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Second Temple Jewish Messianism as Social Political Discourse
Open accessAbstract
Ancient Jewish authors wrote extensively on Jewish messiahs. Scholars have identified in these works the social, religious, and political agendas of Jewish writers. While some recent research has underlined some aspects of messianism, such as conflict over the place and authority of the Jewish law or the Jerusalem temple in relation to messianism, there has not been an acknowledgement of the pervasiveness, function, or social location of messianism as a social political discourse. My project reframes messianism as a social linguistic discourse, in that the concept of a real or imagined messiah is accentuated in literature as a response to specific ideological concerns within a local community. I argue that ancient Jewish messianism is a linguistic effort by elite leaders to shift or affirm group boundary markers.
Overview
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Written from a shortened version of the paper’s full text (it is longer than we read).
TL;DR
This dissertation reframes Second Temple Jewish messianism as a sociolinguistic "discourse of power," using Pierre Bourdieu's theory of language to argue that authors deployed messiah figures to police or redraw the ethnic, social, and political boundaries of their communities. Four case studies — Isaiah, 1 Enoch, the Gospel of Matthew, and the reception of Simeon Bar Kokhba — show that messianic claims consistently combine a messiah, a problem of evil or sin, and a specific social context.
Key findings
- The study advances three claims: (1) every messianic claim addresses a social reality; (2) Jewish messianic discourse contains at least three elements — statements about a messiah, evil or sin, and a specific social context; (3) variation in messianic discourse stems from the identity/positionality of the messianic agent, the claim of power (social, economic, or cultural capital), and the rules of the social field.
- In Isaiah, messianic discourse shifts from a Davidic heir (Isa 9, 11, 14) to Cyrus named "YHWH's anointed" (Isa 45:1) and to the Servant (Isa 52:13–53:12), recasting the community in priestly terms and, in Third Isaiah (Isa 56), admitting foreigners and eunuchs who keep the sabbath — in contrast to Ezra-Nehemiah's expulsion of those of mixed descent.
- In 1 Enoch, four messianic epithets (Chosen One, Righteous One, Anointed One, Son of Man) appear in the Similitudes; the text adds a third category of person — the repentant (1 En. 50:2–4) — offering Jews and non-Jews a mechanism to join the righteous community, which the author reads as a corrective to the narrower righteous community implied by Isaiah reception at Qumran (e.g., 4QpIsaª, Community Rule dated 100–75 BCE).
- In Matthew, "Son of David" and "Son of Man" are integrated into one messianic conception deployed against the Pharisees, scribes, and followers of John the Baptist (esp. Matt 23–24); in the Bar Kokhba material, rabbinic sources (y. Taʿan. 68d; Ekha Rabba 2:4) recast Kosiba as a false messiah governed by *yetzer hara*, shifting cultural capital toward Yehuda HaNasi.
Methods
- Design: a descriptive, anthropological and social-linguistic exercise in history, organized as four case studies, each with six sections (overview; focal text and cultural setting; the socio-religious problem as evil/sin; references to the messiah; application of messianism; conclusion).
- Data: Second Temple textual evidence (Isaiah in MT/LXX and 1QIsaª; 1 Enoch in Ethiopic/Greek and 11 Qumran Aramaic manuscripts; the Gospels; Qumran pesharim; rabbinic and Roman sources on Bar Kokhba, including 26 documents from Judean desert caves found 1950–1965), plus non-textual material such as Hasmonean and Bar Kokhba coinage.
- Main analysis: Bourdieu's framework of language as symbolic power (habitus, field, institution, and cultural/social/economic capital) applied at the pericope level, combined with historical-critical and comparative exegesis; the author notes literacy estimates of "no more than seven percent" to locate the origin of messianic texts in upper-class institutions.
Limitations
- Stated: Bourdieu's strict definitions of capital do not map perfectly onto ancient evidence — what counts as economic capital today may be social capital in antiquity — and "we cannot speak of one habitus among Jews in the ancient world"; the framework is offered as scaffolding rather than a strict model.
- Stated: there is no critical edition of 1 Enoch; the Similitudes survive only in Greek and Ethiopic, with the earliest "complete" manuscript from the fourth to sixth centuries CE, and the textual problems of 1 En. 70–71 (whether Enoch is identified as the Son of Man) remain unresolved.
- Stated and evident: the proposed ideological split between the Similitudes and Qumran's Isaiah reception is acknowledged to "cross over into the realm of conjecture," and the Bar Kokhba chapter rests on a "paucity of resources" (26 revolutionary documents and limited numismatic evidence), so several historical reconstructions are explicitly tentative.
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- Findingnone given§ Chapter 1: Introduction
There is no strong distinction in form between the literary and ideological tools of those who are in power and those who are not in power.
“I do not find a strong distinction in form between the literary and ideological tools of those who are in power and those who are not in power.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingnone given§ Abstract
Authors employed Second Temple Jewish messianism to strengthen or shift boundaries within their burgeoning communities.
“This work presents four case studies in which authors employed Second Temple Jewish messianism to strengthen or shift these boundaries within their burgeoning communities.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingnone given§ Chapter 1: Introduction
Authors (aggressors or defendants) employed the linguistic trope in social, political, and ethnic conflict to enact the same or greater violence upon the original violators.
“Authors -aggressors or defendantsemployed the linguistic trope in social, political, and ethnic conflict to enact the same or greater violence upon the original violators.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingnone given§ Overview of Project
There is little evidence within the desert caches that indicates Kosiba saw himself as a messiah.
“While there is little evidence within the desert caches that indicates Kosiba saw himself as a messiah, some rabbis identify Kosiba as a false messiah due to his yetzer hara, the evil desire within that prevents him from controlling himself.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingcitation§ The Problem of Cyrus: A Different Type of Messiah
The only high priest to be anointed with a king in the Second Temple Hebrew texts was Zadok in 1 Chron 29:22.
“The only high priest to be anointed with a king in the Second Temple Hebrew texts was Zadok in 1 Chron 29:22.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites 1 Chron 29:22
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Findingnone given§ and analogy. I don't propose to challenge the qualifications of 'apocalypticism' or 'apocalyptic'
The use of the divine name in the Book of Watchers is shaped by narrative location: when in the throne room, speakers usually describe YHWH in terms related to glory.
“The use of the divine name is also shaped by narrative location: when in the throne room, speakers usually describe YHWH in terms related to glory.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingcitation§ and analogy. I don't propose to challenge the qualifications of 'apocalypticism' or 'apocalyptic'
1 Enoch 1-5 expresses no hope for Israel specifically, but for those who are obedient to God's commandments.
“1 Enoch 1-5 expresses no such hope for Israel specifically, but for those who are obedient to God's commandments.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [204]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Findingnone given§ Similitudes and Isaiah: A Literary Relationship?
In the reception of Isaiah at Qumran, the messiah is identified with the Teacher of Righteousness.
“in the example of the reception of Isaiah, the messiah, an eschatological figure of wisdom and revelation who mediates between the community and YHWH, is identified with the Teacher of Righteousness.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingreasoning§ Messianic Terms in the Similitudes
The one undisputed reference to the Righteous One is 1 En.53:6.
“The one undisputed reference is 1 En.53:6”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data§ Messianic Terms in the Similitudes
1 Enoch differs from the Danielic tradition by creating a third category of person - the repentant.
“1 Enoch differs from the Danielic tradition, however, by creating a third category of person -the repentant.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingreasoning§ Messianic Terms in the Similitudes
The SE portrays the kings, mighty, those who have unlawfully taken the land of the righteous, as an extension of the original corruption.
“the SE portrays the kings, mighty, those who have unlawfully taken the land of the righteous, as an extension of the original corruption.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingnone given§ Similitudes and Isaiah: A Literary Relationship?
In 4QpIsa a, there is no opportunity of repentance for either Jew or non-Jew.
“Although the manuscript is damaged by several lacunae, there is no opportunity of repentance for either Jew or non-Jew.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingreasoning§ Messianic Terms in the Similitudes
The Chosen One in the SE becomes the leader of the Righteous Ones.
“Likewise, the Chosen One in the SE becomes the leader of the Righteous Ones.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingreasoning§ Similitudes and Isaiah: A Literary Relationship?
In both 1 Enoch and Isaiah preserved at Qumran, the messiah becomes a mechanism that marks the group boundary within the eschatological vision.
“In both texts, the messiah becomes a mechanism that marks the group boundary within the eschatological vision.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ Grammar of Messianism.
Jesus represents a messianic figure within a large diversity of Second Temple Judaism.
“Extrapolating from Novenson's linguistic theory, Jesus, for example, represents a messianic figure within a large diversity of Second Temple Judaism.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ Messianic Discourse
These two manifestations rely upon different concepts concerning the course for the end of existence, the problem and extent of evil, and the manner in which God will intervene into creation.
