of the levels needed to limit warming to below 2°C or to 1.5°C across all sectors and regions (see C7.2) (very high confidence).”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > 2.2, Figure 2.4}
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites {2.2.2, 2.3.1, 2.3.3}
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“In the near term, global warming is more likely than not to reach 1.5°C even under the very low GHG emission scenario (SSP1-1.9)and likely or very likely to exceed 1.5°C under higher emissions scenarios.”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > 2.2, Figure 2.4}
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites {Cross-Section Boxes 1 and 2, 3.1.1,3.3.4,Table 3.1, 4.3}
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“The magnitude of climate finance flows has increased over the last decade and financing channels have broadened but growth has slowed since 2018 (high confidence).”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > 2.2, Figure 2.4}
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites {2.2.2, 2.3.1, 2.3.3}
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Under these contrasting scenarios, discernible effects would emerge within years for GHG concentrations, and sooner for air quality improvements, due to the combined targeted air pollution controls and strong and sustained methane emissions reductions.”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > 2.2, Figure 2.4}
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites {3.1.1}
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In contrast to the oil and gas sector, CCS is less mature in the power sector, as well as in cement and chemicals production, where it is a critical mitigation option.”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > 47
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The best estimates of the remaining carbon budgets from the beginning of 2020 are 500 GtCO 2 for a 50% likelihood of limiting global warming to 1.5°C and 1150 GtCO 2 for a 67% likelihood of limiting warming to 2°C 40 .”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > B.3.3
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As warming levels increase, so do the risks of species extinction or irreversible loss of biodiversity in ecosystems including forests (medium confidence), coral reefs (very high confidence) and in Arctic regions (high confidence).”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > 3°C
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“food-borne, water-borne, and vector-borne diseases (high confidence)”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > 3°C
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The technical geological storage capacity is estimated to be on the order of 1000 GtCO 2 , which is more than the CO 2 storage requirements through 2100 to limit global warming to 1.5°C, although the regional availability of geological storage could be a limiting factor.”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > 47
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and increases in aridity and fire weather (medium to high confidence)”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > 2.2, Figure 2.4}
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Over the next 2000 years, global mean sea level will rise by about 2-3 m if warming is limited to 1.5°C and 2-6 m if limited to 2°C (low confidence).”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > 3°C
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Relative to 1995-2014, the likely global mean sea level rise under the SSP1-1.9GHG emissions scenario is 0.15-0.23 m by 2050 and 0.28-0.55m by 2100; while for the SSP5-8.5 GHG emissions scenario it is 0.20-0.29 m by 2050 and 0.63-1.01m by 2100 (medium confidence).”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > 3°C
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Projections of annual mean soil moisture largely follow projections in annual mean precipitation but also show some differences due to the influence of evapotranspiration.”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > 3°C
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Future climate change is projected to increase the severity of impacts across natural and human systems and will increase regional differences”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > 3°C
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“If the annual CO 2 emissions between 2020-2030 stayed, on average, at the same level as 2019, the resulting cumulative emissions would almost exhaust the remaining carbon budget for 1.5°C (50%), and deplete more than a third of the remaining carbon budget for 2°C (67%).”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > Additional information
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Where implemented, carbon pricing instruments have incentivized low-cost emissions reduction measures but have been less effective, on their own and at prevailing prices during the assessment period, to promote higher-cost measures necessary for further reductions (medium confidence).”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > Additional information
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Individuals with high socio-economic status contribute disproportionately to emissions, and have the highest potential for emissions reductions.”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > Additional information
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Global net zero CO 2 emissions are reached for these pathway categories, in the early 2050s and around the early 2070s, respectively.(high confidence)”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > Additional information
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Past conditions (emissions, climate change, development) have increased warming and development gaps persist”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > C.1 Climate change is a threat to human well-being and planetary health (very high confidence).
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Demand-side measures and new ways of end-use service provision can reduce global GHG emissions in end-use sectors (buildings, land transport, food) by 40-70% by 2050 compared to baseline scenarios, while some regions and socioeconomic groups require additional energy and resources.”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > C.1 Climate change is a threat to human well-being and planetary health (very high confidence).
