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The DOI matches its Crossref record; none of the 24 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.

MODERN DIPLOMACY: INDIA’S ENGAGEMENT WITH THE MIDDLE EAST UNDER THE LOOK WEST POLICY

Open access
Saha, Jhilike, Biswas, Moupriya·2025·The Social Science Review A Multidisciplinary Journal
DOI 10.70096/tssr.250304030
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Abstract

India’s “Look West” policy marks a strategic shift in its foreign policy, focusing on enhancing relations with the Middle East. This engagement aims to bolster economic, security, and cultural ties, recognizing the region’s geopolitical significance and its substantial Indian diaspora. The policy emphasizes multi-faceted cooperation across energy security, trade, investment, counter-terrorism, and cultural exchange. Energy security is paramount, as India imports a significant portion of its oil and gas from the Middle East. Strengthening these energy ties ensures stable and affordable energy supplies vital for India’s economic growth. Additionally, the policy seeks to expand bilateral trade and investment, tapping into the economic potential of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries and leveraging free trade agreements. Security cooperation is another critical component. Given the rise of terrorism and regional instability, India collaborates with Middle Eastern countries on intelligence sharing, counter-terrorism measures, and defense training. This cooperation aims to safeguard both regions from extremist threats and enhance regional stability. Cultural and people-to-people ties also play a crucial role. The Indian diaspora in the Middle East, particularly in the Gulf states, forms a bridge between India and the region, fostering mutual understanding and goodwill. Educational exchanges, cultural programs, and tourism further cement these connections. India’s Look West policy underscores its pragmatic approach to foreign relations, balancing traditional ties with new alliances. By engaging deeply with the Middle East, India not only secures its strategic interests but also positions itself as an important player in regional and global politics. This policy reflects India’s broader ambition to be a leading global power, demonstrating its capacity to navigate complex international landscapes while fostering regional cooperation and development.

Overview

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

This article argues that India's "Look West" policy, articulated in the early 21st century, represents a strategic pivot toward the Middle East built on energy security, trade and investment, defence cooperation, and cultural/diaspora ties. It is a narrative synthesis of secondary sources rather than an empirical study, concluding that the policy has secured India's energy and economic interests while positioning it as a key regional player.

Key findings

  • Energy security is the cornerstone: the Middle East accounts for approximately 60% of India's crude oil imports, with Saudi Arabia and Iraq as pivotal suppliers; India is described as the fourth largest energy-absorbing country in the world, expected to become third in coming decades.
  • Trade has grown substantially: according to Indian Ministry of Commerce data for July 2018, trade with the Gulf in 2017–2018 exceeded US$123 billion, with the UAE alone accounting for US$50 billion; bilateral India–GCC trade exceeded $100 billion in recent years, and the UAE is India's third-largest trading partner.
  • Defence and security cooperation has deepened: India and the UAE held their first naval exercise in 2017 and established a Comprehensive Strategic Partnership; the Indian Chief of Army Staff visited Riyadh in 2020; India is described as one of the largest buyers of Israeli defence technology, including the Barak-8 missile system.
  • The policy is framed as balancing rival powers (Saudi Arabia and Iran), counterbalancing China's Belt and Road Initiative, and leveraging the large Indian diaspora in the GCC for remittances and people-to-people ties.

Methods

  • Design: a descriptive, narrative review/commentary on India's Look West policy; no stated research design, sampling frame, or empirical data collection.
  • Sources: secondary literature and news/think-tank commentary, with in-text citations to nine external sources (e.g., Abba 2024; Bajpaee 2024; Blarel 2021; Dentice 2024; Ningthoujam 2024; Saraswat 2023; Sharma 2023; Singh 2015; Vidal 2024; Yousuf 2024).
  • Analysis: thematic organisation of the policy into economic partnerships, investments and infrastructure, geopolitical implications, cultural ties, defence cooperation, infrastructure projects, diplomatic engagements, energy security, and future prospects. No formal analytical method is described.

Limitations

  • Stated in the paper: "Despite significant progress, India's 'Look West' policy faces challenges, including regional instability, geopolitical tensions, and economic fluctuations."
  • Evident from the text: no methodology, data collection, or analytical framework is described; the article relies entirely on secondary sources and repeats passages verbatim (e.g., the sentences on terrorism, piracy and Islamic extremism appear twice in the defence section); several claims are asserted without citation or supporting figures (e.g., diaspora size, remittance values, educational exchange patterns); and the paper offers no counter-evidence or assessment of policy failures.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.70096/tssr.250304030

Cites

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Verification

Claims the paper makes

0 of 24 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Premisecitation

    The Middle East is a major source of remittances from the large Indian diaspora working there, which contributes substantially to India's foreign exchange reserves.