“These two manifestations rely upon different concepts concerning the course for the end of existence, the problem and extent of evil, and the manner in which God will intervene into creation.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ Messianic Discourse
Due to its accumulating effect within the theory of symbolic language, messianism is better understood as a discourse of power that builds upon other values of the collective and is aimed at other parties inside of the collective.
“Due to its accumulating effect within the theory of symbolic language, messianism is better understood as a discourse of power that builds upon other values of the collective and is aimed at other parties inside of the collective.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ Chapter 1: Introduction
Messianic discourse is primarily a discourse of power.
“Messianic discourse is primarily a discourse of power.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationcitation§ Chapter 1: Introduction
Messianism is a social function.
“Bourdieu's emphasis upon language as a dialectical process, a give-and-take between two or more participants, illuminates that messianism is a social function.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Bourdieu
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationreasoning§ Overview of Project
Messianism in the four test cases functions as a marker within the author's perceived community.
“Messianism in these four test cases all appear to function as a marker within the author's perceived community.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationnone given§ Chapter 1: Introduction
The difference between varied forms of messianic discourse stems from variations in the identity and positionality of the messianic agent, the claim of power (social, economic, or cultural capital) which the author addresses, and the specific rules of the social field (area of application).
“Third, the difference between varied forms of messianic discourse stem from the drastic variations of the identity and positionality of the messianic agent, the claim of power (social, economic, or cultural capital) which the author addresses, and the specific rules of the social field (area of application).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationnone given§ Overview of Project
The messiah figures in the four test cases, though understood differently and loosely tied to social roles (king, angel, sage, prince), function the same way: to affirm or shift the social, ethnic, and/or political barriers of their respective communities.
“While each author appeals to different understandings of the messiah figures that can be loosely tied to a role in society (e.g., king, angel, sage, prince), I understand them to function the same way: to affirm or shift the social, ethnic, and/or political barriers of the respective communities.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ Messianic Discourse
In later manifestations, messianism appears as the defining element that mediates social placement and advancement within the community.
“In later manifestations, messianism appears as the defining element that mediates social placement and advancement within the community:”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ Messianic Discourse
Messianism becomes a window into the socioreligious make-up of some ancient Jewish religious groups.
“In this sense, messianism becomes a window into the socioreligious make-up of some ancient Jewish religious groups.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ Messianic Discourse
From the point of view of the collective, the messiah metaphorically served as the sharp tool of dissent against other individuals or collectives.
“From the point of view of the collective, the messiah metaphorically served as the sharp tool of dissent against other individuals or collectives.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ Messianic Discourse
As groups developed within the Second Temple period, responding to each other and other cultural and political forces, the messiah became a defining mark of some collectives within their specific social context.
“This reconstruction purports that as groups developed within the Second Temple period, responding to each other and other cultural and political forces, the messiah became a defining mark of some collectives (Bourdieu's institutions) within their specific social context (fields).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ Overview of Project
The tradition of Isaiah exemplifies how messianism, formulated around the memory of King David, was adapted as a strategy to adjust Jewish ethnicity through translation and localization.
“Chapter Two argues that the tradition of Isaiah exemplifies how messianism, formulated around the memory of King David, was adapted as a strategy to adjust Jewish ethnicity through translation and localization.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The texts of the early Second Temple period preserve a tradition that promises the heirs of David will forever rule Israel.
- Interpretationcitation§ Advantages of this Approach
The third advantage of language as symbolic power is that it locates the earliest textual evidence of messianism as the product of a slim minority in the ancient world.
“The third advantage of language as symbolic power is that it locates the earliest textual evidence of messianism as the product of a slim minority in the ancient world.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation§ External Methodology
The accounts of messiahs cannot be taken as factual reports of the messiahs and their deeds.
“It is clear that these narratives cannot be taken as factual reports of the messiahs and their deeds”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Lenowitz, Jewish Messiahs, 14
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationreasoning§ Isaiah 11-12: 'Shout aloud and sing for joy, O royal Zion'
The passages studied above suggest that the redefinition of Judah's repatriation in priestly rather than royal terms is especially true in Greek Isaiah.
“The few passages studied above suggest this is especially true in Greek Isaiah, a trend that we will see more in the coming sections.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation§ The Problem of Cyrus: A Different Type of Messiah
In each of these references, the marker 'anointed' applies to the legitimate king, 'appointed and protected by YHWH'.
“appointed and protected by YHWH”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [135]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationreasoning§ The Problem of Cyrus: A Different Type of Messiah
The hesitancy to apply the meaning of 'anointed' to Cyrus is likely two-fold.
“The hesitancy to apply this meaning to Cyrus is likely two-fold.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ Overview of Project
The messianic discourse in 1 Enoch functions to define the collective of the Chosen, those who follow the appointed agent of YHWH.
“Analysis of these two texts suggest that the messianic discourse in 1 Enoch functions to define the collective of the Chosen, those who follow the appointed agent of YHWH.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ Isaiah 11-12: 'Shout aloud and sing for joy, O royal Zion'
The switching from a political to a religious field suggests the redactor of Proto-Isaiah intentionally repurposes royal messianism.
“Third, the switching from a political to a religious field suggests the redactor of PtIsa intentionally repurposes royal messianism.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The redactor of Proto-Isaiah is a single agent whose intentions can be inferred from the text.
- Interpretationreasoning§ Overview of Project
By comparing the reception of David and Kosiba in the rabbinic literature, the 'myth' of Bar Kokhba is overlayed with the concept evil to bolster early rabbinic authority.
“By comparing the reception of David and Kosiba in the rabbinic literature, I show that the 'myth' of Bar Kokhba is overlayed with the concept evil to bolster early rabbinic authority.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ The Problem of Cyrus: A Different Type of Messiah
The parallels with Deutero-Isaiah suggest the author was in some way familiar with Cyrus' declaration recorded on the Cyrus Cylinder.
“The parallels with DtrIsa suggest the author was in some way familiar with Cyrus' declaration recorded on the cylinder.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation§ Isaiah or Isaiahs?: A Multiplicity of Voices
The tradition of Isaiah was well preserved in both the Hebrew (MT) and Greek (LXX) traditions from the Second Temple period.
“The tradition of Isaiah was well preserved in both the Hebrew (MT) and Greek (LXX) traditions from the Second Temple period.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [90]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationreasoning§ Overview of Project
Forgiveness of sins by the eschatological judge to the repentant offers a new mechanism for Jews and non-Jews alike to join the righteous community.
“Forgiveness of sins by the eschatological judge to the repentant offers a new mechanism for Jews and non-Jews alike to join the righteous community.”
- Also stated in: § Chapter 3: Enoch's Chosen One: An Apocolyptic Messiah · plain
“Forgiveness of sins by the eschatological judge to the repentant offers a new mechanism for Jews and non-Jews alike to join the righteous community.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Also stated in: § Chapter 3: Enoch's Chosen One: An Apocolyptic Messiah · plain
- Interpretationnone given§ Overview of Project
The several parts of 1 Enoch represent a reception and projection of a malleable tradition around the seventh antediluvian patriarch at different points during the Second Temple period.
“Chapter Three contends that the several parts of 1 Enoch represent a reception and projection of a malleable tradition around the seventh antediluvian patriarch at different points during the Second Temple period.”
- Also stated in: § Chapter 3: Enoch's Chosen One: An Apocolyptic Messiah · plain
“The several parts of 1 Enoch represent a reception and projection of a malleable tradition around the seventh antediluvian patriarch at different points during the Second Temple period.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The texts of the early Second Temple period preserve a tradition that promises the heirs of David will forever rule Israel.
- Also stated in: § Chapter 3: Enoch's Chosen One: An Apocolyptic Messiah · plain
- Interpretationreasoning§ Overview of Project
The author(s) of Isaiah employs messianism to increase social capital by relaxing some of the ethnic parameters of their community.
“In addition, the author(s) employs messianism to increase social capital by relaxing some of the ethnic parameters of their community.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: What is viewed as economic capital in modern times may be better categorized as social capital in the ancient world.
- Interpretationreasoning§ Overview of Project
This shift away from the Davidic lineage signals a further development within post-exilic Judaism.
“This shift away from the Davidic lineage signals a further development within post-exilic Judaism.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: The text remained relatively fluid until at least the end of the first century CE.
- Interpretationreasoning§ Overview of Project
Encoded within the relationship of Chosen One (the respective messiah) and Chosen Ones (the righteous community) are Jewish identity markers that acknowledge all of humanity under the power of sin prior to the giving of the law of Moses (Torah).