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Based on central estimates only, historical cumulative net CO 2 emissions between 1850 and 2019 amount to about four fifths 45 of the total carbon budget for a 50% probability of limiting global warming to 1.5°C (central estimate about 2900 GtCO 2 ), and to about two thirds 46 of the total carbon budget for a 67% probability to limit global warming to 2°C (central estimate about 3550 GtCO 2 ).”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > Additional information
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Strong, rapid and sustained reductions in methane emissions can limit near-term warming and improve air quality by reducing global surface ozone (high confidence).”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > Additional information
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Maladaptive responses can worsen existing inequities especially for Indigenous Peoples and marginalised groups and decrease ecosystem and biodiversity resilience.”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > B.3.3
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The stronger the reductions in non-CO 2 emissions, the lower the resulting temperatures are for a given remaining carbon budget or the larger remaining carbon budget for the same level of temperature change 41 .”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > B.3.3
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“With increasing global warming, losses and damages will increase and additional human and natural systems will reach adaptation limits.”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > B.3.3
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For example, seawalls effectively reduce impacts to people and assets in the short term but can also result in lock-ins and increase exposure to climate risks in the long term unless they are integrated into a long-term adaptive plan.”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > B.3.3
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Reaching net zero GHG emissions primarily requires deep reductions in CO 2 , methane, and other GHG emissions, and implies net negative CO 2 emissions 39 .”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > B.3.3
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“From a physical science perspective, limiting human-caused global warming to a specific level requires limiting cumulative CO 2 emissions, reaching at least net zero CO 2 emissions, along with strong reductions in other greenhouse gas emissions.”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > B.3.3
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“but if it were to occur, it would very likely cause abrupt shifts in regional weather patterns, and large impacts on ecosystems and human activities.”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > B.3.3
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When CO 2 is captured directly from the atmosphere (DACCS), or from biomass (BECCS), CCS provides the storage component of these CDR methods.”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > 47
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Some future changes are unavoidable and/or irreversible but can be limited by deep, rapid, and sustained global greenhouse gas emissions reduction.”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > 3°C
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Above that level, ecosystems such as some warm-water coral reefs, coastal wetlands, rainforests, and polar and mountain ecosystems will have reached or surpassed hard adaptation limits and as a consequence, some Ecosystem-based Adaptation measures will also lose their effectiveness (high confidence).”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > B.3.3
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Climate resilient development is enabled when governments, civil society and the private sector make inclusive development choices that prioritize risk reduction, equity and justice, and when decision-making processes, finance and actions are integrated across governance levels, sectors, and timeframes (very high confidence).”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > C.1 Climate change is a threat to human well-being and planetary health (very high confidence).
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Net zero CO 2 energy systems entail: a substantial reduction in overall fossil fuel use, minimal use of unabated fossil fuels 51 , and use of carbon capture and storage in the remaining fossil fuel systems; electricity systems that emit no net CO 2 ; widespread electrification; alternative energy carriers in applications less amenable to electrification; energy conservation and efficiency; and gre”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > Energy Systems
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This would require additional deployment of carbon dioxide removal, compared to pathways without overshoot, leading to greater feasibility and sustainability concerns.”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > 48
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Prospects for climate resilient development will be further limited if global warming exceeds 1.5°C and if progress towards the SDGs is inadequate”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > C.1 Climate change is a threat to human well-being and planetary health (very high confidence).
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The uncertainty in the total potential is typically 25-50%.”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > C.1 Climate change is a threat to human well-being and planetary health (very high confidence).
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Climate resilient development integrates adaptation and mitigation to advance sustainable development for all, and is enabled by increased international cooperation including improved access to adequate financial resources, particularly for vulnerable regions, sectors and groups, and inclusive governance and coordinated policies (high confidence).”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > C.1 Climate change is a threat to human well-being and planetary health (very high confidence).
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Limiting global warming to 1.5°C instead of 2°C would increase the costs of mitigation, but also increase the benefits in terms of reduced impacts and related risks, and reduced adaptation needs (high confidence).”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > Additional information
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Without rapid, deep and sustained mitigation and accelerated adaptation actions, losses and damages will continue to increase, including projected adverse impacts in Africa, LDCs, SIDS, Central and South America 49 , Asia and the Arctic, and will disproportionately affect the most vulnerable populations.(high confidence)”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > Additional information
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“If climate goals are to be achieved, both adaptation and mitigation financing would need to increase many-fold.”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > Additional information
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Early action and enabling conditions create future opportunities for climate resilient development”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > C.1 Climate change is a threat to human well-being and planetary health (very high confidence).
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Delayed mitigation and adaptation action would lock in high-emissions infrastructure, raise risks of stranded assets and cost-escalation, reduce feasibility, and increase losses and damages (high confidence).”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > C.1 Climate change is a threat to human well-being and planetary health (very high confidence).
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Overshoot entails adverse impacts, some irreversible, and additional risks for human and natural systems, all growing with the magnitude and duration of overshoot.(high confidence)”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > 48
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Delayed mitigation action will further increase global warming and losses and damages will rise and additional human and natural systems will reach adaptation limits.”
§ A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 > Additional information
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The authors state this as an assumption.
Modelled scenarios and pathways are based on a range of assumptions, including socio-economic variables and mitigation options.
“Modelled scenarios and pathways 19 are used to explore future emissions, climate change, related impacts and risks, and possible mitigation and adaptation strategies and are based on a range of assumptions, including socio-economic variables and mitigation options.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Models assume that irrigated areas are not water-limited.
“Models assume that irrigated areas are not water-limited.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Species are assumed not to relocate.
“assuming no species relocation.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Maximum potential response assumes minimal financial, social and political barriers.
“assuming minimal financial, social and political barriers.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Estimates of mitigation investment requirements rely on scenario assumptions.