    “The region is also a major source of remittances from the large Indian diaspora working there, which contributes substantially to India's foreign exchange reserves (Bajpaee, 2024).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Bajpaee, 2024

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Premisecitation

    Sovereign wealth funds from the UAE and Qatar have invested in Indian infrastructure, real estate, and technology sectors.

    “Sovereign wealth funds from countries such as the UAE and Qatar have invested in Indian infrastructure, real estate, and technology sectors.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Dentice, 2024

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Premisecitation

    Infrastructure development, telecommunications, and information technology are sectors witnessing robust cooperation between India and Middle Eastern countries.

    “Infrastructure development, telecommunications, and information technology are other sectors witnessing robust cooperation (Ningthoujam, 2024).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Ningthoujam, 2024

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Premisecitation

    Remittances sent by the Indian diaspora in West Asia contribute significantly to India's economy.

    “The remittances sent back home contribute significantly to India's economy, while the cultural practices they uphold help maintain a connection to Indian heritage abroad (Yousuf, 2024).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Yousuf, 2024

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Interpretationreasoning

    India's growing economic clout has led to a more pragmatic approach from some OIC member states.

    “While historically sidelined in the OIC due to Pakistan's influence, India's growing economic clout has led to a more pragmatic approach from some member states.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Probably not a substantial claim. 19
  • It may state two separate claims as one. 22

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationcitation

    India's foreign policy initiatives in the Middle East aim to secure energy resources, enhance trade relations, and foster geopolitical partnerships.

    “As one of the world's fastest-growing economies and a rising global power, India's foreign policy initiatives, particularly in the Middle East, aim to secure energy resources, enhance trade relations, and foster geopolitical partnerships (Singh, 2015).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Singh, 2015

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisenone given

    India and the UAE have established a Comprehensive Strategic Partnership that includes defense training, military exercises, and technology transfers.

    “With the UAE, for instance, India has established a Comprehensive Strategic Partnership, which includes defense training, military exercises, and technology transfers.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning

    India's engagement with the Middle East under the Look West Policy has been marked by strategic depth and mutual benefits, focusing on energy security, economic ties, and geopolitical stability.

    “In conclusion, India's engagement with the Middle East under its Look West Policy has been marked by strategic depth and mutual benefits, focusing on energy security, economic ties, and geopolitical stability.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisenone given

    Historical connections and a large Indian diaspora in the Middle East facilitate a unique cultural affinity, enhancing bilateral relations.

    “Historical connections and a large Indian diaspora in the Middle East facilitate a unique cultural affinity, enhancing bilateral relations.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Interpretationcitation

    India's desire to form a strategic energy partnership with the Middle East to secure long-term energy supply was driven by India's increasing energy needs.

    “India's desire to form a”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Saraswat, 2023

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationcitation

    India's ties with the Muslim world are warming, which would facilitate strengthening ties with the Arab League and the Organization of the Islamic Conference.

    “India's ties with the Muslim world are warming.This would facilitate strengthening of India's ties with groups such as the Arab League and the Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC) (Ningthoujam, 2024).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Ningthoujam, 2024

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationnone given

    Strengthening economic ties with the Middle East enhances India's strategic autonomy and balances its relations with global powers.

    “Strengthening economic ties with the Middle East enhances India's strategic autonomy and balances its relations with global powers.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Premisenone given

    India has become a preferred destination for West Asian students pursuing higher education, particularly in engineering, medicine, and management.

    “India has become a preferred destination for West Asian students pursuing higher education, particularly in fields like engineering, medicine, and management.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationnone given

    India's Look West policy underscores a multifaceted engagement with the Middle East, focusing on energy security, economic cooperation, geopolitical stability, and people-to-people ties.

    “India's Look West policy underscores a multifaceted engagement with the Middle East, focusing on energy security, economic cooperation, geopolitical stability, and people-to-people ties.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationcitation
    § MODERN DIPLOMACY: INDIA'S ENGAGEMENT WITH THE MIDDLE EAST UNDER THE LOOK WEST POLICY

    India's Look West policy is a multifaceted approach designed to secure energy supplies, enhance economic ties, and bolster strategic partnerships in the Middle East.

    “India's”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Abba, 2024

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationnone given

    By building on historical connections and promoting contemporary exchanges in education, arts, and tourism, India aims to create a robust, multifaceted relationship that goes beyond economic and strategic interests.

