The Qumran New Jerusalem Text: Contents and Contexts

The longest section of overlapping text includes 2Q24 1 1-4, 4Q554 1 ii 12-iii 22, 4Q554a 1-6, and 5Q15 1 i 1-6, i 15-ii 9.

“The longest section of overlapping text includes, with lacunae, 2Q24 1 1-4, 4Q554 1 ii 12iii 22, 4Q554a 1-6, and 5Q15 1 i 1-6, i 15 -ii 9.”

The only substantial presentations of the Cave 4 text are reconstructions and the Garcia Martinez/Tigchelaar Study Edition.

“The only substantial presentations of the text ofthese Cave 4 copies remain the few reconstructions of all or portions of the NY s and in GARCiA MARTiNEZ and E.J.C. TIGCHELAAR'S Study Edition of the Dead Sea texts.16”

• cites GARCiA MARTiNEZ/TIGCHELAAR, DSSSENot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Nothing from 5Q15 appears related to the eschatological material of 4Q554 2 iii or the Temple description in 2Q24 4 and most 11Q fragments.

“Nothing from 5Q15 appears to be related to either the eschatological material of 4Q554 2 iii or the description of the Temple as witnessed in 2Q24 4 and most of the 11 Q fragments.33”

5Q15 1 provides significant portions from two columns of text that overlap imperfectly with 2Q24 and 4QNJ fragments.

“The striking exception is the arrangement of fragments labeled 5Q 15 1, which, despite its state of severe disrepair,31 provides significant portions from two columns of text that overlaps imperfectly text from both 2Q24 and the 4QNJ fragments.”

All seven Aramaic copies of the New Jerusalem text have been dated palaeographically to the Herodian period, from the second half of the first century BCE to the first half of the first century CE.

“All seven Aramaic copies ofthe NJhave been dated palaeo graphically to the Herodian period,? that is, from the second half of the first”

• Also stated in: § 2. Manuscript Evidence · plain

  “century BCE to the first half of the first century CE, although this is not necessarily the period in which the text was actually composed.”

Overlaps in the text exist among all New Jerusalem copies except 1Q32 and 4Q555.

“Given the extremely fragmentary state of the seven copies, it is quite fortunate that overlaps in the text exist to one degree or another among all the copies with the exception of lQ32 and 4Q555 (and both of these two copies are no more than a collection of tiny fragments).”

The New Jerusalem text is partially preserved in seven fragmentary copies recovered from five Dead Sea caves.

“This dissertation investigates the Qumran New Jerusalem [NJ] text, which is partially preserved in seven fragmentary copies recovered from five Dead Sea caves.”

• Also stated in: § 2. Manuscript Evidence · plain

  “The NJ, of which no portion survives anywhere else but in the copies from the Dead Sea, is preserved in seven copies, fragments of which have been discovered in Qumran Caves 1,2,4,5,and 11.”

The majority of New Jerusalem fragments describe architectural phenomena with precise measurements.

“The majority of the fragments exhibit the one characteristic that is common to all the NJ copies: a detailed description of various architectural phenomena associated with cities and their structures, wherein the dimensions of these structures are measured and where these measurements are recorded in precise units.”

There are only a few Hebraisms in the New Jerusalem text.

“There are only a few Hebraisms in the text,9”

The three Cave 4 New Jerusalem copies have not yet been published in the Discoveries in the Judaean Desert series.

“As for the three Cave 4 NJ copies, these have yet to see print in the DID.14”

There are three significant differences between the cipher-form numbers in 4Q554 and those in 4Q554a.

“We find that there are three significant differences between the cipher-form numbers in 4Q554 and those in 4Q554a.”

The Reworked Pentateuch fragments are not a copy or paraphrase of the New Jerusalem text.

“ii) the fragments from the Reworked Pentateuch, while potentially important to the study of NJ, are not a copy or a paraphrase of it;”

4Q232 as a Hebrew copy of the New Jerusalem text has not yet been confirmed.

“i) 4Q232 as a Hebrew copy of the NJ has not yet been confirmed;”

The grouping into threes is not a tendency of 4Q554 or 4Q554a, whose scribes tended to run the unit-ciphers together in one series.

“But this grouping into threes is not a tendency of 4Q554 or 4Q554a, whose scribes tended to run the unit-ciphers together in one series”

Not every instance of a dictionary-form measurement in a non-4QNJ copy is found in its cipher form in an overlapping 4QNJ copy.

“The reverse is not true, however: not every instance of a dictionary-form measurement in a non-4QNJ copy is found in its cipher form in an overlapping 4QNJ copy.”

Of the 11Q18 fragments with more than a few letters or words, all contain descriptions of architectural details or cultic operations of the Temple.

“Ofthe fragments containing more than a few letters or words, it appears that all contain descriptions of the architectural details or cultic operations ofthe Temple, which is mentioned at fro 19 1 and 3, fro 202, fro 31 ii 6, fro 32 3 and 6 (N.?:))il) and likely also at fro 9 6 (N.\~r'rjJn).48”

Neither y nor the y with the extra flourish ever stands for a numerical value in 4QNJ anywhere outside its role as the terminus of a series of unit-ciphers.

“Neither '{ nor the Y with the extra flourish ever stands for a numerical value in 4QNJ anywhere outside its role as the terminus of a series of unit-ciphers.”

Only in the Cave 4 copies is there a second description of some of the larger structures of the city.

“and a second description of some of the larger structures of the city (4Q554 2 i-ii).”

In 4QNJ, there are three different ways that a series of single-unit ciphers terminates.

“In 4QNJ, there are three different ways that a series of single-unit ciphers terminates.”

There exist only two book-length studies entirely devoted to the New Jerusalem text: Bernhardt's 1970 Jena dissertation and Chyutin's monograph.

“there exist only two book-length studies that are entirely devoted to the NJ: J. BERNHARDT'S unpublished 1970 Jena dissertation 59 and CHYUTlN' S very problematic and highly criticized monograph.”

• cites BERNHARDTNot checked yet

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• cites CHYUTINNot checked yet

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Only in the Cave 4 copies of the New Jerusalem text is there a description of the massive wall of the New Jerusalem and its twelve named gates.

“only in the 4Q copies is there a description ofthe massive wall ofthe New Jerusalem and its twelve named gates (4Q554 1 i 11 -ii 10)”

In every place where a measurement in a 4QNJ fragment is given in cipher form, the same measurement will be extant in its dictionary form in any overlapping copies.

“In every place where a measurement in a 4QNJ fragment is given in cipher form, the same measurement will be extant in its dictionary form in any overlapping copies.”

In every extant case, the figure for the length of each part of the East and West walls is given in dictionary form, while the corresponding figures for the North and South walls are displayed in cipher form.

“In every case where the text is extant, the figure for the length of each part ofthe East and West walls is given in dictionary form (el 4Q554 1 i 12, 15) while the corresponding figures for the appropriate parts of the North and South walls are displayed in cipher form (el 4Q554 1 i 19, ii 6, 8, and 10).”

In the 4Q copies, numerals appear about half the time in cipher form and half in dictionary form.

“numerals in the 4Q copies are expressed approximately half the time in their cipher fonns and half the time in their dictionary fonns”

In the two certain cases of width-before-length order, the measured object has equal length and width.

“In both of the latter two cases -that is, the two cases where the unusual width-length order is certain -the object that is being measured has a length and width that are equal.”

In every readable case in the 4Q copies of NJ, the unit of measurement comes before the numerical value.

“In every case where the text in any of the 4Q copies of the NJ is clear enough to be read, the unit of measurement (rods or cubits) precedes the numerical value.”

5QNJ and 2QNJ tend to use waw as a vowel-letter, but such waws are almost absent from overlapping portions of 4Q554, with a few exceptions.

“Where 5QNJ and 2QNJ tend to employ waw as vowel-letters, these are almost never present in the overlapping portions of 4Q554,45 although there are a few exceptions”

Support for the alternate reading comes from lines 2 and 4 of the same fragment, which contain N ')~'£), a word used elsewhere in NJ for blocks of houses in the city proper.

