The DOI matches its Crossref record; its reference list is not available.
Explainer: what is the triple bottom line?
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Triple Bottom Line -This approach suggests that a modern organisation has three areas of impact, and should be accountable for its financial, social and environmental performances (Gray & Milne, 2014).”
From Assessing ‘Goodness’: A Review of Quality Frameworks for Australian Academic Libraries (2017) · cites this paper as Gray & Milne, 2014
Citations
No citation lists for this paper
No citation lists for this paper yet — checked again daily.
References 1
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- 10.1007/s10551-012-1543-8 · DOI · Paper page
Metadata
- Authors
- Gray, R., & Milne, M.
- Affiliations
- University of St Andrews (GB)
- University of Canterbury (NZ)
- ORCID
- Milne, Markus
- Publisher
- The Conversation Media Group Ltd
- Published
- 2014-02-05
- OpenAlex
- W4413644424
- Cited by
- 0
- References
- 1
- Type
- other
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Strategy and Management › Corporate Social Responsibility Reporting
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management › Corporate Social Responsibility and Sustainability
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law › Sustainable Development and Environmental Policy
- Keywords
- triple bottom line, sustainability, corporate social responsibility, environmental performance, economic performance, social performance
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Explainer: what is the triple bottom line? https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.64628/ab.myghprpha
- The paper
- Gray, R., & Milne, M. (2014). Explainer: what is the triple bottom line? https://doi.org/10.64628/ab.myghprpha
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