    “By building on historical connections and promoting contemporary exchanges in education, arts, and tourism, India aims to create a robust, multifaceted relationship that goes beyond economic and strategic interests.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Premisenone given

    The ancient Silk Route and maritime trade routes facilitated the exchange of goods, ideas, and cultures between India and West Asian civilizations.

    “The ancient Silk Route and maritime trade routes facilitated the exchange of goods, ideas, and cultures between India and West Asian civilizations.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Premisenone given

    Historically, India's interaction with West Asia dates back millennia, marked by trade, migration, and cultural exchange.

    “Historically, India's interaction with West Asia dates back millennia, marked by trade, migration, and cultural exchange.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    India and Saudi Arabia have enhanced their military ties through joint naval exercises and high-level visits, including the Indian Chief of Army Staff's visit to Riyadh in 2020.

    “Similarly, India and Saudi Arabia have enhanced their military ties, with joint naval exercises and high-level visits, such as the Indian Chief of Army Staff's visit to Riyadh in 2020, highlighting a commitment to defense collaboration (Saraswat, 2023).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Saraswat, 2023

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    The development of the Chabahar port exemplifies India's strategic investment in Iran, providing a critical transit route bypassing Pakistan.

    “The development of the Chabahar port exemplifies India's strategic investment in Iran, providing a critical transit route bypassing Pakistan.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Dentice, 2024

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisenone given

    Pilgrimages and religious tourism are vital, with many Indians visiting holy sites in West Asia, and vice versa.

    “Pilgrimages and religious tourism are vital, with many Indians visiting holy sites in West Asia, and vice versa.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisenone given

    India's relations with the UAE have evolved into a comprehensive strategic partnership, encompassing defense cooperation, counterterrorism, and intelligence sharing.

    “For instance, India's relations with the UAE have evolved into a comprehensive strategic partnership, encompassing defense cooperation, counterterrorism, and intelligence sharing.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisenone given

    The Look West policy was formalized in the early 21st century and aimed to enhance bilateral and multilateral relationships with the countries of the GCC, Iran, and other Middle Eastern nations.

    “The policy, formalized in the early 21 st century, aimed to enhance bilateral and multilateral relationships with the countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), Iran, and other Middle Eastern nations.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    West Asia is crucial for India due to its vast energy resources, economic potential, and large Indian diaspora, and India's engagement in the region is driven by the necessity to secure energy supplies, expand trade, and enhance geopolitical influence.

    “West Asia is crucial for India due to its vast energy resources, economic potential, and the presence of a large Indian diaspora.”
    • Also stated in: § Infrastructure and Development Projects · plain
      “India's engagement in the region is driven by the necessity to secure energy supplies, expand trade, and enhance geopolitical influence.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Ningthoujam, 2024

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Premisenone given

    Cultural centers established by the Indian Council for Cultural Relations in West Asia serve as hubs for cultural activities, language courses, and heritage preservation.

    “For instance, cultural centers established by the Indian Council for Cultural Relations (ICCR) in West Asia serve as hubs for cultural activities, language courses, and heritage preservation.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Premisenone given

    Bilateral agreements on cultural cooperation and regular high-level visits emphasize the importance of cultural diplomacy.

    “Additionally, bilateral agreements on cultural cooperation and regular high-level visits emphasize the importance of cultural diplomacy.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning

    India's Look West policy has redefined its engagement with the Middle East, transforming economic partnerships and ensuring energy security.

    “India's Look West policy has redefined its engagement with the Middle East, transforming economic partnerships and ensuring energy security.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    The UAE is India's third-largest trading partner and Saudi Arabia is a key source of oil imports.

    “The UAE and Saudi Arabia are particularly noteworthy, with the UAE being India's third-largest trading partner and Saudi Arabia serving as a key source of oil imports (Saraswat, 2023).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Saraswat, 2023

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Collaborating on counterterrorism and intelligence sharing with countries like Israel, Saudi Arabia, and the UAE is vital for India to manage regional threats, including terrorism and radicalization.

    “Collaborating on counterterrorism and intelligence sharing with countries like Israel, Saudi Arabia, and the UAE is vital for India to manage regional threats, including terrorism and radicalization.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Premisenone given

    India has invested in upstream oil and gas projects in countries like the UAE, ensuring a stake in the region's energy infrastructure.

    “Additionally, India has invested in upstream oil and gas projects in countries like the UAE, ensuring a stake in the region's energy infrastructure.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    India is already part of an almost operational International North-South Corridor connecting India to Russia through Iran and Central Asia, and a Middle East Corridor would open a new economic channel for India.

