CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 5Information and Cyber SecurityCybersecurity and Information SystemsNetwork Security and Intrusion Detection

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 5 of the 5 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Cybersecurity Of Work From Anywhere Model For Government : A Systematic Literature Review

Open access
Asyrofi, Muhammad Fahreza, Nugraha, I Gde Dharma·2025·International Journal of Electrical, Computer, and Biomedical Engineering
DOI 10.62146/ijecbe.v3i1.113
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

Presidential Regulation No. 21 of 2023 grants Indonesian civil servants (ASN) location flexibility, creating cybersecurity challenges that institutions and authorities have yet to fully address. Existing frameworks such as ISO 27001 and NIST provide only general remote work guidelines, lacking specific recommendations for the Work From Anywhere (WFA) model. This gap poses significant risks to data security and government operations, particularly as cyber incidents reported by the National Cyber and Crypto Agency of Indonesia (BSSN) continue to rise. The 2023 Indonesian Cybersecurity Landscape report recorded 347 suspected cyber incidents, including data breaches and the exposure of over 1.6 million records on the darknet, affecting numerous stakeholders. This study employs a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) to identify cybersecurity threats associated with remote work and explore effective mitigation techniques. The findings reveal five primary threats classified into two categories: human-centric threats (social engineering attacks, insider threats, and human errors) and technology-centric threats (malware-based and network attacks). To address these threats, the study identifies four key best practice themes: Awareness and Education, Phishing Protection, Technical Countermeasures, and Management and Audit. These themes provide a structured approach to enhancing cybersecurity in WFA environments. The results of this study serve as valuable input for formulating policy and technical guidelines to implement WFA in government settings. Future research should explore supply chain security, integration of WFA with on-site operations, cultural factors in security compliance, and governance frameworks to enhance cybersecurity resilience in government WFA environments.

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.62146/ijecbe.v3i1.113

Cites

5 of 5 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Figures

Figure 1 . Figure 1. Top Initial Attack Vectors and Breach Costs (USD) in 2024 -IBM Report [2]
Figure 1 . Figure 1. Top Initial Attack Vectors and Breach Costs (USD) in 2024 -IBM Report [2]CC-BY · From the PDF
Figure 2 . Figure2. WFA Model Challenges[11]
Figure 2 . Figure2. WFA Model Challenges[11]CC-BY · From the PDF
Figure 3 . Figure 3. SLR and Snowball Processing
Figure 3 . Figure 3. SLR and Snowball ProcessingCC-BY · From the PDF
Figure 4 . Figure 4. Frequency of Common Threats Identified in SLR
Figure 4 . Figure 4. Frequency of Common Threats Identified in SLRCC-BY · From the PDF
Figure 5 . Figure 5. Cybersecurity for WFA Recommendations
Figure 5 . Figure 5. Cybersecurity for WFA RecommendationsCC-BY · From the PDF