“Encoded within the relationship of Chosen One (the respective messiah) and Chosen Ones (the righteous community) are Jewish identity markers that acknowledge all of humanity under the power of sin prior to the giving of the law of Moses (Torah).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ Overview of Project
These three examples in Isaiah are connected by an intertextuality in which the messiah (re)constitutes the social, ethnic, and political boundaries of 'Judah' through the resolution of sin.
“These three examples in Isaiah are connected by an intertextuality in which the messiah (re)constitutes the social, ethnic, and political boundaries of 'Judah' through the resolution of sin.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationcitation§ The Problem of Cyrus: A Different Type of Messiah
Belief in YHWH, as expressed in Isa 44:9-20, is incompatible with belief in idols.
“Belief in YHWH, as expressed here, is incompatible with belief in idols (Exod 20:4, 23; Deut 5:8; 34:17; Dan 3), though there are some instances of carved images which remained a part of Israel's social history (Gen 31:34).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Exod 20:4
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Deut 5:8
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Dan 3
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationreasoning§ "Enoch, Where are You?" The Status of 1 Enoch
That the group or groups at Qumran and those who penned 1 Enoch were ideologically related is demonstrated by the sheer number of Enochic fragments preserved and the allusions of this literature in the sectarian documents.
“That the group or groups at Qumran and those who penned 1 Enoch were ideologically related is demonstrated by the sheer number of Enochic fragments preserved and the allusions of this literature in the sectarian documents.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ Context Matters: DtIsa's Servant Songs
The welcoming of 'those who were cut off' (literally or metaphorically) stands in contrast to the reconstitution of Judah and Israel in Ezra-Nehemiah.
“The welcoming of 'those who were cut off' (literally or metaphorically) stands in contrast to the reconstitution of Judah and Israel in Ezra-Nehemiah.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ The Role of Royal Messianism: Restoration as Idealization and Transformation
The messianic discourse leverages the common identity in Judah among its proposed audience to shift or strengthen the core identity markers of this group - monotheism and law observance, particularly concerning the Sabbath.
“The messianic discourse leverages the common identity in Judah among its proposed audience to shift or strengthen the core identity markers of this group -monotheism and law observance, particularly concerning the Sabbath.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ and analogy. I don't propose to challenge the qualifications of 'apocalypticism' or 'apocalyptic'
In these two cases, the beings themselves are not implicitly evil, but are considered evil because they drew worshipers away from YHWH.
“In these two cases, the beings themselves are not implicitly evil, but are considered evil because they drew worshipers away from YHWH.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationnone given§ Chapter 3: Enoch's Chosen One: An Apocolyptic Messiah
Analysis of these two texts suggest that the messianic discourse in 1 Enoch functions to define the collective of the Chosen, those who follow the appointed agent of YHWH.
“Analysis of these two texts suggest that the messianic discourse in 1 Enoch functions to define the collective of the Chosen, those who follow the appointed agent of YHWH.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ The Role of Royal Messianism: Restoration as Idealization and Transformation
The act of framing in Isa 1-2 and the social criticism listed above both point to a subelite priestly group behind the construction of Isaiah.
“The act of framing in Isa 1-2 and the social criticism listed above both point to a subelite priestly group behind the construction of Isaiah.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationcitation§ The Problem of Cyrus: A Different Type of Messiah
Cyrus's anointing cannot be separated from the declaration of Israel's sin (44:21-22).
“Cyrus's anointing cannot be separated from the declaration of Israel's sin (44:21-22).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites 44:21-22
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationreasoning§ The Problem of Cyrus: A Different Type of Messiah
DtIsa's problematic reference to Cyrus is a matter of resolving latent conflict over the foreign rule in Judah.
“As a result, DtIsa's problematic reference to Cyrus is a matter of resolving latent conflict over the foreign rule in Judah.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ The Problem of Cyrus: A Different Type of Messiah
Coterminous anointment of Zadok with Solomon sets the stage for dual anointed figures that frequently appear in other Second Temple texts, like those in the Dead Sea Scrolls.
“While other high priests in the Jewish texts from the early Second Temple period are anointed, coterminous anointment of Zadok with Solomon sets the stage for dual anointed figures that frequently appear in the other Second Temple texts, like those now collected in the Dead Sea Scrolls.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation§ Context Matters: DtIsa's Servant Songs
Things and people labeled as uncircumcised are declared unclean, a real or metaphorical identity marker among Jews.
“Things and people labeled as uncircumcised are declared unclean, a real or metaphorical identity marker among Jews (cf.Exod 12:48; Lev 26:41; Judg 14:3; 1 Sam 14:6; 17:26, 36; 31:4; 2 Sam 1:20).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Exod 12:48
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Lev 26:41
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Judg 14:3
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationreasoning§ The Problem of Cyrus: A Different Type of Messiah
Cyrus's anointing harmonizes the two roles.
“Cyrus's anointing harmonizes the two roles.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The high priest authorized and confirmed the leader on behalf of YHWH.
- Premisenone given§ The World through the Eyes of Enoch
The Hebrew and Greek Second Temple traditions present Genesis 6:4 as an origin story for renowned warriors, as if to explain that the effects of encroachment by angels left a mark of divinity upon the earth.
“The Hebrew and and Greek Second Temple traditions present Genesis 6:4 as an origin story for renowned warriors ( אַ ְנ שׁ ֵ י ַה שּׁ ֵ ם ), as if to explain that the effects of encroachment by angels left a mark of divinity upon the earth.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Gen 6:4
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationcitation§ and analogy. I don't propose to challenge the qualifications of 'apocalypticism' or 'apocalyptic'
In the Book of Watchers, the evil spirits obey YHWH, reinforcing a monotheistic authority over the world.
“The evil spirits obey YHWH, just as the evil spirits described elsewhere (1 King 22:23; Mark 5:1-20), reinforcing a monotheistic authority over the world.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites 1 King 22:23
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Mark 5:1-20
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationreasoning§ and analogy. I don't propose to challenge the qualifications of 'apocalypticism' or 'apocalyptic'
The author of Leviticus does not appear to describe עזאזל as an independent figure.
“The author of Leviticus does not appear to describe ע ז א ז ל as an independent figure.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationcitation§ and analogy. I don't propose to challenge the qualifications of 'apocalypticism' or 'apocalyptic'
Nickelsburg is likely correct that the reference in 1 En.13:1-3 to Asael is due to a later interlocutor, possibly harmonizing the Animal Apocalypse with the Watcher Myth.
“Nickelsburg is likely correct that the reference in 1 En.13:1-3 to Asael is due to a later interlocutor, possibly harmonizing the Animal Apocalypse with the Watcher Myth.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Nickelsburg
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationreasoning§ and analogy. I don't propose to challenge the qualifications of 'apocalypticism' or 'apocalyptic'
Daniel and 1QM 17 share a common element in which the protagonists are imagined as priests or people set apart from the general populace, a select group.
“Daniel and 1QM 17 share a common element in which the protagonists are imagined as priests or people set apart from the general populace, a select group.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationcitation§ and analogy. I don't propose to challenge the qualifications of 'apocalypticism' or 'apocalyptic'
In the Book of Watchers, the violation of divine boundaries is reflected in the symbolism of signs and stars.
“This violation of boundaries is further reflected in the symbolism of signs and stars.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [202]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationreasoning§ The World through the Eyes of Enoch
The issue of Torah obedience and (Enochic) revelation are linked.
“The issue of Torah obedience and (Enochic) revelation are linked.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation§ and analogy. I don't propose to challenge the qualifications of 'apocalypticism' or 'apocalyptic'
For Daniel, the primary role of Michael was as the patron and protector of Israel.
“For Daniel, the primary role of Michael was as the patron and protector of Israel (Dan 10:21).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Dan 10:21
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationreasoning§ The World through the Eyes of Enoch
Allusion to this story in Num 13:33 and a scant reference in Ezek 32:27 implies that it was not uncommon to assume these figures survived the flood.
“Allusion to this story in Num 13:33 and a scant reference in Ezek 32:27 implies that it was not uncommon to assume these figures survived the flood.207”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Num 13:33
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Ezek 32:27
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [207]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationreasoning§ Dream Visions
Messianism within 1 Enoch is an eschatological solution to the problem of evil.
“This long preamble is necessary because messianism within 1 Enoch is an eschatological solution to the problem of evil I have delineated above.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ Conclusion: An Apocalyptic Messiah
Matthew chapters 23-24 demonstrate that messianic discourse is primarily used as an internal rhetorical tool for group formation.
“These chapters in particular demonstrate that messianic discourse is primarily used as an internal rhetorical tool for group formation.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ The Similitudes of Enoch: A Messianic Reinterpretation
The Watcher Myth and the SE project a similar form of divine mediation that shields the Lord of Spirits from directly encountering any part of sin within creation.