“Support for this alternate reading comes from lines 2 and 4 of the same fragment, which contain the word N ')~'£), which elsewhere in the NJ refer to blocks of houses in the city proper.”

This measurement system differs from that of Ezekiel 40-48.

“This metrology differs from that of Ezekiel 40-48”

Unlike the exemplars of 4QNJ, long series of unit-ciphers in 4Q320 and 4Q559 are arranged into groups of three rather than in a single series.

“Unlike the exemplars of 4QNJ, long series of unit-ciphers in 4Q320 and 4Q559 are arranged into groups of three rather than in a single series.”

In 4Q320, a cipher for three that is to be added to a run of unit-ciphers comes after the run, not before it.

“in 4Q320 a 3 cipher that is meant to be added to a series of unit-ciphers follows rather than precedes the series”

Small distances are never given in rods, even in 4QNJ.

“small distances are never expressed in rods, even in 4QNJ”

The pattern of giving distances twice, first rods then cubits, also appears throughout 5QNJ.

“The manner of expressing distances twice, first by rods and then by cubits, is also witnessed throughout 5QNJ.”

In texts that preserve detailed descriptions of future-time structures, no parallels with NJ are found.

“With respect to those texts that preserve a detailed description of the measurements of future-time structures, nowhere do we find parallels with the NJ.”

In the Temple Scroll, the unit of measurement follows the numeral, unlike NJ.

“In the Temple Scroll the unit of measurement follows the numeral, unlike the NJ.”

2Q24 and 11Q18 consistently show the full orthography -m~.

“Despite the paucity of the sample and the fact that there are no overlaps, 2Q24 and 11 Q 18 demonstrate consistently the full orthography -m~.”

Some texts, such as 4Q320, show many variations in how a single cipher is written.

“certain texts, such as 4Q320, contain many variations on the wayan individual cipher might be expressed”

Because so few letters survive, the reading of 5Q15 15 1 as 'two reeds' cannot be considered assured.

“With so few letters preserved, however, this reading cannot be regarded in any way as assured”

In each of those cases, the text breaks off before a second cubit measurement could be given.

“but in each case the text breaks off before a second measurement in cubits (if indeed such existed) could be given”

Rod measurements occur in 11QNJ three times: 11Q18 17 ii 2 and 5, and 32 4.

“Measurements in rods do appear in 11 QNJ -three times, in fact (11Q18 17 ii 2 and 5, and 32 4)”

The 11Q fragments preserve large numbers elsewhere: 11Q18 17 ii 5 mentions a figure between 100 and 200 rods.

“That the llQ fragments actually preserve such large numbers in other places is plain from 11 Q 18 17 ii 5, where a figure of between 100 and 200 rods is mentioned.”

4QNJ is not like the Palmyrene and Nabataean exemplars, which employ a specific cipher for the number 5 and then add one to four unit-ciphers to represent the numbers 6 to 9.

“Nor is 4QNJ like the Palmyrene and Nabataean exemplars, which employ a specific cipher for the number 5 and then add one to four unit-ciphers to represent the numbers 6 to 9.”

In the Hebrew Bible, distance is most often expressed by a construct chain, with the numeral in construct state before the unit, though variations occur.

“distance measurement in the Hebrew Bible is most often expressed by means of a construct chain, with the numeral in a construct state preceding rather than following the unit of measurement, although there are variations”

In NJ expressions of simple distance without a pronominal suffix, the numerical value always follows the unit of measurement.

“in expressions of simple distance measurement in the NJ that appear without a pronominal suffix, the numerical value of the measurement always follows the unit of measurement”

The 4QNJ examples of this cipher very closely resemble those found in Palmyrene.

“The 4QNJ examples of this ciphers very closely resemble those found in Palmyrene.”

In Qumran texts other than 4Q320, when two or more different ciphers are to be summed, they are consistently ordered from highest to lowest value.

“whereas in the other Qumran texts series of two or more unidentical ciphers that are meant to be added together are always arranged in order of descending value”

In overlapping text that can be read with certainty, the 4Q fragments have only the short orthographic form of the noun.

“wherever the text can be read with certainty, the 4Q fragments boast exclusively the 'short' (= archaic?) orthographic fonn of the noun”

The peculiar 4QNJ pseudo-cipher for the number 2 in a terminal position in a series is not found in GANDZ' Table 1.

“The peculiar 4QNJ pseudo-cipher for the number 2 in a terminal position in a series is not found in GANDZ' Table 1.”

• cites GANDZNot checked yet

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Not many 11QNJ fragments are materially wide enough to allow both rod and cubit measurements.

“but it must be admitted there are not many fragments materially wide enough to permit a m~asurement in both rods and cubits”

That placement in 4Q320 holds no matter how the unit-cipher run ends.

“This order is consistent regardless of the fashion in which the series of unit-ciphers is terminated.”

The one possible example supporting Garcia Martinez's contention is 11Q18 8 2, with the phrase ilnN il')111[£).

“The one possible example that supports GARCiA MARTINEZ' contention is llQ18 8 2, where we find the phrase ilnN il')111[£).”

Tables II and III indicate that the cipher-numerals in 4QNJ cannot be easily classified, even against those in other Dead Sea texts.

“The evidence presented in Table II and Table III suggests that there is no way of easily classifying the cipher-numerals in 4QNJ, even with respect to those that appear in other Dead Sea texts.”

In the Temple Scroll, the unit of measurement is always a cubit.

“What is most odd is the way in which the unit of measurement, always a cubit, is recorded in the Temple Scroll.”

Rarer examples put width before length: 5Q15 1 ii 15, 4Q554 1 iii 22, and 4Q554 1 iii 20-21.

“There are, however, examples of the rarer formula wherein the notation of the width of an object precedes that of its length: 5Q15 1 ii 15 (which is very problematic),41 4Q554 1 iii 22 (cf 4Q554a I and 5Q15 1 ii 4),42 and 4Q554 1 iii 20-21 (par. 5Q15 1 ii 3).43”

The average number of letter-spaces per 2.0 cm of text in 4Q554 1 is 11.7.

“the average number ofletter-spaces per 2.0 cm of text in 4Q554 1 is 11.7”

The raw data values for letter-spaces per 2.0 cm are not widely fluctuating but are uniformly close to the average of 11.4 letter-spaces, regardless of which column from either fragment is tested.

“one will observe that the values obtained of the raw data are not widely fluctuating,60 but rather are uniformly close to the average figure of 11.4 letter-spaces, no matter which column from either fragment is tested.”

Several problems make simple mechanical tallying of letter-spaces per line invalid for the surviving fragments 4Q554 1, 4Q554 2, and 4Q554a.

“Several problems, however, hamper and ultimately render invalid the simple mechanical tallying of the letter-spaces per line of what survives of the fragments 4Q554 1, 4Q554 2, and 4Q554a”

Table IV confirms that the name of the South Centre gate in the NJ cannot be the same as the name of the gate located in this position in the Temple Scroll / Reworked Pentateuch list.

“Furthermore, Table IV confirms that the name ofthe South Centre gate in the NJ cannot be the same as the name of the gate located in this position in the Temple Scroll / Reworked Pentateuch list.”

The position that 100 by 140 stadia would make more sense as a planned city is unsupported by the actual measurements of the internal features of the NJ.

“While it is true that 100 (25 x 4) by 140 (35 x 4) stadia would hypothetically make far more sense as a planned city containing regular design features than would a structure of dimensions 96 (24 x 4) by 140 stadia, this position is unsupported by the nature of the actual measurements of the internal features of the NJ.”

The list of the twelve gates of the NJ, each named after one of the twelve tribes of Israel, exhibits a different order than the lists preserved in other texts.

“The list of the twelve gates of the NJ, each one named after one of the twelve tribes ofIsrael, exhibits what would appear to be a different order than the lists preserved in these other texts.”

Many preserved or reconstructed measurements are either multiples of seven or odd dimensions with little or no connection to the external dimensions of the city.

