Cited by 86Astro and Planetary SciencePlanetary Science and ExplorationGeological and Geochemical Analysis

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 133 of the 137 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Chang’e-5 lunar samples shed new light on the Moon

Open access
Chen, Yi, Hu, Sen, Li, Jin-Hua, Li, Qiu-Li, Li, Xiongyao, Li, Yang, Liu, Yang, Qian, Yuqi, Yang, Wei, Zhou, Qin, Lin, Yangting, Li, Chunlai, Li, Xian-Hua·2023·The Innovation Geoscience

Abstract

The Chang’e-5 (CE-5) mission, the first return of lunar samples to Earth since the Apollo and Luna missions more than 44 years ago, landed on one of the youngest mare basalt units (1.0-3.0 Ga, based on superposed crater counts), located at middle latitude (~43°N) far from previous landing sites. On December 17, 2020, the sample capsule returned to Earth with 1731 grams of lunar soil collected from the upper few centimeters of the surface and from an ~1 meter-long core drilled into the lunar regolith. This paper summarizes the main discoveries of the CE-5 samples allocated since July 12, 2021, and measured with state-of-the-art analytical techniques. Physical property studies indicate that the CE-5 soil is mature, with a peak particle size of ~50 µm (in volume), and a particle size distribution similar to the sub-mature and mature Apollo lunar soils (<1 cm). The soil sample contains basalt and mineral fragments, impact melt breccia, agglutinates, and glasses. The basalt fragments can be divided into several petrographic types, likely crystallized from the same lava flow at different depths and cooling rates. The CE-5 basalt Pb/Pb SIMS analyses yielded a crystallization age of 2.030 ± 0.004 Ga, extending the duration of lunar volcanic activity by ~1.0~0.8 Ga. This age, in turn, has helped to calibrate the widely applied lunar crater chronology model. The isotopic ratios of Pb, Nd and Sr indicate that the contribution of a KREEP component in forming CE-5 basalt is limited (<0.5%), excluding high concentrations of heat-producing radioactive elements in their mantle source. The isotope analyses of H, Cl, and S reveal that the mantle source is dry, which cannot account for the prolonged volcanism observed in the CE-5 landing region. A possible explanation is that the CE-5 mantle source contains enhanced clinopyroxene-ilmenite cumulate (~20%), which reduces the melting temperature by ~80°C. The REE-, FeO-enrichment of the CE-5 basalt can be attributed to a low degree of partial melting followed by extensive fractional crystallization. The CE-5 soil has also recorded a two-billion-year history of meteorite impact and solar wind irradiation. A few exotic fragments have been recognized (some with high-pressure silica phases) and are likely ejected from distant lunar highlands. The U-Pb dating of impact glass beads reveals at least 17 main impact events. New space weathering effects, especially the formation of Fe 3+, have been found. In situ reflectance spectra and laboratory analyses of CE-5 soil show the presence of water (in the form of H, OH, and/or H 2 O). The solar wind hydrogen was implanted and concentrated in the outermost rims (<100 nm) of soil grains, with a temperature (hence latitude)-dependent maximum water concentration of up to ~2 wt%.

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Crossref · 10.59717/j.xinn-geo.2023.100014

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  • Feng et al. developed a system design and ground-based experimental validation for extraterrestrial experiments, showing that electrocatalytic CO2 reduction to ethylene based on microfluidic membrane reactors can achieve the highest Faraday efficiencies of 72.7%.

    “Feng et al. 102,103 developed a system design and ground-based experimental validation for extraterrestrial experiments, showing that electrocatalytic CO 2 reduction to ethylene based on microfluidic membrane reactors can achieve the highest Faraday efficiencies of 72.7%.”

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  1. National Research Council (2007). The scientific context for exploration of the Moon (The National Academies Press).
  2. Morota, T., Haruyama, J., Ohtake, M., et al. (2011). Timing and characteristics of the latest mare eruption on the Moon. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 302: 255−266. DOI: 10.1016/j.epsl.2010.12.028. · DOI
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  5. Wu, X., Liu, Y., Yang, Y., et al. (2022). Mineralogy and regolith maturity at the Chang’E-5 landing site inferred from the Lunar Mineralogical Spectrometer. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 594: 117747. DOI: 10.1016/j.epsl.2022.117747. · DOI
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Metadata

Authors
Chen, Y., Hu, S., Li, J.-H., Li, Q.-L., Li, X., Li, Y., Liu, Y., Qian, Y., Yang, W., Zhou, Q., Lin, Y., Li, C., & Li, X.-H.
Affiliations
  • Chinese Academy of Sciences (CN)
  • China University of Geosciences (CN)
Venue
The Innovation Geoscience
Published
2023
Volume
1
Issue
1
Pages
100014
ISSN
2959-8753 (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W4381734609
Cited by
84
References
134
Citations by year
2026: 21 · 2025: 30 · 2024: 28 · 2023: 5
FWCI
9.76
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
cc-by-nc-nd
Locations
The Innovation Geoscience (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
Funders
  • National Natural Science Foundation of China (XDB 41000000, D020201, 42241103, 2021-01, 42241104)
  • Chinese Academy of Sciences (XDB 41000000, ZDBS-SSW-JSC007, 41000000, D020201, IGGCAS-202101)
  • Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (IGGCAS-202101)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Space and Planetary Science › Astro and Planetary Science
  • Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Space and Planetary Science › Planetary Science and Exploration
  • Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Geochemistry and Petrology › Geological and Geochemical Analysis
Keywords
Chang'e-5, lunar samples, lunar mare basalts, lunar regolith, lunar mantle source, KREEP, Pb-Pb dating, Sr-Nd isotopes, impact melt breccia, agglutinates, lunar glass, solar wind irradiation

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