“The Watcher Myth and the SE project a similar form of divine mediation that shields the Lord of Spirits from directly encountering any part of sin within creation.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ Similitudes and Isaiah: A Literary Relationship?
The reception of Isaiah at Qumran expanded the roles of the eschatological messiah in setting apart and unifying an even smaller righteous community.
“these select examples indicate that the reception of Isaiah at Qumran expanded the roles of the eschatological messiah in setting apart and unifying an even smaller righteous community.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationcitation§ The Similitudes of Enoch: A Messianic Reinterpretation
Enoch sidesteps this problem by encountering the divine beings-angels and Watchers alike-through Animal Apocalypses.
“Enoch sidesteps this problem by encountering the divine beings -angels and Watchers alike -through Animal Apocalypses.217”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [217]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationreasoning§ Dream Visions
In the AA, the messiah dissolves any national or ethnic distinction.
“In this case, the messiah also dissolves any national or ethnic distinction.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationcitation§ Messianic Terms in the Similitudes
The author of the SE utilizes repentance as a mechanism to open a path to the righteous community.
“The author of the SE utilizes repentance as a mechanism to open a path to the righteous community.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ The Similitudes of Enoch: A Messianic Reinterpretation
The apocalyptic vision of the SE does not seek to renew the current order, but supersede it with a new order.
“The apocalyptic vision does not seek to renew the current order, but supersede it with a new order.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: In an apocalyptic system, a collective representation of a social order must sanction the overthrow of the oppressive order and the establishment of a new society.
- Interpretationreasoning§ The Similitudes of Enoch: A Messianic Reinterpretation
The symbolism of the Parables functions to integrate the present experience of the righteous with their belief in a God who rewards the faithful.
“The symbolism of the Parables functions as a means of integrating the present experience of the righteous of a world that does not seem to be structured according to the laws of their God with their belief in a God who, as the divine lawgiver, rewards in concrete ways the community of his chosen ones when it is faithful to his law.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ Conclusion: An Apocalyptic Messiah
The application of messianic discourse, even in its harshest forms, does not necessitate a splintering of a group into two or more parts.
“Balancing these passages with my reading of chapters 23-24, I suggest that the application of messianic discourse, even in its harshest forms, does not necessitate a splintering of a group into two or more parts.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ The Similitudes of Enoch: A Messianic Reinterpretation
The present sufferings of the righteous servants of an omnipotent God are sanctioned by reference to the eschatological reversal that will take place.
“while the present sufferings of the righteous servants of an omnipotent God are sanctioned by reference to the eschatological reversal that will take place.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ Messianic Terms in the Similitudes
The authors of AA and ES describe their antagonists as a result of the initial corruption of creation, a likeness in quality rather than genealogical to the Fallen Angels.
“Building upon this narrative, the authors of AA and ES describe their antagonists as a result of the initial corruption of creation, a likeness in quality rather than genealogical to the Fallen Angels”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ The Gospels: A Shared Narrative
When placed in relation with the Davidic traditions reviewed above, Y. Ta'anit 68d and Ekha Rabba 2:4 appear as a concerted effort to dismiss a non-Davidic messiah.
“When placed in relation with the Davidic traditions reviewed above, Y. Ta'anit 68d and Ekha Rabba 2:4 appear as a concerted effort to dismiss a non-Davidic messiah.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationcitation§ The Gospels: A Shared Narrative
In 1 Enoch, when the respective messianic terms become associated with specific individuals they fall out of vogue.
“While Chialà focuses specifically on the Son of Man term, these conclusions are true as well of the other terms in 1 Enoch: when the respective terms become associated with specific individuals they fall out of vogue.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Chialà
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationnone given§ Conclusion: An Apocalyptic Messiah
In writings relating to Jesus, the Son of Man and Son of David conceptions of messianism are integrated into a singular concept.
“First, it exemplifies how the Son of Man and Son of David conceptions of messianism are integrated into a singular concept in the writings relating to Jesus.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationnone given§ Conclusion: An Apocalyptic Messiah
Matthew's notion of evil is more closely related to apocalyptic literature, such as the book of Jubilees, than to sapiential literature.
“I show that Matthew's notion of evil is more closely related to apocalyptic literature, such as the book of Jubilees, rather than sapiential literature.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationnone given§ Conclusion: An Apocalyptic Messiah
The Enochic messiah is an apocalyptic figure who intervenes on behalf of those wronged by the kings, mighty, and possessors of the land.
“The Enochic messiah is an apocalyptic figure who intervenes on behalf of those wronged by the kings, mighty, and possessors of the land.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ Messianic Terms in the Similitudes
Lineage is not necessarily a defining factor prior to placement in the role of messiah.
“This suggests that lineage is not necessarily a defining factor prior to placement in the role of messiah.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ The Similitudes of Enoch: A Messianic Reinterpretation
The kings and the mighty in the Parables are seen as part of a cosmic rebellion against the power of God.
“The kings and the mighty are seen as part of a cosmic rebellion against the power of God”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ Messianic Terms in the Similitudes
The central mediator is a created being elevated to the position of messiah.
“The central mediator is a created being elevated to the position of messiah.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
- Probably not a substantial claim. 734
- It may state two separate claims as one. 233
- The quote only partly states this claim. 2
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Findingnone given§ Chapter 1: IntroductionMessianic figures are frequently employed both by those trying to regulate a community and those trying to overthrow leadership and envision a new one.
“Centralizing the figure of the messiah within discourse highlights that these figures are frequently employed both by those trying to regulate a community as much as those trying to overthrow leadership of a community and envision a new one.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Findingnone given§ Chapter 1: IntroductionAuthors depict the messiah along a rhetorical spectrum, with an angel of superhuman origin and strength at one extreme, and at the other, a human being who, selected after birth and through divine intervention, ascends to power.
“As I will describe in specific chapters, at various points within the intellectual development of Second Temple Judaism, authors depict the messiah along a rhetorical spectrum, with an angel of superhuman origin and strength at one extreme, and at the other, a human being who, selected after birth and through divine intervention, ascends to power.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Findingown data§ Chapter 1: IntroductionMessianism might have existed in an abstract form as a resistance to abuse of Persian and Roman power, but its use is not limited to the oppressed.
“The sources studied here demonstrate that, while messianism might have existed in an abstract form as a resistance to abuse of Persian and Roman power, its use is not limited to the oppressed.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Findingnone given§ Messianic TypologiesThere is no agreement among the sources who or in what role the ideal messiah will appear.
“There is no agreement among the sources who or in what role the ideal messiah will appear.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Findingnone given§ Messianic TypologiesIn actual use, no one single metaphor of messiah is sufficient.
“Xeravits cannot ignore the evidence that in actual use, no one single metaphor of messiah is sufficient.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Findingnone given§ Chapter 1: IntroductionIn the messianic discourse explored, the subgroup or behavior authors label unacceptable is described as or said to be the effect of evil or sin.
“In the messianic discourse I explore below, the subgroup or particular behavior the authors attempt to isolate and label as unacceptable according to their values and norms is described as or said to be the effect of evil or sin.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: In ancient Judaism, discord and disharmony are usually attributed to non-human figures (angels, demons, and other beings).
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Findingnone given§ Chapter 1: IntroductionAcross this spectrum, the messiah character is marked by superior strength and power over and against personifications and ancillary notions of evil.
“Across this spectrum, the character is marked by their superior strength and power over and against personifications and ancillary notions of evil.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Findingreasoning§ Isaiah 1-2:4: An Accusation of Sin and a Future HopeIsaiah 1:4 marks the nation as sinful, a designator used for broken relationship with YHWH and covenantal disobedience.
“Isaiah 1:4 marks the nation as sinful ( ח ט א ), a designator used elsewhere to describe not only broken relationship with YHWH (Exod 32:30) but of covenantal disobedience (Lev 4:3).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Findingreasoning§ The Failing of Judah and Jerusalem: Isaiah's Projection of the Past into the PresentIsaiah portrays the physical center of Judah as Jerusalem.
“Isaiah portrays the physical center of Judah as Jerusalem, blending the images of assurance described above.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
Findingnone given§ Isaiah 11-12: 'Shout aloud and sing for joy, O royal Zion'In Isaiah 14:2, Israel and Jacob become the implied subject, and the nations take control of YHWH's chosen group and whisk them away to foreign lands.
“Israel and Jacob become the implied subject in 14:2, in which the nations successfully take control of YHWH's chosen group and whisk them away to the foreign lands.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Findingnone given§ Overview of ProjectSome rabbis identify Kosiba as a false messiah due to his yetzer hara, the evil desire within that prevents him from controlling himself.