“So many of the preserved or reconstructed measurements are either multiples of seven (a divisor of neither 96 nor 100) or, more often, are odd dimensions (like 126 cubits (4Q554 1 ii 18), sixty-seven cubits (4Q554 1 ii 20), thirteen rods (4Q554 1 ii 21), thirteen cubits (4Q554 1 iii 15), and nineteen cubits (4Q544a line 7)) with little or no connexion at all with the external dimensions of the”

None of the lists in Table IV is paralleled in any of the lists of the tribes in the biblical literature or the Jewish and Christian extra-biblical writings of Second Temple times.

“we must note here that none of the lists in Table IV is paralleled in any of the lists of the tribes in the biblical literature or the Jewish and Christian extra-biblical writings of Second Temple times.”

• cites RASKNot checked yet

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The extra notations of direction invariably involve one compass direction, not two.

“these extra notations invariably involve one compass direction, not two (see the phrase Nm1Y.l ~1 n~'I't at 4Q554 1 ii 9)”

The amount of text that fits in the lacuna is about five lines, based on the average number of letter-spaces per line previously ascertained for 4Q554 1.

“What emerges is an amount of text that seems to fit about five lines of text, based on the average number ofletterspaces per line previously ascertained for 4Q554 1.”

For 4Q554 2 ii, the line-lengths appear shorter, measuring about 8.0 to 8.5 cm, or 45.6 to 48.5 letter-spaces per line.

“As for 4Q554 2 ii, the line-lengths here appear a bit shorter, measuring about 8.0 to 8.5 cm., or 45.6 to 48.5 letter-spaces per line of text.”

The combined average is approximately 11.4.

“with a combined average of approximately 11.4”

Assuming the two halves of 4Q554 1 ii are correctly positioned in PAM 43.564 and accounting for stretched skin, the width of the column varies from approximately 8.5 to 9.0 cm.

“If we assume that the two "halves" of 4Q554 1 ii are correctly positioned in PAM 43.564 and also take into account the places where the skin seems to have been stretched, we observe that the width of the column varies from approximately 8.5 to 9.0 cm.”

• AssumptionThe authors state this as an assumption: The two halves of 4Q554 1 ii are correctly positioned in PAM 43.564.

The orthography of 4Q554 is inconsistent, shown by variant spellings and by numerals appearing sometimes in cipher and sometimes in dictionary form.

“Second, the orthography of 4Q554 is inconsistent.This is evident not only in the variant spelling of certain words (i.e., )~UN' and )~U'), but more importantly in the fact that numerals are sometimes expressed in cipher form and sometimes in dictionary form.”

Of these seven names, two are different from the named gates in the same place in the roster in the Temple Scroll / Reworked Pentateuch list.

“Of these seven names, two are different from the named gates in the same place in the roster in the Temple Scroll / Reworked Pentateuch list.”

In the same line, the scribe mistakenly writes "rods: 17" for the "rods: 18" demanded by the overlapping 5Q text and the corresponding amount of cubits.

“More to the point, in the same line he mistakenly writes "rods: 17" for the "rods: 18" that is demanded both by the overlapping 5Q text and by the corresponding amount of cubits indicated.”

At least at 4Q554 1 ii 18, the scribe of 4Q554 got his measurements wrong.

“At least in one case (4Q554 1 ii 18),50 the scribe of 4Q554 simply got his measurements wrong.”

Although over forty lines survive in three columns, only a slim few are complete or nearly complete.

“although remains of over forty lines survive in three columns, only a slim few of the lines are complete or nearly complete”

There is no way to be sure whether missing text also contained several vacats.

“As a result, there is no way to be sure whether the missing text did not also contain several of these vacats”

Contrary to the assertions of some, the order of the gates in 4Q554 is not the same as the order recorded in the Temple Scroll.

“some,68 we observe that the order of the gates in 4Q554 is not the same as the order as recorded in the Temple Scroll.”

The long lacuna in 4Q554 1 ii is bounded by preserved text at 4Q554 1 i 22 and 4Q554 1 ii 6, which serve as termini for reconstruction based on established formulae.

“The long lacuna is, with exception of the traces of a few letters in line 5, bounded by the preserved text of 4Q554 1 i 22 and the text that begins again at 4Q554 1 ii 6, which act as tennini between which may be placed reconstructed text that is based on a set number of the established formulae.”

At 4Q554 1 ii 18, the scribe mistakenly writes a word and has to erase it.

“At 4Q554 1 ii 18, for example, the scribe mistakenly writes 1~Y.:)N.and has to erase the word.”

The NJ preserves, in whole or in part, the names of six out of the twelve possible gates.

“As it is, the NJ preserves, in whole or in part,72 the names of six out of the twelve possible gates”

Examination of PAM 43.564 demonstrates that the small piece containing these lines has been placed correctly.

“an examination of PAM 43.564 demonstrates that the small piece containing these lines of text has indeed been placed correctly”

That the lamed existed is confirmed by the trace of its uppermost tip in the PAM 43.564 under the NY1n 1m of line 6.

“That the lamed existed is confirmed, however, by the trace of its uppermost tip in the PAM 43.564 under the NY1n 1m ofline 6.”

In both Chyutin's reconstruction and ours, the section following the description of the walls and named gates begins on line 11.

“The net result is that in both his reconstruction and ours the section following the description of the walls and named gates begins on line 11.”

Neither the parallel 4Q or 5Q text at this point contains words with a lamed.

“The problem is that neither the parallel4Q or 5Q text at this point in the text contains words with a lamed.”

2Q24 I is in actuality composed of a number of smaller pieces that were joined together by their editor, Baillet.

“2Q24 I is in actuality composed of a number of smaller pieces that were joined together by their editor, BAILLET.”

• cites BAILLETNot checked yet

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Simple triangulation of the pieces reveals that a lamed once existed three to five letter-spaces before the words )~1l1m rYJ.1N of 2Q24 1 line 4.

“Simple triangulation of the pieces reveals that a lamed once existed three to five letter-spaces (= a word or two) before the words )~1l1m rYJ.1N of2Q24 1 line 4.”

Positing fewer than five lines would require drastic shortening of at least two distance formulae.

“to posit any less than five lines would have required a drastic shortening of at least two (and probably more) of the distance formulae.”

The piece containing the letters ]nN 11:>1[, which fits into 4Q554 1 ii at line 14, contains the very top of a lamed directly under the terminal nun of the word 11:>1.

“The piece containing the letters ]nN 11:>1[, which fits into 4Q554 1 ii at line 14, above, contains the very top of a lamed directly under the terminal nun of the word 11:>1.”

We conclude that column ii had twenty-two lines.

“since we conclude that column ii had twenty-two lines”

A reconstruction using the fullest possible orthography and most complete distance formulae would not allow a sixth line.

“a reconstruction based on the use of the fullest possible orthography and the most complete distance formulae would not allow for a sixth line”

4Q554 1 ii has twenty-two lines.

“Thus we arrive at the figure of twenty-two lines for 4Q554 1 ii.”

4Q554a overlaps the text of 5Q15 1 ii in a way that appears to continue the text breaking off at 4Q554 iii.

“4Q 5 54a overlaps the text of 5Q 15 1 ii in such a way as to appear to be a continuation ofthe text that breaks off at 4Q554 iii.”

4Q554a lines 3, 4, and 5 have roughly 70-75 letter-spaces per line.

“we find that 4Q554a lines 3, 4, and 5 have roughly 70-75 letter-spaces per line.”

MILIK's reconstruction of the bottom portion of 5Q15 1 ii contains three places where the 5Q text overlaps the 4Q554a text.

“MILIK'S reconstruction of the bottom portion of5Q15 1 ii contains three places where the 5Q text overlaps the 4Q554a text”

The average number of letter-spaces per given measure of text differs between 4Q554 and 4Q554a.

“we established that the average number ofletterspaces per given measure of text differs when we compare 4Q554 and 4Q554a.”

Clear palaeographic discrepancies exist between 4Q554 and 4Q554a.

“we observed that clear palaeographic discrepancies exist between the two texts.”

Orthographic evidence suggests the shorter spelling throughout the 4Q copies.

“the orthographic evidence (see note 45, above) suggests the shorter spelling throughout the 4Q copies.”

5Q15 1 i-ii seems to be overlapped fragmentarily yet continuously from 4Q554 1 ii 12 through 4Q554 1 iii 12-22 to 4Q554a 11.

