Ortho-para catalysis in liquid-hydrogen production
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A seri es of selected or specially prepared catalysts were s tud ied fo r t heir abili ty to accelerate the ortho to para conversion of hydrogen .The res ults of t hi s st ud y a re presented and the p erformance of vari ous catalyst s are compared with t hat of chrom ic oxide on al u: mina pellets.An outstandin g cata.lyst,u~s upporte d hydrous J erric oxide g ra nules, was selected for further study a nd used 111 the liquefi ers of t he NatIOnal Burea u of Standards Cr yogenic Engineering L aboratory.One and one-half liters of t his catalyst has now bee n used to convert more t han 100,000 li ters of liquid hydrogen to 90 to 95 perce nt pa ra at an average rate of abo ut 235 liters of liquid per hour.There is to date no ev id ence of decrea se in effici ency with continued use.
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The mutation and conversion rates can be enhanced by using proper catalysts such as sodium oxide, iron(III), nickel, chromium, manganese, all metals with paramagnetic properties, rhodium phosphine complex, potassium triphenyl complex, and ruthenium.
“The mutation and conversion rates can be enhanced by using proper catalysts of sodium oxide, iron(III), nickel, chromium, manganese, all metals with paramagnetic properties, rhodium phosphine complex, potassium triphenyl complex, and ruthenium.156”
From Strategies To Improve the Performance of Hydrogen Storage Systems by Liquefaction Methods: A Comprehensive Review (2023) · cites this paper as [156]
The Catalyst Survey and Activities of Catalysts sections (page numbers unavailable) report ortho–para hydrogen conversion using chromium, iron, nickel, and manganese catalysts, with some outperforming the chromic-oxide reference. The paper does not support sodium oxide, rhodium phosphine complex, potassium triphenyl complex, or ruthenium as catalysts, or the blanket claim that all paramagnetic metals enhance conversion. Its results also show that magnetic susceptibility alone did not ensure an outstanding catalyst. (LLM, conf=0.90)
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References 2 · Cited by 65
Research works printed but not linked: 9
- H. W. Wooley, R. B . Scott, and F. G. Brickwedde, J . Research NBS 41, 379 (1948) RP1932.
- K F. Bonhoelfer and P . I-Iarteck, N at urwiss. 17, 182 (1929) .
- A. Farkas, Orthohydrogen, parahydrogen, and heavy hydrogen (Cambridge University p . ress, p. 89, 1935).
- H . S. Taylor and H . Diam ond, J . Am. Chern . Soc. 55, 2613 (1933).
- E. R. Grilly, Rev. Sci. I nstr. 2<1, 1 (1953); 2<1, 899 (1953).
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- H. B. Weiser , Inorganic colloid chemistry, VII. The hydrous oxides and hyd roxides, p. 27, 31 If, (J ohn Wiley & Sons, Inc., Ncw York, N. Y., 1935).
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- l6) Proceedings of 1956 Cr yogenic Engineering Conference held at BS in Boulder, Colo., Paper A-4 (Scptember 1956).
- Authors
- Weitzel, D. H., Loebenstein, W. V., Draper, J. W., & Park, O. E.
- Venue
- Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards
- Published
- 1958-03
- Volume
- 60
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 221
- ISSN
- 0091-0635 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2252490607
- Cited by
- 65
- References
- 2
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 3 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 2
- FWCI
- 0.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- public-domain
- Locations
- Journal of research of the National Bureau of Standards (publishedVersion, public-domain)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Aerospace Engineering › Spacecraft and Cryogenic Technologies
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Materials Chemistry › Hydrogen Storage and Materials
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Quantum, superfluid, helium dynamics
- Keywords
- ortho-para conversion, liquid hydrogen, hydrogen liquefaction, catalysis, chromium oxide catalysts, alumina pellets, catalyst efficiency
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