“These estimates rely on scenario assumptions.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2023 climate models predict a mean global increase between 1.4 and 4.4 °C by 210035 with a disproportionate effect in the Arctic.”
From Chromosomal-level reference genome assembly of muskox (Ovibos moschatus) from Banks Island in the Canadian Arctic, a resource for conservation genomics (2024) · cites this paper as [35]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
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Metadata
- Authors
- Calvin, K., Dasgupta, D., Krinner, G., Mukherji, A., Thorne, P. W., Trisos, C., Romero, J., Aldunce, P., Barret, K., Blanco, G., Cheung, W. W. L., Connors, S. L., Denton, F., Diongue-Niang, A., Dodman, D., Garschagen, M., Geden, O., Hayward, B., Jones, C., Jotzo, F., Krug, T., Lasco, R., Lee, Y.-Y., Masson-Delmotte, V., Meinshausen, M., Mintenbeck, K., Mokssit, A., Otto, F. E. L., Pathak, M., Pirani, A., Poloczanska, E., Pörtner, H.-O., Revi, A., Roberts, D. C., Roy, J., Ruane, A. C., Skea, J., Shukla, P. R., Slade, R., Slangen, A., Sokona, Y., Sörensson, A. A., Tignor, M., van Vuuren, D., Wei, Y.-M., Winkler, H., Zhai, P., Zommers, Z., Hourcade, J.-C., Johnson, F. X., Pachauri, S., Simpson, N. P., Singh, C., Thomas, A., Totin, E., Alegría, A., Armour, K., Bednar-Friedl, B., Blok, K., Cissé, G., Dentener, F., Eriksen, S., Fischer, E., Garner, G., Guivarch, C., Haasnoot, M., Hansen, G., Hauser, M., Hawkins, E., Hermans, T., Kopp, R., Leprince-Ringuet, N., Lewis, J., Ley, D., Ludden, C., Niamir, L., Nicholls, Z., Some, S., Szopa, S., Trewin, B., van der Wijst, K.-I., Winter, G., Witting, M., Birt, A., & Ha, M.
- ORCID
- Calvin, Katherine
- Krinner, Gerhard
- Mukherji, Aditi
- Thorne, Peter W.
- Trisos, Christopher
- Romero, José
- Aldunce, Paulina
- Cheung, William W.L.
- Connors, Sarah L.
- Denton, Fatima
- Dodman, David
- Garschagen, Matthias
- Geden, Oliver
- Hayward, Bronwyn
- Jones, Christopher
- Jotzo, Frank
- Lasco, Rodel
- Lee, Yune-Yi
- Masson-Delmotte, Valérie
- Meinshausen, Malte
- Mintenbeck, Katja
- Otto, Friederike E.L.
- Pathak, Minal
- Pirani, Anna
- Poloczanska, Elvira
- Pörtner, Hans-Otto
- Revi, Aromar
- Roberts, Debra C.
- Roy, Joyashree
- Ruane, Alex C.
- Skea, Jim
- Shukla, Priyadarshi R.
- Slade, Raphael
- Slangen, Aimée
- Sokona, Youba
- Sörensson, Anna A.
- van Vuuren, Detlef
- Wei, Yi-Ming
- Winkler, Harald
- Zhai, Panmao
- Zommers, Zinta
- Johnson, Francis X.
- Pachauri, Shonali
- Simpson, Nicholas P.
- Singh, Chandni
- Thomas, Adelle
- Totin, Edmond
- Alegría, Andrés
- Armour, Kyle
- Blok, Kornelis
- Cissé, Guéladio
- Dentener, Frank
- Eriksen, Siri
- Fischer, Erich
- Garner, Gregory
- Guivarch, Céline
- Haasnoot, Marjolijn
- Hansen, Gerrit
- Hauser, Mathias
- Hawkins, Ed
- Hermans, Tim
- Kopp, Robert
- Niamir, Leila
- Nicholls, Zebedee
- Some, Shreya
- Szopa, Sophie
- Trewin, Blair
- van der Wijst, Kaj-Ivar
- Winter, Gundula
- Witting, Maximilian
- Venue
- IPCC, 2023: Climate Change 2023: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Core Writing Team, H. Lee and J. Romero (eds.)]. IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland.
- Published
- 2023-07-25
- Pages
- 1-34
- OpenAlex
- W4385123314
- Cited by
- 1,581
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 486 · 2025: 617 · 2024: 396 · 2023: 78
- Type
- report
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- pure.iiasa.ac.at
- Locations
- Maynooth University ePrints and eTheses Archive (Maynooth University) (acceptedVersion)
- IIASA PURE (International Institute of Applied Systems Analysis) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Climate Change and Environmental Impact
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Climate variability and models
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Climate Change Policy and Economics
- Keywords
- climate change, climate change impacts, climate change adaptation, climate change mitigation, climate change projections, climate policy, global warming
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-11, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-11 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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