“5Q15 1 i-ii seems to be overlapped fragmentarily yet continuously from 4Q554 1 ii 12 through 4Q554 1 iii 12-22 to 4Q554a 11.”

The realia of 4Q554a 5-11 do not permit the use of 5Q15 1 ii 8-15 as reconstructed by MILIK.

“the realia of 4Q554a 5-11 (and especially 5-8) do not permit the use of 5Q15 1 ii 8-15 as these lines are reconstructed by MILIK.”

The 5Q15 text that would potentially bridge the lacuna at 4Q554 1 iii 24-4Q554a 1 runs for perhaps only 10-15 letter-spaces.

“we discover that the 5Q15 text that would potentially bridge this lacuna at 4Q554 1 iii 24 -4Q554a 1 runs for perhaps only 10-15 letter-spaces, and most certainly nowhere near 40-45 letter-spaces.”

The 5Q material that MILIK employs to reconstruct the last eight lines appears to be concerned with the same subject matter as the 4Q554a text at this point, namely the description and dimensions of the internal structures of a city house.

“the 5Q material that MILIK employs to reconstruct the last eight lines of 5Q 15 1 ii 8-14 appears to be concerned with the same subject matter as the 4Q554a text atthis point, i.e., the description and dimensions of the internal structures of a city house”

The amount of potential letter-spaces in 4Q554 I iii 1-11 is 528, that is, forty-eight letter-spaces times eleven lines of text.

“The amount of potential letter-spaces in 4Q554 I iii 1-11 (i.e., the section of the 4Q text overlapped by the 515 letter-spaces of 5Q 15 1 i 7-14) is 528, that is, forty-eight letter-spaces times eleven lines of text.”

The amount of potential letter-spaces in 5Q15 1 i between the place where it can no longer be used to reconstruct partially overlapping text at 4Q554 1 ii 22 (= 5Q15 1 i 6) and the place where it can first be used to reconstruct partially overlapping text at 4Q554 iii 12 (= 5Q15 1 ii 15) is 560, that is, seventy letter-spaces times eight lines of text (5Q15 1 i 7-14).

“The amount of potential letter-spaces in 5Q 15 1 i between the place where it can no longer be used to reconstruct partially overlapping textat4Q5541 ii 22 (= 5Q15 1 i 6) and the place where it can first be used to reconstruct partially overlapping text at 4Q554 iii 12 (= 5Q15 1 ii 15) is 560, that is, seventy letter-spaces times eight lines of text (5Q15 1 i 7-14).”

The reconstruction of 4Q554 1 iii 22 produced a line missing about 10 letter-spaces from its left-hand margin.

“our reconstruction of 4Q554 1 iii 22 produced a line of text that was missing about 10 letter-spaces from its left-hand margin.”

There are three distinct differences between 4Q554 and 4Q554a in the way their cipherform numerals are written.

“we demonstrated that there are three distinct differences between 4Q554 and 4Q554a regarding the fashion in which their cipherform numerals are written.”

There is no textual evidence for adding four extra corner-towers to create four-tower corner complexes.

“But there is simply no textual evidence for this -all one is doing is adding or subtracting towers in arbitrary fashion simply in order to make a set number (and one not even witnessed by the text) fit an architectural schema that precedes the evidence.”

In all clear cases in 4Q554 1 i-iii, alephs are never joined to the letter that precedes them.

“in all clear cases in 4Q554 1 i-iii alephs are never joined to letter which precedes them”

The stitching holes that can be discerned at the join of 4Q554 2 ii and iii seem to be aligned correctly.

“the stitching-holes that can be discerned seem to be aligned correctly”

The letter following the one identified by CHYUTIN as an aleph is definitely not a shin.

“the letter following the one identified by CHYUTIN as an aleph is defmitely not a shin”

Besides 4Q554 7, five columns of text in the 4Q copies of the NJ have portions of their bottom margins preserved: 4Q554 1 i, 4Q554 1 ii, 4Q554 1 iii, 4Q554 2 ii, and 4Q554 2 iii.

“besides 4Q554 7, five columns of text have portions of their bottom margins preserved: 4Q554 1 i, 4Q554 1 ii, 4Q554 1 iii, 4Q554 2 ii, and 4Q554 2 iii.”

Examination of the join between 4Q554 2 ii and iii and of the stitching holes along the adjacent edges reveals that the two columns have been appropriately joined together.

“an examination ofthe join between the two columns and of the stitching-holes along the adjacent edges -even when the examination is mediated by transparencies, computer images, and photographs -reveals that the two columns have been appropriately joined together.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Examination of the fragments through transparencies, computer images, and photographs is adequate to determine whether the columns were joined correctly.

The aleph purported to follow the resh is joined to it by a ligature.

“the aleph purported to follow the resh is joined to it by a ligature”

Several fragments have yet to appear in an edition or translation, including 4Q554 7 and 8 and 4Q555 4-6.

“We have identified several fragments that have yet to appear in an edition or translation of the Cave 4 NJ fragments, including 4Q554 7 and 8 and 4Q555 4-6.”

The physical appearance of the bottom margins of 4Q554 2 iii and 4Q554 7 are quite similar.

“the physical appearance of the bottom margins of 4Q554 2 iii and 4Q554 7 are quite similar.”

The Temple Scroll contains scattered references to architectural details of the dwelling places of these cities, such as a railing round their roofs (lxv 5-6), lintels, doorposts, thresholds (xlix 12-13), and household objects (114-16), similar to structures in the NJ (5Q15 1 ii).

“They are to have a railing round their roofs (1xv 5-6), for instance, and in another place we learn of their finer architectural details, such as the lintels, doorposts, and thresholds (xlix 12-13), and of household objects (114-16), much in the same way that similar structures in theNJ are detailed (see, especiallY, 5Q15 1 ii).”

• cites 11Q19 lxv 5-6Not checked yet

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• cites 11Q19 xlix 12-13Not checked yet

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• cites 5Q15 1 iiNot checked yet

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Jeremiah 31:38-40 contains a reference to the rebuilt, idealized Jerusalem of the future, extending from the Tower of Hananel to the Corner Gate and including terraces near the brook Kidron as far east as the Horse Gate.

“Jer 31 :38-40 contains a fine reference to the rebuilt, idealized Jerusalem of the future, which extends from the "Tower ofHananel" to the "Comer Gate" (31 :38), and includes the "terraces" in the territory near the brook Kidron, as far east as the "Horse Gate" (31 :40).”

• cites Jer 31:38-40Not checked yet

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The common eschatological 'horizon' supposed to extend from the Temple Scroll, Florilegium, and War Scroll to include the New Jerusalem text is non-existent.

“the common eschatological "horizon" (apud GARCiA MARTiNEZ) that is supposed to extend from these texts to include the NJthat is, an independent set of specific expectations common to these three texts and into which the eschatological outlook ofthe NJ might be fitted -is non-existent.”

The correspondence between the New Jerusalem text and the New Temple of the Temple Scroll is minimal with respect to architectural design and details of the Temple complex and its operation.

“the correspondence between the New JerusalemNJ and the New Temple that is the subject of most ofthe Temple Scroll is minimal with respect both to the architectural design oftheir buildings and other structures and to the details of the Temple complex and its operation.”

The New Jerusalem text envisions a future in which all the tribes of Israel will play a part, as its New Jerusalem has twelve gates, one for each tribe.

“the NJ clearly envisions a future in which all the tribes oflsrael will playa part, since the walls of its New Jerusalem contain twelve gates, one for each ofthe twelve tribes (4Q554 1 i 11 -ii 10), even ifthe tribe of Levi enjoys the preferred place.”

4Q391 is an example of a very small corpus of Second Temple texts concerned with the fine details and measurements of eschatological structures.

“The fragment also is an example of a very small corpus of Second Temple texts that are concerned with the fine details and measurements of eschatological structures”

Of all expressions of the New Jerusalem that mention the city's walls, Zech 1:16-17 is the only text that specifically envisions a city without walls.

“In fact, of all the expressions ofthe New Jerusalem that mention the city's walls, Zech 1: 16-17 is the only text that specifically envisions a city without walls.”