    “India is already part of an almost operational international North-South Corridor connecting India to Russia through Iran and Central Asia, and now this”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Ningthoujam, 2024

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisenone given

    In 2017, India and the UAE conducted their first naval exercise, reflecting mutual interest in securing maritime routes and ensuring regional stability.

    “In 2017, India and the UAE conducted their first naval exercise, reflecting mutual interest in securing maritime routes and ensuring regional stability.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Premisenone given

    Millions of Indians live and work in countries like the UAE, Saudi Arabia, and Qatar.

    “Millions of Indians live and work in countries like the UAE, Saudi Arabia, and Qatar.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    According to Indian Ministry of Commerce data for July 2018, trade with the Gulf in 2017-2018 was over 123 billion U.S. dollars, with the UAE alone accounting for 50 billion.

    “According to Indian Ministry of Commerce data for July, 2018, trade with the Gulf in 2017-2018 was over 123 billion U.S. dollars, the UAE alone accounting for U.S. dollars 50 billion.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Indian Ministry of Commerce data for July, 2018

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    Indian firms, particularly in IT and construction, have established a significant presence in the Middle East, contributing to local economies and diversifying India's economic footprint.

    “Conversely, Indian firms, particularly in the IT and construction sectors, have established a significant presence in the Middle East, contributing to local economies and diversifying India's economic footprint (Dentice, 2024).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Dentice, 2024

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    The defense relationship with Israel has grown, with India becoming one of the largest buyers of Israeli defense technology.

    “The defense relationship with Israel, in particular, has grown, with India becoming one of the largest buyers of Israeli defense technology (Saraswat, 2023).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Saraswat, 2023

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationcitation

    The Look West policy has significant implications for infrastructure and development projects, aiming to bolster connectivity, energy security, and bilateral trade.

    “The policy has significant implications for infrastructure and development projects, aiming to bolster connectivity, energy security, and bilateral trade (Vidal, 2024).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Vidal, 2024

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

32 of 32

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The Middle East accounts for approximately 60% of India's crude oil imports.

    “The region accounts for approximately 60% of India's crude oil imports.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Stable and affordable energy supplies are vital for India's economic growth.

    “Strengthening these energy ties ensures stable and affordable energy supplies vital for India's economic growth.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    China's Belt and Road Initiative investments in Middle Eastern infrastructure pose a strategic challenge to India.

    “China's Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) has seen substantial investments in Middle Eastern infrastructure, posing a strategic challenge to India.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The traditional buyer-seller relationship in oil and energy trade is no longer appropriate.

    “While India's relations with the countries of the Persian Gulf, and West Asia have been shaped by the dynamics of oil and energy trade, there is a growing awareness that the traditional buyer-seller relationship is no longer appropriate.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Peace and stability in West Asia are a crucial strategic interest to India.

    “Peace and stability in this province are a crucial strategic interest to India.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    India and the Gulf states share concerns over the rise of terrorism, piracy, and Islamic extremism.

    “Both India and the Gulf states have expressed concern over the rise of terrorism, piracy and Islamic extremism.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Crime, money laundering, and the illegal arms trade between India and the Gulf are growing.

    “There is growing concern about crime, money laundering and the rise of illegal arms trade between regions.”
7 of 7

Citations

Cites

Still being checked.

Research works printed but not linked: 1

  1. Blarel, N. ( 2021). Modi looks West? Assessing change and continuity in India's Middle East policy since 2014. Springer Nature, 90- 111,.

Cited by

Still being checked.

Related

Metadata

Authors
Saha, J., & Biswas, M.
Affiliations
Rabindra Bharati University (IN)
ORCID
Venue
The Social Science Review A Multidisciplinary Journal
Publisher
Pather Dabi Educational Trust
Published
2025
Volume
3
Issue
4
ISSN
2584-0789 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.70096/tssr.250304030
OpenAlex
W4412849948
Semantic Scholar
0dcbdb9327631930b17dd4c910d80ce537551f0e
Cited by
0
References
0
FWCI
0.00
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
cc-by
Locations
The Social Science Review a Multidisciplinary Journal. (publishedVersion, cc-by)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › International Relations and Foreign Policy
  • Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Global Political and Economic Relations
  • Physical Sciences › Energy › General Energy › Global Energy Security and Policy
Keywords
India–Middle East relations, Indian foreign policy, energy security, oil and gas imports, bilateral trade and investment, free trade agreements, Gulf Cooperation Council, counter-terrorism cooperation, security cooperation, Indian diaspora, people-to-people ties, cultural exchange

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