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Show all 5 references

Research works printed but not linked: 36

  1. Prithwiraj Choudhury, Camelia Foroughi, and Barbara Larson. "Work From Anywhere: The Productivity Effects of Geographic Flexibility". In: Strategic Management Journal 42.4 (Apr. 2021), pp. 655-683.
  2. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). User's Guide to Telework and Bring Your Own Device (BYOD) Security. Tech. rep. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology, 2016. DOI: 10.6028/NIST.SP.800-114r1. · DOI
  3. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). Guide to Enterprise Telework, Remote Access, and Bring Your Own Device (BYOD) Security. Tech. rep. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology, 2016. DOI: 10.6028/NIST.SP.800-46r2. · DOI
  4. M. Mahyoub et al. Cybersecurity Challenge Analysis of Work-from-Anywhere (WFA) and Recommenda- tions guided by a User Study. arXiv preprint arXiv:2409.07567. 2024. · arXiv
  5. R. Klint. "Cybersecurity in home-office environments: An examination of security best practices post Covid". MA thesis. Sweden: University of Skövde, 2023.
  6. L. Galajda. "A study of information security awareness on teleworking security risks and rec- ommendations since Covid19 pandemic". MA thesis. Sweden: Luleå University of Technology, 2023.
  7. S. Gumilang, R. Sutanto, and A. G. Dohamid. "Security Standard Recommendation of Teleworking in Government". In: International Journal Of Humanities Education And Social Sciences (IJHESS) 2.6 (2023), pp. 2070-2077.
  8. J. Jesson, L. Matheson, and F. M. Lacey. Doing Your Literature Review: Traditional and Systematic Techniques. London, UK: SAGE Publications Ltd, 2011.
  9. R. T. Watson and J. Webster. "Analysing the past to prepare for the future: Writing a literature review a roadmap for release 2.0". In: Journal of Decision Systems 29.3 (2020), pp. 129-147.
  10. R. Naidoo. "A multi-level influence model of COVID-19 themed cybercrime". In: European Journal of Information Systems (EJIS) 29.3 (2020), pp. 306-321.
  11. A. M. Abukari and E. K. Bankas. "Some Cyber Security Hygienic Protocols For Teleworkers In Covid-19 Pandemic Period And Beyond". In: International Journal of Scientific and Engineering Research (IJSER) 11.4 (2020), pp. 1401-1407.
  12. R. Palanisamy, A. A. Norman, and M. L. Mat Kiah. "BYOD Security Risks and Mitigation Strategies: Insights from IT Security Experts". In: Journal of Organizational Computing and Electronic Commerce 31.4 (2021), pp. 320-342.
  13. N. A. A. Othman, A. A. Norman, and M. L. Mat Kiah. "Information System Audit for Mobile Device Security Assessment". In: 3rd International Cyber Resilience Conference (CRC). IEEE Access, 2021.
  14. L. Astaja et al. "Cyber Security Risks and Challenges in Remote Work Under The COVID-19 Pandemic". In: 16th International Strategic Management Conference (ISMC). European Proceedings of Social and Behavioural Sciences. 2021, pp. 12-22.
  15. J. R. C. Nurse et al. "Remote Working Pre-and Post-COVID-19: An Analysis of New Threats and Risks to Security and Privacy". In: HCI International 2021 -Posters. Ed. by C. Stephanidis, M. Antona, and S. Ntoa. Vol. 1421. Communications in Computer and Information Science. Springer, 2021, pp. 583-590.
  16. K. Bicakci, Y. Uzunay, and M. Khan. "Towards Zero Trust: The Design and Implementation of a Secure End-Point Device for Remote Working". In: International Conference on Information Security and Cryptology (ISCTURKEY). IEEE Access, 2021.
  17. D. Gogri. "Threats and Mitigation Strategies in Remote Work Scenarios: A Cybersecurity Perspec- tive Post -COVID-19". In: International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 11.1 (2022), pp. 1687- 1694.
  18. N. Khantamonthon and K. Chimmanee. "Digital Forensic Analysis of Ransomware Attacks on Virtual Private Networks: A Case Study in Factories". In: 6th International Conference on Information Technology (InCIT). IEEE Access, 2022.
  19. S. M. Pedapudi and N. Vadlamani. "A Comprehensive Network Security Management in Virtual Private Network Environment". In: International Conference on Applied Artificial Intelligence and Computing (ICAAIC). IEEE Access, 2022.
  20. M. Kaur, S. Parkin, and M. Janssen. "I needed to solve their overwhelmness: How System Ad- ministration Work was Affected by COVID-19". In: Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 6.CSCW2 (2022), p. 390.
  21. M. Plachkinova and L. Janczewski. "Comparing Information Security Compliance Between New Zealand, USA, and Vietnam". In: Journal of Computer Information Systems (2023), pp. 1-16.
  22. S. Keshvadi. "Enhancing Western Organizational Cybersecurity Resilience through Tailored Edu- cation for Non-Technical Employees". In: International Humanitarian Technology Conference (IHTC). IEEE Access, 2023.
  23. Q. Alsayfi and A. Alsirhani. "The Impact of Remote Work on Corporate Security". In: 3rd International Conference on Computing and Information Technology (ICCIT). IEEE Access, 2023.
  24. P. Soubhagyalakshmi and K. S. Reddy. "An efficient security analysis of bring your own device". In: IAES International Journal of Artificial Intelligence (IJ-AI) 12.2 (2023), pp. 696-703.
  25. V. V. Muthuswamy. "Cyber Security Challenges Faced by Employees in the Digital Workplace of Saudi Arabia's Digital Nature Organization". In: International Journal of Cyber Criminology 17.1 (2023), pp. 40-53.
  26. L. R. Mohan, R. K. Sambandam, and R. Gokulapriya. "Cached-N-Proxy: An Intelligent Proxy Algorithm for Preventing Insider Email Threats to Mail Servers". In: International Conference on Contemporary Computing and Communications (InC4). IEEE Access, 2024.
  27. B. V. Raghav, N. S. Sree, and S. Pamitha. "A Comprehensive Analysis on Online Masquerade Attacks". In: 3rd International Conference on Applied Artificial Intelligence and Computing (ICAAIC). IEEE Access, 2024.
  28. A. Fikry et al. "Defining the Beauty of Cyber Hygiene: A Retrospective Look". In: IEEE Engineering Management Review 52.2 (2024).
  29. R. Palanisamy, A. A. Norman, and M. L. Mat Kiah. "Employees' BYOD Security Policy Compliance in the Public Sector". In: Journal of Computer Information Systems 64.1 (2024), pp. 62-77.
  30. P. V. Falade and P. O. Momoh. "Evaluating the Permissions of Monitoring Mobile Applications for Remote Employees: Analysing the Impact on Employer Trust and Employee Privacy Concerns". In: International Journal of Scientific Research in Computer Science and Engineering 12.1 (2024), pp. 42-52.
  31. M. Ozer et al. "The Shifting Landscape of Cybersecurity: The Impact of Remote Work and COVID- 19 on Data Breach Trends". In: Computer Science, Computer Engineering, Applied Computing (CSCE). IEEE Access, 2024.
  32. R. B. Permadi and K. Ramli. "Analysis of Measuring Information Security Awareness for Employees at Institution XYZ". In: MALCOM: Indonesian Journal of Machine Learning and Computer Science 4 (2024), pp. 1330-1338.
  33. F. Mouton, L. Leenen, and H. S. Venter. "Social engineering attack examples, templates and scenarios". In: Computers & Security 59 (2016), pp. 186-209.
  34. H. Abroshan et al. "Phishing Happens beyond Technology: The Effects of Human Behaviors and Demographics on Each Step of a Phishing Process". In: IEEE Access 9 (2021), pp. 44928-44949.
  35. N. Hoque et al. "Network attacks: Taxonomy, tools and systems". In: Journal of Network and Computer Applications 40 (2014), pp. 307-324.
  36. E. P. Subagyo and K. Ramli. "Analyzing the Impact of Information Security Awareness Training to the Employees of Telco Company XYZ". In: Budapest International Research and Critics Institute (BIRCI-Journal) 5 (2022), pp. 8799-8808.