• cites Zech 1:16-17Not checked yet

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The prevailing scholarly hypothesis that the eschatological horizon of the New Jerusalem text matches the eschatological outlook of the Temple Scroll, Florilegium, and War Scroll is unsubstantiated.

“It is clear, then, on the basis of the investigations conducted in this section, that the prevailing scholarly hypothesis that the eschatological horizon of the NJ corresponds to the eschatological outlook of the Temple Scroll, the Florilegium, and the War Scroll is unsubstantiated.”

There is reference to an eschatological battle in 4Q386 1 ii-iii.

“there is reference to an eschatological battle in 4Q386 1 ii-iii.”

There is no special congruence among the Temple Scroll, Florilegium, and War Scroll themselves.

“we fail to see any special congruence among these three Dead Sea texts themselves.”

The points of contact between the New Jerusalem text and the Temple Scroll, Florilegium, and War Scroll regarding a common eschatology are at best very general and not concrete enough to establish dependence or priority.

“We have demonstrated that the points of contact between the NJ and these three Dead Sea texts with respect to a common eschatology are at best very general and are certainly nowhere near concrete enough to even begin to speak of issues of dependence or priority.”

Both the New Jerusalem text and Daniel emphasize the role of the seer who experiences a vision or dream.

“both emphasize the role of the seer who experiences a vision or dream”

Both the New Jerusalem text and Daniel are concerned with the idea of 'the end.'

“both Daniel and the NJ are concerned with the idea of "the end"”

There are parallels between the New Jerusalem text and the book of Daniel beyond the shared concern with the eschatological use of the bloc 'Edom, Moab, and Ammon.'

“there are a number of parallels between the NJ and the book of Daniel beyond the shared concern with the eschatological use of the bloc "Edom, Moab, and Ammon."”

There is no direct evidence that the New Jerusalem text contained the Maccabean-era concept of the collective eschatological reign of the people of God.

“Although there is no direct evidence that the NJ contained this Maccabean-era concept”

If a Hebrew copy of the New Jerusalem text surfaces, it will likely be a translation from the Aramaic rather than the source of the extant Aramaic copies.

“and so even if in the future a Hebrew copy of the NJ surfaces, the chances are that it will prove to be a translation from the Aramaic rather than the source from which the extant Aramaic copies stemmed.10”

The overlaps confirm that 2Q24, 4Q554, 4Q554a, and 5Q15 are all copies of the same composition.

“it also confirms that 2Q24, 4Q554, 4Q554a, and 5Q15 are all copies of the same composition.”

It is fairly certain that the 1Q32 fragments are from a copy of the New Jerusalem text.

“That these fragments are from a copy ofthe NJ is fairly certain, however; MILIK identifies them as such by comparison with the copies from Caves 2, 4, and 5,21 and the terminology of fragments 1-7 is almost exclusively architectural.22”

• cites MILIK, DID 1,134-135Not checked yet

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The overlap between 2Q24 4 and 11Q18 20 confirms 11Q18 as another copy of the New Jerusalem text.

“The overlap between 2Q24 4 and 11 Q 18 20 confirms 11 Q 18 as another copy of the NJ.”

Because of publication delays, only recent standard translations contain anything approaching the full text of the Cave 4 fragments.

“Indeed, because of delays in publication, only the more recent editions of the standard translations of the Scrolls will contain anything approaching the full text of the Cave 4 fragments.17”

The New Jerusalem text is non-sectarian.

“we advance the argument that the NJ as a non-sectarian text dating most probably from the middle of the second century BCE.”

4Q554, 4Q554a, and 4Q555 have been dated on palaeographical grounds to early Herodian times, roughly the second half of the first century BCE.

“4Q554, 4Q554a, and 4Q555 have been dated on palaeographical grounds to early Herodian times, roughly the second half of the first century BCE.”

• cites PUECH, La croyance, 591Not checked yet

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• cites GARCiA MARTiNEZ, "Temple Scroll," 447Not checked yet

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Until the 1990s, secondary work on the New Jerusalem text was largely limited to article-length studies concentrating on architectural aspects.

“As a result, until the 1990s secondary work on the NJwas by and large limited to article-length studies, most of which concentrated only on the architectural aspects ofthe text, since these aspects dominated the portions of the text that had been hitherto published.”

One cannot automatically restore missing gate names in 4Q554 1 i 11-ii 10 based on nearly identical lists in the Temple Scroll and the Reworked Pentateuch.

“iv) we posit that one cannot automatically restore the names of the gates in these city walls that are missing in the text at 4Q554 1 i 11ii 10 on the basis of what would appear to be nearly identical lists of named gates in the Temple Scroll and the Reworked Pentateuch.”

Different portions of both copies of the New Jerusalem text probably had sections that contained proportionally more of one type of number than the other.

“it is probably the case that different portions of both copies of the NJhad sections that contained proportionally more of one type of number than the other.”

The New Jerusalem text most probably dates from the middle of the second century BCE.

“we advance the argument that the NJ as a non-sectarian text dating most probably from the middle of the second century BCE.”

The overlap of 4Q554a and portions of 4Q554 with other copies is important for textual reconstruction.

“In addition, the fact that 4Q554a and portions of 4Q554 overlap text from other copies (see Table I, above) is important from the perspective of textual reconstruction.”

These three differences in the orthography of their cipher-forms suggest that 4Q554 and 4Q554a were written by two different scribes.

“These three differences in the orthography of their cipher-forms, when considered together, suggest that 4Q554 and 4Q554a were written by two different scribes.”

4Q554 and 4Q554a are separate copies.

“i) we prove PUECH'S as-yet unsubstantiated contention that 4Q554 and 4Q554a are separate copies;”

• cites PUECHNot checked yet

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The New Jerusalem text has not received a wealth of scholarly attention despite its length and relatively large number of copies.

“Despite its length and the fact it is preserved in a relatively large number of copies, the NJhas not received a wealth of scholarly attention.”

4Q554 6 and 4Q554 8 ought to be associated with 4Q554 2 iii.

“ii) we argue that 4Q554 6 and 4Q554 8 ought to be associated with 4Q554 2 iii,”

Delays in publishing the Cave 11 and Cave 4 copies are among the factors for the lack of scholarly attention.

“This state of affairs is due to a number of factors, not the least of which are the aforementioned delays in publishing the Cave 11 and Cave 4 copies.”

The bulk of work on the text of the 4QNJ copies and their overlaps appears principally in the 1962 DID III edition of 2Q24 and 5Q15, where Baillet and Milik use selected portions of the 4Q text to reconstruct or interpret the 2Q and 5Q fragments.

“the bulk ofthe work that does exist in these areas appears principally in the 1962 DID III edition of2Q24 and 5Q15, where M. BAILLET and J.T. MILIK employ selected portions of the 4Q text to help reconstruct or interpret the 2Q and 5Q fragments.”

• cites BAILLET, DID IIINot checked yet

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• cites MILIK, DID IIINot checked yet

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4Q554 7 ought to be considered part of 4Q554 2 iii 19-22.

“and that 4Q554 7 ought to be considered part of 4Q554 2 iii 19-22;”

• Also stated in: § 7.Summary and Conclusions · plain

  “and that 4Q554 7 ought to be considered to be part of 4Q554 2 iii 19-22.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Similarity in the physical appearance of bottom margins is sufficient to associate fragments as from the same skin.

The Cave 4 fragments have proven the most difficult New Jerusalem copies to identify and characterize.

“Of all the NJ copies, the Cave 4 fragments have proven the most difficult to identify and characterize, and not only because they have yet to be presented in an official DID edition.”

The Aramaic papyri from Elephantine consistently exhibit long series of units in groups of three.

“the Aramaic papyri from Elephantine consistently exhibit long series of units in groups of three.”

The unusual phraseology in 11Q18 32 4 comes from a pronominal suffix that functions as the nomen rectum to the adjective in the construct state.

“The anomalous phraseology, however, is a result ofthe pronominal suffix, which in the construct state functions as the nomen rectum to the adjective, that is, the nomen regnum.”

It may be that equilateral objects in NJ produce this unusual distance phraseology.