“While there is little evidence within the desert caches that indicates Kosiba saw himself as a messiah, some rabbis identify Kosiba as a false messiah due to his yetzer hara, the evil desire within that prevents him from controlling himself.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Findingnone given§ Isaiah 11-12: 'Shout aloud and sing for joy, O royal Zion'In contrast to Isaiah 11, it is not the Davidic heir that ushers Israel into this stage of success.
“In contrast to Isaiah 11, however, it is not the Davidic heir that ushers Israel into this stage of success.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Findingreasoning§ Isaiah 11-12: 'Shout aloud and sing for joy, O royal Zion'The author forecasts one upon whom 'dominion' or 'rule' will sit.
“The author forecasts one upon whom 'dominion' or 'rule' ( ִמ שׂ ְ ָר ה -Isa 9:5; cf.1QM 13:4 of Belial) will sit.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Findingnone given§ Overview of ProjectOnly two parts of 1 Enoch refer to a messiah: the Similitudes of Enoch and the Animal Apocalypses.
“Only two parts of this collection refer to a messiah: the Similitudes of Enoch and the Animal Apocalypses.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Findingnone given§ The Problem of Cyrus: A Different Type of MessiahAll textual traditions preserve the name Cyrus.
“This claim is problematic because the evidence does not support that conclusion -all of our textual traditions preserve the name Cyrus.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Findingnone given§ Isaiah 11-12: 'Shout aloud and sing for joy, O royal Zion'In Isaiah 14:2, the single Hebrew verb נ ח ל is rendered in Greek by two verbs, κατακληρονομέω and πληθύνω.
“We would expect the same duplication in Greek of a single Hebrew verb in verse 2, but נ ח ל is replaced by κατακληρονομέω (to possess; to divide by lot) and πληθύνω (to multiply).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Findingnone given§ Isaiah 11-12: 'Shout aloud and sing for joy, O royal Zion'Isa 11:10 projects the hope for the future glorification of David through the 'root' of Jesse.
“Isa 11:10 clearly projects the hope for the future glorification of David through the 'root' of Jesse:”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Findingcitation§ Isaiah 11-12: 'Shout aloud and sing for joy, O royal Zion'The chapter break at 10:33a suggests that the division between chapters 10 and 11 is misplaced.
“The chapter break at 10:33a ( ה נ ה ) suggests that the division between chapters 10 and 11 is misplaced.119”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [119]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Findingnone given§ Isaiah 11-12: 'Shout aloud and sing for joy, O royal Zion'Verse two of Isaiah 14 makes the prophecy more specific to exile.
“However, verse two makes the prophecy more specific to exile:”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Findingreasoning§ Isaiah 11-12: 'Shout aloud and sing for joy, O royal Zion'Isaiah 12:1 summarizes the immediately preceding oracle and section, and locates YHWH's action in the future.
“Isaiah 12:1 summarizes this immediately preceding oracle and section (cf.7:2-9), and locates YHWH's action in the future.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Findingown data§ The Failing of Judah and Jerusalem: Isaiah's Projection of the Past into the PresentIsaiah depicts Judah and Jerusalem as synonyms, combining the fate and identity of the location with the people.
“as synonyms, combining the fate and identity of the location with the people.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Findingreasoning§ The Problem of Cyrus: A Different Type of MessiahMention of Jacob in verses 1 and 5 links 'the remembrance of guilt' with 'a new promise of salvation', that YHWH will pour out YHWH's spirit upon the people.
“Mention of Jacob in verses 1 and 5 links”
- Also stated in: § The Problem of Cyrus: A Different Type of Messiah · plain
“the remembrance of guilt…with a new promise of salvation,”
- Also stated in: § The Problem of Cyrus: A Different Type of Messiah · plain
“that YHWH will pour out YHWH's spirit upon the”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Also stated in: § The Problem of Cyrus: A Different Type of Messiah · plain
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Findingown data§ Isaiah 11-12: 'Shout aloud and sing for joy, O royal Zion'Isaiah 12:6 reinforces the social location for the intercession of the Davidic heir is Zion.
“Isaiah 12:6 reinforces the social location for the intercession of the Davidic heir is Zion: both the Hebrew and Greek texts utilize a masculine, plural participle ( י וֹ שׁ ֶ ֶב ת ; οἱ κατοικοῦντες) to describe those who rejoice upon YHWH's action.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Findingreasoning§ Isaiah 11-12: 'Shout aloud and sing for joy, O royal Zion'Isaiah 14:1 depicts Israel and Jacob as receiving the land and slaves.
“Isaiah 14:1 depicts Israel and Jacob as receiving the land and slaves.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Findingreasoning§ The Problem of Cyrus: A Different Type of MessiahThe tradition is unsettled whether the servant was an individual or a collective.
“The tradition appears to be unsettled whether the servant was an individual or if it pointed to a collective.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Findingnone given§ Isaiah 11-12: 'Shout aloud and sing for joy, O royal Zion'The double use of προστίθημι in Isaiah 14:1 clarifies the single use of ל ו ה (to join) applied to both clauses.
“The double use of προστίθημι (to put, to add to) in verse 1 clarifies the single use of ל ו ה (to join) applied to both clauses.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Findingnone given§ The Problem of Cyrus: A Different Type of MessiahIsaiah 44-45 records the only occurrence in Second Temple texts in which a non-Jew is named as YHWH's messiah.
“However, Isaiah 44-45 records the only occurrence in Second Temple texts in which a non-Jew is named as YHWH's messiah.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim.
Findingnone given§ The Problem of Cyrus: A Different Type of MessiahYHWH 'aroused' Cyrus and made his paths straight (Isaiah 45:13; Cyrus Cylinder line 15).
“For example, YHWH 'aroused' Cyrus ( ה ַ ִﬠ י ר ֹ ִת ה וּ ; ἤγειρα) and made his paths straight (45:13; line 15).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Findingown data§ Isaiah 11-12: 'Shout aloud and sing for joy, O royal Zion'The Davidic kingdom is separate from the heir himself; the MT 9:6 carries over the subject from the previous verse, making 'the throne of David' and 'his kingdom' the object of several verbless clauses.
“Similar to 11:1-12 above, the Davidic kingdom however is separate from the heir himself; the MT 9:6 carries over the subject from the previous verse, making 'the throne of David'( ִכּ סּ ֵ א ָד ִו ד ) and 'his kingdom' ( ﬠ ַ ל - מ ַ ְמ ל ַ ְכ תּ וֹ ) the object ( ﬠ ַ ל ) of several verbless claus es.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Findingnone given§ The Problem of Cyrus: A Different Type of MessiahCyrus, who was on an eternal line of kingship (Cyrus Cylinder line 22), carried out YHWH's purposes (Isaiah 44:28; Cyrus Cylinder line 25).
“Cyrus, who was on an eternal line of kingship (22), carried out YHWH's purposes (44:28; line 25).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
Findingnone given§ Overview of ProjectThe references to messiah function similarly in all three parts of Isaiah, though the social field and context shifts from exilic to post-exilic Judea.
“The references to messiah functions similarly in all three parts of Isaiah, though the social field and context shifts from exilic to post-exilic Judea.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Findingnone given§ Isaiah 11-12: 'Shout aloud and sing for joy, O royal Zion'The promise of a royal heir in chapter 9 appears to be in the context of the Assyrian conquest in northern Israel; no such context is identified for 11:1-16.
“The promise of a royal heir in chapter 9 appears to be in the context of the Assyrian conquest in northern Israel; no such context is identified for 11:1-16.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Findingown data§ The Failing of Judah and Jerusalem: Isaiah's Projection of the Past into the PresentThe author uses distinctive royal imagery to further the narrative, and the antagonists of his narrative are the world powers that neighbor Judah.
“The author uses distinctive royal imagery to further the narrative, like a throne room within a temple (6:1-8:23), and the antagonists of his narrative are the world powers that neighbor Judah: tales involving the northern kingdom (7:1-17b; 8:1-13; 9:8-21; 11:12-16; 17:1-14; 28:1-6), Syria (7:1-9; 8:5-8; 17:1-14), and Babylon (39:1-8), as a backdrop to demonstrate the YHWH of Israel is the god of”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Findingnone given§ Isaiah 11-12: 'Shout aloud and sing for joy, O royal Zion'The nobility of Jerusalem has sinned and so dispersed, but the messiah will raise the signal of the nations and reassemble the outcasts of Israel (Isaiah 11:12).
“Second, the nobility of Jerusalem has sinned and so dispersed, but the messiah”
- Also stated in: § Isaiah 11-12: 'Shout aloud and sing for joy, O royal Zion' · plain
“will raise the signal of the nations, and will reassemble the outcasts of Israel”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Also stated in: § Isaiah 11-12: 'Shout aloud and sing for joy, O royal Zion' · plain
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
Findingnone given§ Overview of ProjectThese passages reflect a hope for an ideal king, but not necessarily a specific, named individual, nor do they necessarily call for a messiah, an anointed agent of YHWH.