Cited by

Sorted by citations

See all 5

Metadata

Authors
Asyrofi, M. F., & Nugraha, I. G. D.
Affiliations
University of Indonesia (ID)
ORCID
Nugraha, I Gde Dharma
Venue
International Journal of Electrical, Computer, and Biomedical Engineering
Publisher
Electrical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Indonesia
Published
2025-05-21
Volume
3
Issue
1
ISSN
3026-5258 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.62146/ijecbe.v3i1.113
OpenAlex
W4411013234
Cited by
5
References
5
Citations by year
2026: 3 · 2025: 2
FWCI
0.82
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
International Journal of Electrical Computer and Biomedical Engineering (publishedVersion, cc-by)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Information and Cyber Security
  • Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Networks and Communications › Cybersecurity and Information Systems
  • Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Networks and Communications › Network Security and Intrusion Detection
Keywords
work from anywhere, government cybersecurity, remote work, public sector employees, social engineering, insider threats, phishing protection, malware, network attacks, human error, cybersecurity best practices, technical countermeasures, cybersecurity governance, data breaches, Indonesia

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

How to cite

Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.

This page
CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Cybersecurity Of Work From Anywhere Model For Government : A Systematic Literature Review. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.62146/ijecbe.v3i1.113
The paper
Asyrofi, M. F., & Nugraha, I. G. D. (2025). Cybersecurity Of Work From Anywhere Model For Government : A Systematic Literature Review. International Journal of Electrical, Computer, and Biomedical Engineering. https://doi.org/10.62146/ijecbe.v3i1.113