“It might be the case, therefore, that equilateral objects in the NJ elicit this unusual distance phraseology.”

No fixed formula governs how distance measurement is articulated in biblical texts or in texts with detailed descriptions of the New Jerusalem or New Temple.

“Therefore, there is no set formula by which distance measurement is articulated in the biblical texts or in the texts containing detailed expositions of the structures of the New Jerusalem or the New Temple.”

The figure of eight years is corroborated by Judg 3.8, which tells that this king kept Israel in subjugation for eight years.

“The figure of eight years is corroborated by Judg 3.8, which tells that this king kept Israel in SUbjugation for eight years.”

• cites Judg 3.8Not checked yet

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The pseudo-cipher for the number 2 in a terminal position is known from Hebrew ossuaries of the first century CE, where it stands for a value of 2.

“It is, however, known from Hebrew ossuaries of the first century CE,24 where it quite clearly stands for a value of 2.”

The wording of 11Q18 8 2 appears to exclude a preceding rod measurement.

“The wording of this phrase would seem to rule out a measurement in rods preceding it.”

Consequently, even within one text a given cipher may be written in several ways.

“As a result, even in specific texts there may be several ways any given cipher is written.”

The centre gate of the East wall might have been the "gate of Levi."

“then perhaps the centre gate of the East wall might have been the "gate of Levi."”

There is good reason to reconstruct the name of a seventh gate, the Gate of Levi (4Q554 1 i 14-15).

“in addition, we have good reason to reconstruct the name ofa seventh gate, the Gate of Levi (4Q554 1 i 14-15).73”

The natural reading of the text, supported by two clear examples and without a single example to suggest otherwise, is that the scribe of 4Q554 meant to write "rods: 24."

“The natural reading of the text, supported by these two clear examples and without a single example to suggest otherwise, is that the scribe of 4Q554 meant to write "rods: 24."”

It seems more likely than not that the city of the NJ was oriented to the east as well.

“in Chapter 2 ( §6) we argue that it seems more likely than not that the city of the NJ was oriented to the east as well.”

In light of the fact that the preserved portions of the lists of the NJ and the Temple Scroll / Reworked Pentateuch are not precisely the same, and recognizing a tendency towards dissimilarity among such lists, there is no guarantee that the name of any one gate missing in the NJ list would be the same as that preserved in the same spot in the Temple Scroll / Reworked Pentateuch roster.

“In light of the fact that the preserved portions of the lists ofthe NJ and the Temple Scroll / Reworked Pentateuch are not precisely the same,74 and recognizing that there exists a tendency towards dissimilarity among such lists of the tribes in general, we conclude that there is no guarantee that the name of anyone gate missing in the list in NJ would be the same as that which is preserved in the”

The restoration of "Levi" at 4Q554 1 i 15 seems justified.

“As a result, in light of these considerations and of the place of "Levi" in the list of named gates in the Temple Scroll I Reworked Pentateuch, the restoration of "Levi" here at 4Q554 1 i 15 seems justified.”

Despite missing portions of 4Q554 1, enough text is available to reconstruct the text.

“Although half of column i and a fair amount of the upper portion of column ii is not extant, and despite the fact that virtually nothing is preserved of the description of the West wall and its gates, enough text is available for the purposes of reconstructing the text.”

The Temple of Ezekiel 40-48 faces east.

“The Temple of Ezekiel 40-48 faces east (Ezek 43:4)”

• cites Ezek 43:4Not checked yet

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Dissimilarity among these lists is by far the normal pattern, not the exception.

“Dissimilarity among these lists is by far the normal pattern, not the exception.”

Variations in articulating what should have been identical formulae suggest the scribe was reformulating and transcribing what he heard rather than mechanically copying another text.

“the variations in the way in which what ought to have been identical formulae are articulated suggest that the scribe was reformulating and transcribing what he was hearing rather than mechanically copying from another text before him.”

• AssumptionThe authors state this as an assumption: The inconsistencies in 4Q554 1 i 11 to 1 ii 10 are not caused by a scribe mechanically reproducing an already inconsistent text.

There is no convincing reason to assume that the scribe of 4Q554 mistakenly wrote "rods: 24" when he actually meant "rods: 25."

“In conclusion, it is our contention that there is no convincing reason to assume that the scribe of 4Q554 mistakenly wrote "rods: 24" when he actually meant "rods: 25."”

Statistically, there are not enough complete lines of text extant.

“In other words, statistically there are not enough complete lines of text extant.”

Applying the average of 11.4 letter-spaces per 2.0 cm to the column width of 4Q554 1 ii yields around 48.5 to 51.3 letter-spaces per line.

“Applying the average of 11.4 letter-spaces per 2.0 cm to this width, we arrive at a figure of around 48.5 to 51.3 letterspaces per line of text.61”

• AssumptionThe authors state this as an assumption: The two halves of 4Q554 1 ii are correctly positioned in PAM 43.564.

Probably not [11nO 1)n]0 (as in 5Q15), since the form 1no appears in the next line.

“Probably not [11nO 1)n]0 (as we see in the 5Q15 text), since the form 1no appears in the next line.”

It is probable that the trace of the nun is what remains of the phrase i[1 NY1n.

“There are several reasons why it is probable that the trace of the nun is what remains of the phrase i[1 NY1n.”

The sequence [Da]n - Naphtali - Asher as named gates along the North wall is certainly not impossible, given the sequence described in the North wall of structures in both the Temple Scroll and the Reworked Pentateuch.

“the sequence [Da]n -Naphtali -Asher as named gates along the North wall of the structure being described in the text is certainly not impossible, given the sequence described in the North wall of structures in both the Temple Scroll and the Reworked Pentatuech.”

• cites Temple ScrollNot checked yet

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• cites Reworked PentateuchNot checked yet

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We must assume scribal error here, based on the overlapping text at 5Q15 1 i 4, which reads eighteen rods.

“We must assume scribal error here, based on the overlapping text at 5Q15 1 i 4, which, while very fragmentary, reads eighteen rods.”

Chyutin's columns 16-18 are all presented in this fashion, creating a hypothetical NJ text reflected materially in none of the copies.

“Indeed, CHYUTIN'S columns 16-18 (= 4Q554 ii-iii + 4Q554a, with the 5Ql5 1 and 2 and the 2Q24 1 overlaps) are all presented in this fashion, creating in effect a hypothetical NJ text that is reflected materially in none of the copies.”

Reconstruction of the lacunae with reference to overlaps and column widths shows that 4Q554a cannot be the top portion of the column following 4Q554 1 iii in the same copy.

“a reconstruction of the 4Q554 and 4Q554a lacunae with reference to the overlaps and the column widths of all three copies reveals that it is impossible for 4Q554a to be the top portion of the column in the same copy of the text following 4Q554 1 iii.”

There is not enough 5Q15 text to span the lacuna in a way that would allow 4Q554a 1 to be from the same copy as 4Q554 1 iii 22.

“there simply is not enough 5Q15 text to span this lacuna in a way that would allow 4Q554a 1 to be from the same copy of the NJ as 4Q554 1 iii 22.”

A reconstruction allowing a line-length of one hundred letter-spaces cannot be envisioned when a line length of seventy to seventy-five letter-spaces is clearly indicated by other means.

“we cannot envision a reconstruction of the column that would allow for a line-length of one hundred letter-spaces when a line length of seventy to seventy-five letter-spaces is clearly indicated by other means.”

In our view, there is roughly the same amount of space for text in 4Q554 1 iii 1-11 as there is in the portion of the 5Q copy that should overlap this section.

“In our view, there is roughly the same amount of space for text in 4Q554 1 iii 1-11 as there is in the portion of the 5Q copy that should overlap this section.”

The circumstantial evidence by itself does not prove conclusively that 4Q554a is a separate copy.

“By itself, however, this evidence is merely circumstantial and does not prove conclusively that 4Q554a is a separate copy.”

This rough correspondence in the number of 4Q and 5Q letter-spaces means that it is not necessary to reconstruct (pace Milik) long vacats at 5Q15 1 i 9 and 5Q15 1 i 14.