“These passages reflect a hope for an ideal king, but not necessarily a specific, named individual, nor do they necessary call for a messiah ( מ שׁ ח ), an anointed agent of YHWH.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
Findingnone given§ Isaiah 11-12: 'Shout aloud and sing for joy, O royal Zion'We find parallel notions in 9:1-7 and 14:1-2, which follow the same pattern of placing the new Israel at the top of the social ladder.
“We find parallel notions in 9:1-7 and 14:1-2, which follow the same pattern of placing the new Israel at the top of the social ladder.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Findingnone given§ The Failing of Judah and Jerusalem: Isaiah's Projection of the Past into the PresentIsaiah pronounces that due to the sin of Israel, the rule of the house of Judah will be given to another servant.
“Isaiah pronounces, due to the sin of Israel, the rule of the house of Judah will be given to another servant.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
Findingnone given§ Isaiah 11-12: 'Shout aloud and sing for joy, O royal Zion'In each stage, Jacob and Israel are joined with foreigners or 'sojourners', but these groups are not on the same level of participation and are not inheritors.
“In each stage, Jacob and Israel are joined together with foreigners or 'sojourners' but these groups are not on the same level of participation, and so not inheritors.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Findingnone given§ The Failing of Judah and Jerusalem: Isaiah's Projection of the Past into the PresentAll three parts of Isaiah project the character at the forefront of state events.
“However, it cannot be overlooked that all three parts of Isaiah project the character at the forefront of state events.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Findingnone given§ Isaiah 11-12: 'Shout aloud and sing for joy, O royal Zion'The Hebrew and Greek wording of Isaiah 14:1-2 are very comparable with a few exceptions.
“The wording of Hebrew and Greek in Isa 14:1-2 are very comparable with a few exceptions.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Findingcitation§ The Failing of Judah and Jerusalem: Isaiah's Projection of the Past into the PresentThe book of Isaiah focuses upon the life and religious traditions of Judah and Jerusalem.
“The book of Isaiah undoubtedly focuses upon the life and religious traditions of Judah and Jerusalem (1:1; 2:1).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim.
Findingreasoning§ The Problem of Cyrus: A Different Type of MessiahThere is no vision here for the renewal of the Davidic dynasty that other exilic texts (Ezek 34:23-24; 37:24-25) and post-exilic texts (Hag 2:20-23; Zech 4:1-4) assume.
“There is no vision here for the renewal of the Davidic dynasty that other exilic texts (Ezek 34:23-24; 37:24-25) and post-exilic texts (Hag 2:20-23; Zech 4:1-4) assume.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Ezek 34:23-24
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Hag 2:20-23
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Zech 4:1-4
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
It may state two separate claims as one.
Findingnone given§ The Problem of Cyrus: A Different Type of MessiahThe Cyrus Cylinder depicts Marduk as the supreme god, while through the voice of Isaiah YHWH claims also to be the absolute god.
“The Cyrus cylinder depicts Marduk as the supreme god,”
- Also stated in: § The Problem of Cyrus: A Different Type of Messiah · plain
“the ex[alted, the lord of the gods]”
- Also stated in: § The Problem of Cyrus: A Different Type of Messiah · plain
“while through the voice of the Isaiah YHWH (e.g., 45:5, 18) claims also to be the absolute god.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Also stated in: § The Problem of Cyrus: A Different Type of Messiah · plain
It may state two separate claims as one.
Findingown data§ The Problem of Cyrus: A Different Type of MessiahEven the sense of intimacy is reduplicated in Deutero-Isaiah: similar to Marduk, YHWH takes the hand of Cyrus to lead him (Isaiah 45:1; Cyrus Cylinder line 12) and is named by YHWH (Isaiah 45:4).
“Even the sense of intimacy is reduplicated in DtIsa: similar to Marduk, YHWH takes the hand of Cyrus to lead him (45:1; line 12) and is named by YHWH (45:4).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Findingcitation§ The Problem of Cyrus: A Different Type of MessiahThe 'but now' at Isaiah 44:1 introduces a new section that goes until 48:16, when the scene shifts yet again to describe this new reality of Jacob's redemption.
“The 'but now' ( ְו ﬠ ַ תּ ָ ה ; νῦν δὲ) at 44:1 introduces a new section that goes until 48:16, when the scene shifts yet again to describe this new reality of Jacob's redemption.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Findingnone given§ Isaiah 11-12: 'Shout aloud and sing for joy, O royal Zion'Both Hebrew and Greek Isaiah 11 agree that the root of Jesse will bring about the definitive factor by which Israel will once again be unified.
“Both Hebrew and Greek Isaiah 11 agree on the slight difference in that the root of Jesse will bring about the definitive factor by which Israel will once again be unified.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Findingcitation§ The Failing of Judah and Jerusalem: Isaiah's Projection of the Past into the PresentThe presentation of the prophet Isaiah is depicted within the text as one of high social status and authority based on his relationship with the royal house and Jerusalem.
“Unparalleled among his imagined contemporaries, such as Hosea, Micah, and Zephaniah, the 'presentation of the prophet' Isaiah is depicted within the text as one of high social status and authority based on his relationship with the 'royal house' and Jerusalem.114”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [114]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Findingnone given§ Reconceptualizing the Davidic Monarchy as MessianismKing David is referenced in Isaiah on a few occasions, with other references in relation to Jerusalem as the city of David or Judah as the house of David.
“King David is referenced in Isaiah on a few occasions (7:2; 9:7; 37:35; 55:3), with other references in relation to Jerusalem as the city of David (7:13; 22:9; 29:1) or Judah as the house of Isaiah's introduction, reestablishes identity markers relating to Judah, a shifting of cultural capital.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Findingnone given§ Overview of ProjectDavid and the Davidic rule are referenced on several occasions in Isaiah (7:2, 13; 9:7; 16:5; 22:22; 37:35; 55:3) within messianic discourse.
“David and the Davidic rule are referenced on several occasions in Isaiah (7:2, 13; 9:7; 16:5; 22:22; 37:35; 55:3) within messianic discourse.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Findingnone given§ Isaiah 1-2:4: An Accusation of Sin and a Future HopeIsaiah 1:12-1:27 frames the iniquity in two capacities: failure to properly maintain religious ceremonies relating to the Jerusalem temple and covenantal practices of purity.
“Isaiah 1:12-1:27 frames the iniquity in two capacities: failure to properly maintain the religious ceremonies relating to the Jerusalem temple (1:10-14) and covenantal practices of purity (1:15-16).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Findingreasoning§ Isaiah 11-12: 'Shout aloud and sing for joy, O royal Zion'In 14:1-2, YHWH again declares compassion for Israel and Jacob, which equates to the reacquisition of homeland and people groups.
“In 14:1-2, YHWH again declares compassion for Israel and Jacob, which equates to the reacquisition of homeland and people groups.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Findingnone given§ Isaiah 11-12: 'Shout aloud and sing for joy, O royal Zion'LXX 9:6 bypasses the potential confusion of the divine name by overemphasizing the figure as a messenger upon whom rule was set.
“LXX 9:6 bypasses the potential confusion of the divine name by overemphasizing the figure as a messenger upon who rule was set: καλεῖται τὸ ὄνομα αὐτοῦ Μεγάλης βουλῆς ἄγγελος· ἐγὼ γὰρ ἄξω εἰρήνην ἐπὶ τοὺς ἄρχοντας, εἰρήνην καὶ ὑγίειαν αὐτῷ”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
Findingreasoning§ Context Matters: DtIsa's Servant SongsThe declaration 'do not touch any unclean thing' is a familiar phrase throughout Isaiah to declare something impure or unclean before YHWH, but the combination of Jewish and non-Jewish referents only appears here.
“The declaration 'do not touch any unclean thing' ( ט ָ מ ֵ א אַ ל - ִתּ גּ ָ ע וּ ; ἀκαθάρτου μὴ ἅπτεσθε) is a familiar phrase throughout Isaiah to declare something impure or unclean before YHWH (6:5; 35:8; 52:1; 52:11; 64:6), but the combination of Jewish and non-Jewish referents only appear here.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Findingnone given§ Context Matters: DtIsa's Servant SongsIsaiah 1:17 commands that people 'do good, seek justice,' which parallels 'defend the orphan, plead for the widow.'
“Isaiah 1:17 commands that people 'do good, seek justice,' which parallels 'defend the orphan, plead for the widow.'”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Findingnone given§ Context Matters: DtIsa's Servant SongsBased on Isa 52:1, those who depart from captivity are Jerusalem and Zion, and in the following verses the narrator switches to second person plural verbs as synonyms for these addresses, which continues through Isa 52-53.