“This rough correspondence in the number of 4Q and 5Q letter-spaces means that it is not necessary to reconstruct (pace MILIK) long vacats at 5Q 15 1 i 9 and 5Q 15 1 i 14.”

• cites MILIKNot checked yet

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The prima facie unlikelihood of this theory probably accounts for earlier editions treating 4Q554 and 4Q554a as remains of one four-column copy.

“The sheer prima facie unlikelihood of this theory probably accounts for the fact that, prior to the assertion of PUECH, the fragments of what we now ca1l4Q554 and 4Q554a were implicitly referred to and/or employed in most editions and translations as if they were the remains of only one, four-column 4Q copy of the NJ.”

4Q554a is from a different copy of the New Jerusalem text than 4Q554 1 and 2.

“Accordingly, in the light of this critical finding and of the corroborating evidence, we must conclude that 4Q554a is from another copy of the NJ than 4Q554 1 and 2.”

• Also stated in: § Notes on the Readings and Reconstructions of the Text · boosted

  “Accordingly, the inescapable conclusion is that 4Q554 1-2 and 4Q554a must be separate copies of the NJ.”

Approximately 30-35 letter-spaces are missing from the right-hand portion of 4Q554a line 1.

“we can establish that approximately 30-35 letter-spaces are missing from the righthand portion of the line.”

This would seem to confirm that the text of 4Q554a 5-11 is overlapped, if not exactly, by the text at 5Q15 1 ii 8-15.

“This would seems to confirm the fact that the text of 4Q554a 5-11 is overlapped, if not exactly, by the text at 5QI5 1 ii 8-15.”

Unless an arbitrary explanation is used, a good portion of the reconstructed text at 4Q554 1 iii 22 / 5Q15 1 ii 4 must have been paralleled to some extent in the lost right-hand portion of 4Q554a 1.

“unless we resort to an arbitrary explanation designed to make the evidence fit the theory, a good portion of the reconstructed text at 4Q554 1 iii 22 / 5Q 15 1 ii 4 must have been paralleled to some extent in the lost right-hand portion of 4Q554a 1.”

4Q554a line 1 is a crucial line because it establishes from the text itself that 4Q554 and 4Q554a are separate copies.

“This is a crucial line because it establishes from the perspective of the text itself that 4Q554 and 4Q554a are separate copies of the NJ.”

This correspondence means that 4Q554 1 iii 1-11 probably did not contain the near-column-wide vacats of the sort found at 4Q554 1 ii 10 or 4Q554a line 2.

“More importantly, this correspondence means that 4Q554 1 iii 1-11 probably did not contain the near-column-wide vacats of the sort found at 4Q554 1 ii 10 or 4Q554a line 2.”

If 4Q554a were the top of the column immediately following 4Q554 1 iii in the same copy, the lacuna between 4Q554 1 iii 22 and 4Q554a line 1 would be about 40-45 letter-spaces.

“any assumption that 4Q554a is the top of the column immediately following the column preserved at 4Q554 1 iii of the same copy of the NJ would mean that the lacuna between the preserved text at 4Q554 1 iii 22 and 4Q554a line 1 be approximately 40-45 letter-spaces.”

To posit that 4Q554 1 and 4Q554a are separate copies would require a theory that two copies had similar-sized columns and that the text in one ended almost exactly where the text in the other began.

“to posit that 4Q554 I and 4Q554a are separate copies of the NJ would therefore require a theory that two copies of the same document were composed with somewhat similar-sized columns, and that it was incredible good fortune that the text in one of”

From the material evidence, it seems impossible to harmonize MILIK's reconstruction of 5Q15 1 ii 8-14 with the physical realia of 4Q554a.

“From the point of view of the material evidence, therefore, it seems impossible to harmonize MILIK'S reconstruction of 5Q 15 1 ii 8-14 with the physical realia of4Q554a.”

As a result of the critical finding that 4Q554a cannot be 4Q554 1 iv, the circumstantial evidence becomes corroborating evidence.

“As a result of this critical finding the circumstantial evidence listed above now becomes corroborating evidence.”

4Q554a cannot be the fourth column of 4Q554 1.

“Put another way, 4Q554a cannot be 4Q554 1 iv.”

MILIK's text at the end of 5Q15 I ii 5 is very probably an incomplete sentence.

“But this is very probably an incomplete sentence (but not according to the translation in GARCiA MARTINEztrIGCHELAAR, DSSSE), a fact that MILIK himself appears to have recognized”

The fragments of 4Q554 2 have been placed correctly in PAM 43.589.

“the evidence suggests that the fragments have been placed correctly in PAM 43.589”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Examination of the fragments through transparencies, computer images, and photographs is adequate to determine whether the columns were joined correctly.

Stegemann assumes without proof that comparing the New Jerusalem of a second-century BCE text like the NJ with Revelation is the most appropriate way to understand it.

“STEGEMANN'S statement assumes, without proof or explanation, that the most appropriate way of comprehending the new city of a secondcentury BCE texf7 like the NJ is to compare it with the new city from a late first-century CE apocalypse like Revelation”

• cites STEGEMANNNot checked yet

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Variations in the condition of historic Jerusalem during the Persian, Hellenistic, and Roman periods had some consequence for the kind of New Jerusalem anticipated.

“the variations in the condition of the historic Jerusalem over the time of the Persian, Hellenistic, and Roman periods seemed to be of some consequence with respect to the sort of New Jerusalem anticipated”

Gaines's rigid division into four categories rules out the possibility that a New Jerusalem expression could have multiple roles or a function not covered by those categories.

“rigidly compartmentalizing the expressions into her four categories does not permit the possibility that a particular expression of the New Jerusalem might have played mUltiple roles, or indeed might have fulfilled a function not addressed by these four categories”

• cites GAINESNot checked yet

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In most lists of the kingdoms of the world, Babylon comes first.

“In most of the lists of the kingdoms of the world Babylon comes first (see Daniel 2, etc.).”

• cites Daniel 2Not checked yet

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4Q544 6 is associated with 4Q554 2 iii.

“We are in favour of this fragment's being associated with 4Q554 2 iii”

The content of the 4Q555 fragments most resembles the content of the 11Q18 fragments (and 2Q24 4, which partially overlaps 11Q18 20), where the New Temple and its operation are the chief subject of the preserved fragments.

“the content of the 4Q555 fragments most resembles the content of the l1Q18 fragments (and 2Q24 4, which partially overlaps IlQ18 20), where the New Temple and its operation are the chief subject of the preserved fragments.”

The many shared elements among New Jerusalem expressions make it impossible to single out one element as the foundation for a comprehensive classification.

“the presence of so many common elements in these expressions undermines any attempt to isolate one element as the basis for a comprehensive categorization of the topos”

One cannot restore the names of the gates missing at 4Q554 1 i 11-ii 10 on the basis of similar lists of named gates in the Temple Scroll and the Reworked Pentateuch.

“one cannot restore the names ofthe gates in the city wall missing in the text at 4Q554 1 i 11 -ii 10 on the basis of what would seem to be similar lists of named gates in the Temple Scroll and the Reworked Pentateuch.”

Urbach's argument is weakened by overly broad generalizations.

“Too broad generalizations also plague the argument of URBACH”

• cites URBACHNot checked yet

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Because the topos was never static but was reworked and reused in different texts and circumstances, clear lines of influence cannot always be identified.

“because the topos was itself never a static entity, but was reworked and reused in various texts and in response to different circumstances, it is not always possible to identify clear lines of influence”

The identical spacing and orthographic similarities indicate that 4Q554 2 ii and iii are possibly from the same copy of the text.

“it does indicate that they are possibly from the same copy of the text.”

The motivation for righteousness is not tied to the city itself.

“The motivation for righteousness does not involve the city itself”

The two lines in question are perhaps what remains of an ex eventu review of history involving periodization into successive kingdoms.

“In Chapter 3 we argue that these two lines are perhaps what remains of an ex eventu review of history involving the periodization of history into a series of successive kingdoms.”

It is wrong to suggest that the predominantly heavenly or pre-existent types arose through an evolutionary process.

“it is incorrect to imply that these types are the result of an evolutionary process”

The subject matter of 4Q544 6 seems to reflect the subject matter of 4Q554 2 iii.

“the subject matter of 4Q544 6 (= J 4, 51-54), which, although limited to a few words and phrases, seems to reflect the subject matter of 4Q554 2 iii.”

Three main reasons prevent most attempts from coherently detailing how antecedents shaped specific expressions of the topos.

“three principal reasons hinder most attempts to detail coherently the ways in which these antecedents have played a role in specific expressions of the topos”

Urbach's understanding is an aggregate view that overlooks apocalyptic expressions of the topos that are neither heavenly nor monstrous.

“this understanding is an aggregate view that ignores the many expressions ofthe topos in apocalyptic contexts that are neither heavenly nor monstrous”

• cites URBACHNot checked yet

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TALMAN's first thesis is to some extent borne out by the evidence.

“TALMaN's first thesis is to some extent borne out by the evidence.”

Many elements of the topos depend on two or more traditions, each of which may have contributed to its formulation and reception.

“many of the elements ofthe topos are clearly dependent on two or more traditions, each of which might have played a contributing role in both its articulation and in the ways in which it was meant to have been apprehended by the audience”

Jeremiah 30:18-19 indicates the future city is envisioned as physically situated the same as historic Jerusalem, by saying the city is rebuilt 'on its ruin' and the citadel 'on its rightful site.'

“The city will be rebuilt "on its ruin" and the citadel "on its rightful site," a plain indication that the physical situation ofthe future city is envisioned as being the same as that of the historic Jerusalem.”

The gates of the cities of Ezekiel 40-48, the NJ, the Temple Scroll, and the Reworked Pentateuch are twelve in number, not because the historical Jerusalem had twelve gates (it did not) or to make the city appear more magnificent to the nations, but because this was the number of the tribes of Israel, for which the gates are named.

“The gates ofthe cities of Ezekiel 40-48, the NJ, the Temple Scroll, and the Reworked Pentateuch are twelve in number, not because the Jerusalem of history had twelve gates (it did not) or because twelve gates would cause the city to appear all that more magnificent to the nations, but because this was the number of the tribes ofIsrael, for which the gates are named.101”

• cites [101] 101. DIMANT, D. "The Apocalyptic Interpretation of Ezekiel at Qumran." Messiah and Christos. Studies in the Jewish Origins of Christianity Presented to David Flusser on the occasion of His Seventy-Fifth Birthday.Not checked yet

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• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The historical Jerusalem did not have twelve gates.

4Q391 65 indicates the presence of other Second Temple compositions besides the New Jerusalem text that were based to some degree on Ezekiel 40-48.

“the presence of 4Q391 65 indicates the presence of other Second Temple compositions besides the NJ that were to one degree or another based on Ezekiel 40-48.”

The New Jerusalem text's description and eschatological expectations would not be too far out of step with the eschatological horizon of the War Scroll section.

“the description of the New Jerusalem in the NJ and the substance of its eschatological expectations, at least from what can be determined from the preserved portions of the text, would not be too far out of step with the eschatological horizon o/this section of the War Scroll.”

The appearance of the term 'the end' in 4Q554 2 iii 16 strongly suggests that the context of the preserved portion of the following column is eschatological.

“4Q5542 iii 16 strongly suggests that the context of the preserved portion ofthe column that follows is an eschatological one.”

• cites 4Q554 2 iii 16Not checked yet

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The specific term 'the end' often has an eschatological function in much of the revelatory literature of the period.

“This is argued on the grounds that the specific term "the end" often has an eschatological function in much ofthe revelatory literature ofthe period.123”

• cites [123] 123. AP-THOMAS, D.R. "Jerusalem." Archaeology and Old Testament Study. Jubilee Volume for the Society for Old Testament Study, 1917-1967.Not checked yet

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The question of the character of the urban setting of the end-time precipitated several responses, including the New Jerusalem text, the Temple Scroll, 4Q365a, and 4Q391.

“which reinforces the view that, along with the NJ, the Temple Scroll, and 4Q365a, the question of the character ofthe urban setting of the end-time was one that precipitated several responses.”

The paper advances the theory that this list of kingdoms is not part of a grand roster of end-time enemies that will do battle with Israel or gather to form a final great army of darkness.

“The theory will be advanced that this list of kingdoms is not part of a grand roster of end-time enemies that either will do battle with Israel (contra GARCiA MARTINEZ) or will first gather to form a final great army of darkness (as we find in the War Scroll).”

The restoration of the city in 4Q462 is part of a future-time expectation rather than a review of past history.

“That the restoration of the city is part of a future-time expectation rather than a review of past history is clear from this reference to the splendour of the city”

The issue whether the New Jerusalem text shared points of contact with other Qumran texts cannot shed light on whether it was a sectarian composition.

“the issue whether the NJ shared points of contact with other Qumran texts cannot shed light on the question whether the NJ was a sectarian composition.”

There is ample precedent in the ancient world for walls and other structures of the dimensions exhibited in many of the 'monumental' expressions of the topos.

“On the other hand, there is ample precedent in the ancient world for walls and other structures of the dimensions exhibited in many of the "monumental" expressions of the topOS.IOS”

• cites [105] 105. Edd. L.H. SCHIFFMAN, et alii. Jerusalem, 2000. 800-816.Not checked yet

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The first list in 4Q554 2 iii 14-16, separate from the list of nations at 4Q554 2 iii 18-19, is one of several examples in Jewish literature of the late Hellenistic and early Roman periods of the four-kingdom historiographic schema.

“Instead, we propose that this first list, which is separate from the list of nations at 4Q554 2 iii 18-19, is one of several examples found throughout Jewish literature of the late Hellenistic and early Roman periods of the four-kingdom historiographic schema”

• cites 4Q554 2 iii 14-16Not checked yet

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• cites 4Q554 2 iii 18-19Not checked yet

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The Temple of the Temple Scroll is not specifically an eschatological entity.

“but the fact that it is not specifically an eschatological entity is also clear.”

The Temple of the Temple Scroll is a future-time construction.

“That this Temple is understood to be a future-time construction is clear,137”

The Qumran community understood the Jerusalem of their own time as corrupted and unfit in its present state.

“clearly understood the Jerusalem of their own time as something that had been corrupted and rendered unfit in its present state.29”

• cites SCHIFFMANNot checked yet

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The earliest articulations of the four-kingdom schema, including its first Jewish expressions, imply the sequence Babylon, Media, and Persia, with Greece as the fourth and final kingdom before the eschatological age.

“The original articulations of the four-kingdom schema, including its first Jewish expressions,46 imply the order Babylon, Media, and Persia, with Greece as the fourth and last kingdom before the eschatological age.”

• cites Daniel 2Not checked yet

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• cites Daniel 7Not checked yet

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The placement of the phrase "Then the kings" so near the end of the column indicates that 4Q554 2 iii (together with 4Q554 7) is not the final column of the New Jerusalem text.

“The phrase "Then the kings" (or: "Then the king") in this position (i. e., so close to the end of the column) suggests that 4Q554 2 iii (+ 4Q 554 7) is not the last column of the NJ.”

The reconstruction of the word in 4Q554 2 iii 15 indicates that the New Jerusalem text was composed well before the Herodian-era date at which all surviving copies were made.

“could be important is that our reconstruction oP1]i.l n1:J'Jn in 4Q554 2 iii 15 suggests that the NJ was written well before the Herodian-era date when all the extant copies of the text were made.”

As Greek/Hellenistic rule passed to Rome and the expected end did not occur, the expectation of the final kingdom before the end was transferred to Rome.

“As time passed and GreeklHellenistic sovereignty passed to Rome (and the eschaton failed to materialize), the expectation of the final kingdom before the end was transferred to Rome”

The four-kingdom schema underwent changes in its roster of kingdoms over time.

“The argument here centers on the four-kingdom schema, which, as we noted in Chapter 3 ( §3, b, iv), underwent roster changes as time passed.”

The general similarity in the New Jerusalem text's points of contact with other Qumran texts and the sectarian perspective is probably accounted for by its stemming from a common historical circumstance.

“The fact that it stemmed from a common historical circumstance probably accounts for the general similarity in its points of contact with the other Qumran texts and the sectarian perspective”