“Based on Isa 52:1, those who depart from captivity are Jerusalem and Zion, and in the following verses the narrator switches to second person plural verbs (finite and imperatives) as synonyms for these addresses, which continues through Isa 52-53.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Findingcitation§ "Enoch, Where are You?" The Status of 1 EnochWhile there has yet to be a critical commentary published on 1 Enoch, two recent surveys of manuscripts by George Nickelsburg, and by Loren Stuckenbruck and Ted Erho, suggest that the earliest 'complete' manuscript-that which contains all five portions of 1 Enoch-is from the fourth to sixth centuries CE and preserved in Ethiopic (Ge'ez) manuscripts alone.
“While there has yet to be a critical commentary published on 1 Enoch, two recent surveys of manuscripts by George Nickelsburg, and by Loren Stuckenbruck and Ted Erho, suggest that the earliest 'complete' manuscript-that which contains all five portions of 1 Enoch-is from the fourth to sixth centuries CE and preserved in Ethiopic (Ge'ez) manuscripts alone.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Nickelsburg
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Stuckenbruck and Erho
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Findingreasoning§ Context Matters: DtIsa's Servant SongsIsaiah 1:21 identifies this as the source of Jerusalem's (and by consequence, Judah's) sin.
“Isaiah 1:21 identifies this as the source of Jerusalem's (and by consequence, Judah's) sin”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Findingnone given§ Context Matters: DtIsa's Servant SongsThese verses create a chiastic structure with verses 1-2, which lists the foreigner-eunuch and then the solution for the eunuch-foreigner.
“These verses create a chiastic structure with verses 1-2, which lists the foreigner-eunuch and then the solution for the eunuch-foreigner.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
Findingnone given§ Context Matters: DtIsa's Servant SongsTrIsa projects Jerusalem as the residence of YHWH (58:8; 60:1-7; 66:20), similar to the mount of YHWH explored in section two above (cf.2:1-5).
“TrIsa projects Jerusalem as the residence of YHWH (58:8; 60:1-7; 66:20), similar to the mount of YHWH explored in section two above (cf.2:1-5).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Findingown data§ Chapter 3: Enoch's Chosen One: An Apocolyptic MessiahDespite this lack, structural analysis of the text reveals that 1 Enoch is a heavily redacted text.
“Despite this lack, structural analysis of the text reveals that 1 Enoch is a heavily redacted text.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Findingnone given§ Chapter 3: Enoch's Chosen One: An Apocolyptic MessiahThe Animal Apocalypses relates the events of Jewish history until the time of the Hasmonean Revolt (second century BCE).
“The Animal Apocalypses relates the events of Jewish history until the time of the Hasmonean Revolt (second century BCE).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
Findingnone given§ and analogy. I don't propose to challenge the qualifications of 'apocalypticism' or 'apocalyptic'These spirits make him blood thirsty and his warmongering leads to his own demise, being critically wounded when a woman dropped a rock on his head.
“These spirits make him blood thirsty and his warmongering leads to his own demise, being critically wounded when a woman dropped a rock on his head.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Findingnone given§ "Enoch, Where are You?" The Status of 1 EnochAs alluded to in Chapter One, the history of research relating of messianism has focused quite closely on the relation of the Similitudes to the Gospels because of the common appellation of the 'Son of Man,' firmly setting the tale by the antediluvian hero within the framework of early Christian theology.
“As alluded to in Chapter One, the history of research relating of messianism has focused quite closely on the relation of the Similitudes to the Gospels because of the common appellation of the 'Son of Man,' firmly setting the tale by the antediluvian hero within the framework of early Christian theology.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Findingnone given§ Context Matters: DtIsa's Servant SongsThe LXX does not find an issue with the personification of this figure in Jacob and Israel, naming the servant (Ιακωβ ὁ παῖς μου, ἀντιλήμψομαι αὐτοῦ· Ισραηλ ὁ ἐκλεκτός μου).
“The LXX does not find an issue with the personification of this figure in Jacob and Israel, naming the servant (Ιακωβ ὁ παῖς μου, ἀντιλήμψομαι αὐτοῦ· Ισραηλ ὁ ἐκλεκτός μου).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
Findingnone given§ Context Matters: DtIsa's Servant SongsThe claim of Isaiah 56:5-8 is that those who chose to follow the sabbath laws and offerings (v.7) will be received within the temple, allowing the foreigners to fully participate in Judaic society.
“The claim of Isaiah 56:5-8 is that those who chose to follow the sabbath laws and offerings (v.7) will be received within the temple, allowing the foreigners to fully participate in Judaic society.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Findingown data§ Context Matters: DtIsa's Servant SongsThe Servant hymns detail the punishment and exaltation of an unnamed servant.
“The Servant hymns are passages that detail the punishment and exaltation of an unnamed servant (42:1; 42:19; 43:10; 44:26; 49:5, separate from Jacob and Israel; 49:6; 50:10; 52:13; 53:11).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Findingnone given§ Context Matters: DtIsa's Servant SongsThe shift in verb tenses creates a chaotic monologue in which YHWH describes the past action within the present.
“The shift in verb tenses creates a chaotic monologue in which YHWH describes the past action within the present.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Findingcitation§ The Problem of Cyrus: A Different Type of MessiahPsalm 122 depicts Jerusalem as the center of such an association.
“Psalm 122 depicts Jerusalem as the center of such an association.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Ps 122
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Findingnone given§ Chapter 3: Enoch's Chosen One: An Apocolyptic MessiahThe Similitudes of Enoch only survives in Greek and Ethiopic manuscripts.
“The Similitudes of Enoch only survives in Greek and Ethiopic manuscripts.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Findingreasoning§ Context Matters: DtIsa's Servant SongsNeither does this portion of DtIsa insinuate that abuse and disfigurement nullifies the covenantal relationship between YHWH and Israel and Jacob.
“Neither does this portion of DtIsa insinuate that abuse and disfigurement nullifies the covenantal relationship between YHWH and Israel and Jacob.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
Findingnone given§ Context Matters: DtIsa's Servant SongsThe Servant's suffering is thrust upon his own generation for their lawlessness; the evil and the rich are alluded to as those perverting the land, while the Servant himself is free from corruption (53:9).
“The Servant's suffering is thrust upon his own generation for their lawlessness (τῶν ἀνομιῶν τοῦ λαοῦ μου); the evil and the rich are alluded to as those perverting the land, while the Servant himself is free from corruption (53:9).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Findingnone given§ Context Matters: DtIsa's Servant SongsDtIsa's Servant is never called a messiah or a son of YHWH.
“DtIsa's Servant is never called a messiah or a son of YHWH.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Findingown data§ Context Matters: DtIsa's Servant SongsThe first song (42:1-2) exalts the servant by placing the spirit of YHWH upon him, enabling him to execute true judgment upon the nations.
“the first song (42:1-2) exalts the servant by placing the spirit of YHWH upon him”
- Also stated in: § Context Matters: DtIsa's Servant Songs · plain
“that will enable him to execute true judgment upon the nations.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Also stated in: § Context Matters: DtIsa's Servant Songs · plain
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Findingnone given§ Context Matters: DtIsa's Servant SongsThe fourth Servant Song (Isa 52:13-53:13) overtly alludes to the Davidic promise from Isa 11-12.
“This is especially notable in the fourth Servant Song (Isa 52:13-53:13), which overtly alludes to the Davidic promise from Isa 11-12.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Findingnone given§ Context Matters: DtIsa's Servant SongsThe phrases of 52:1-2 couple Jerusalem's holiness with the people of Zion.
“In addition, the phrases of 52:1-2 couples Jerusalem's holiness with the people of Zion.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Findingreasoning§ and analogy. I don't propose to challenge the qualifications of 'apocalypticism' or 'apocalyptic'These spirits appear at the periphery of the Israelite population, associated with foreign groups.
“These spirits appear at the periphery of the Israelite population, associated with foreign groups.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Findingnone given§ Context Matters: DtIsa's Servant SongsPrior to the description of the eternal covenant in Isa 55, the servant's fate is described from the heavenly realm (vs.2-3 and 7-10).
“Prior to the description of the eternal covenant in Isa 55, the servant's fate is described from the heavenly realm (vs.2-3 and 7-10).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Findingreasoning§ Context Matters: DtIsa's Servant SongsThe idolatry of Isa 44-45 and the oracle against the people-Judah and Israel-in 49:22-50:1 are finally rebuffed at the conclusion of this long court scene.
“The idolatry of Isa 44-45 and the oracle against the people -that is, Judah and Israel -in 49:22-50:1 are finally rebuffed here at the conclusion of this long court scene.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Findingreasoning§ Context Matters: DtIsa's Servant SongsThe reversed fortune of the foreigner is similar to the eunuch.
“The reversed fortune of the foreigner is similar to the eunuch.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Findingreasoning§ Context Matters: DtIsa's Servant SongsThis rhetorical climax does not utilize the same language of the previous portions, which explicitly use the language of servant, suggesting to some that this portion is an editorial framing of DtIsa.
“Neither does this rhetorical climax utilize the same language of the previous portions, which explicitly use the language of servant, suggesting to some that this portion is an editorial framing of DtIsa.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Findingnone given§ Chapter 3: Enoch's Chosen One: An Apocolyptic MessiahThe messianic figure, depicted as a white bull, will intercede at the end of history.
“The messianic figure, depicted as a white bull, will intercede at the end of history.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Findingnone given§ Context Matters: DtIsa's Servant SongsIn DtIsa, the noun for servant modifies Jacob in four verses, Israel in other verses, and both Jacob and Israel in two additional verses.
“In four verses, the noun modifies Jacob (44:2; 45:4; 48:20) and in two other verses, it modifies Israel (43:9; 44:2, 21; 44:26); in two additional verses, the term applies to both Jacob and Israel (41:1, 8-9).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Findingnone given§ Context Matters: DtIsa's Servant SongsThe servant is identified as a human, suffers real or metaphorical disfigurement, infirmity, and was despised and rejected, even by the unnamed audience (53:3).
“Identified as a human, the servant suffers real or metaphorical disfigurement, infirmity, and was despised and rejected, even by the unnamed audience (53:3).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Findingreasoning§ Context Matters: DtIsa's Servant SongsBoth texts highlight the importance of the temple, but neither go as in-depth as Leviticus 1-7 or 11Qtemple Scroll a in describing ritual practices or administrative functions of the temple.
“Both texts highlight the importance of the temple, but neither go as in-depth as Leviticus 1-7 or 11Qtemple Scroll a in describing ritual practices or administrative functions of the temple.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Findingnone given§ Context Matters: DtIsa's Servant SongsThe servant suffered anguish in his soul (נַפְשׁוֹ), not in his body.
“The servant suffered anguish in his soul ( נ ַ ְפ שׁ וֹ ), not in his body.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
Findingnone given§ Context Matters: DtIsa's Servant SongsEzra-Nehemiah likewise uses the language of 'servant' to describe Jews as a collective, but only for his associates rebuilding the Jerusalem wall (Neh 2:20; cf.1:6, 10).
“Ezra-Nehemiah likewise uses the language of 'servant' to describe Jews as a collective, but only for his associates rebuilding the Jerusalem wall (Neh 2:20; cf.1:6, 10).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Findingreasoning§ Context Matters: DtIsa's Servant SongsIn these examples, eunuchs are retainers, servants, and military leaders under emperors and kings.
“In these examples, eunuchs are retainers, servants, and military leaders under emperors and kings.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Findingnone given§ Chapter 3: Enoch's Chosen One: An Apocolyptic MessiahIt uses symbolical animals to describe various people groups.
“It uses symbolical animals to describe various people groups.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
Findingnone given§ Context Matters: DtIsa's Servant SongsThe naming by YHWH in these verses has two notable effects: first, it is an oracle that identifies the uncircumcised and unclean as that which makes it impure.
“The naming by YHWH in these verses has two notable effects.First, it is an oracle that identifies the uncircumcised and unclean as that which makes it impure.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Findingreasoning§ Context Matters: DtIsa's Servant SongsBoth texts have an affinity for the temple.
“Both texts have an affinity for the temple.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
Findingnone given§ and analogy. I don't propose to challenge the qualifications of 'apocalypticism' or 'apocalyptic'The Shedim are only mentioned twice, both times in relation to Israel's worship of foreign beings (Deut 32:16-17; Ps 106:34).
“The Shedim ( שׁ ֵ ִד י ם ) are only mentioned twice, both times in relation to Israel's worship of foreign beings (Deut 32:16-17; Ps 106:34).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
Findingnone given§ Context Matters: DtIsa's Servant SongsThose who tremble before YHWH's pronouncement (החרדים, οἱ τρέμοντες -66:5) will not sacrifice again, but assume a humble and contrite heart (66:2).
“Those who tremble before YHWH's pronouncement ( ה ַ ח ֲ ֵר ִד י ם , οἱ τρέμοντες -66:5) will not sacrifice again, but assume a humble and contrite heart (66:2).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Findingnone given§ and analogy. I don't propose to challenge the qualifications of 'apocalypticism' or 'apocalyptic'In Judges 9, YHWH sends unnamed evil spirits upon the leaders of Shechem and Abimelech as revenge for killing members of his father's house.
“In Judges 9, YHWH sends unnamed evil spirits ( ר וּ ַח ָר ﬠ ָ ה ) upon the leaders of Shechem and Abimelech as revenge ( ָד ם ָ ם ל ָ שׂ וּ ם ) for killing members of his father's house.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Findingnone given§ Context Matters: DtIsa's Servant SongsThe proclamation in Isaiah 55:3-5, framed by an unusual number of imperatives, places the covenantal responsibility upon the recipients of the oracle (cf.60:21-22).
“The proclamation, framed by an unusual number of imperatives in this section, places the covenantal responsibility upon the recipients of the oracle (cf.60:21-22).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
Findingnone given§ Context Matters: DtIsa's Servant SongsThe temple of YHWH, according to TrIsa, is a beautiful and glorious house (60:7, 13; 64:11), a footrest for YHWH (60:13), the location through which Judah maintains its relationship with YHWH.
“The temple of YHWH, according to TrIsa, is a beautiful and glorious house (60:7, 13; 64:11), a footrest for YHWH (60:13), the location through which Judah maintains its relationship with YHWH.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Findingnone given§ Chapter 3: Enoch's Chosen One: An Apocolyptic MessiahThere is no critical edition to 1 Enoch.
“There is no critical edition to 1 Enoch.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Findingnone given§ Chapter 3: Enoch's Chosen One: An Apocolyptic MessiahOnly two parts of this collection categorically refer to a messiah - the Animal Apocalypses and the Similitudes of Enoch.
“Only two parts of this collection categorically refer to a messiah -the Animal Apocalypses and the Similitudes of Enoch.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Findingnone given§ Context Matters: DtIsa's Servant SongsThe noun for servant (עבד) appears in 12 verses of DtIsa.
“The noun for servant ( ﬠ ֶ ב ֶ ד ) appears in 12 verses of DtIsa.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Findingnone given§ Context Matters: DtIsa's Servant SongsAfter the poem describing the servants (66:1-16), the editorial comments make clear that despite the injunction against sacrifices they are to remain pure.
“After the poem describing the servants (66:1-16), 164 the editorial comments make clear that despite the injunction against sacrifices they are to remain pure:”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Findingnone given§ "Enoch, Where are You?" The Status of 1 EnochWe have no Greek texts or fragments of the SE (only 1:1-32:6; 97:6-107:3).
“We have no Greek texts or fragments of the SE (only 1:1-32:6; 97:6-107:3).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Findingnone given§ Context Matters: DtIsa's Servant SongsIn this scene, YHWH reveals the Torah to Moses as a further specification to the Decalogue (24:13-23).
“In this scene, YHWH reveals the Torah to Moses as a further specification to the Decalogue (24:13-23).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
Findingnone given§ Context Matters: DtIsa's Servant SongsThe members of the גולה group expelled all those of mixed descent (Ezra 6:20-21), utilizing the same language of division and separation from Lev 20:24-26.
“The members of the גּ וֹ ל ָ ה group expelled all those of mixed descent (Ezra 6:20-21), utilizing the same language of division and separation from Lev 20:24-26:”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Findingnone given§ Context Matters: DtIsa's Servant Songs1Qisa a adds an additional כ י א, that links chapter 55 with chapter 56.
“Furthermore, 1Qisa a adds an additional כ י א , that links chapter 55 with chapter 56.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
Findingnone given§ Context Matters: DtIsa's Servant SongsThe designation of eunuch can have multiple meanings, like servant or an administrator; however, these two meanings are frequently muddled or synonymous in postexilic texts.
“The designation of eunuch can have multiple meanings, like servant or an administrator; however, these two meanings are frequently muddled or synonymous in postexilic texts.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Findingnone given§ and analogy. I don't propose to challenge the qualifications of 'apocalypticism' or 'apocalyptic'The ancient Near East has a plethora of stories that describe non-human beings entangled in affairs that make them, in the eyes of the author, categorically evil.
“The ancient Near East has a plethora of stories that describe non-human beings entangled in affairs that make them, in the eyes of the author, categorically evil.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Findingnone given§ The Problem of Cyrus: A Different Type of MessiahIsaiah frequently uses תּ ֹ ה וּ to describe desolation and destruction as well as chaos.
“It would not be lost on readers that Isaiah frequently uses תּ ֹ ה וּ to describe desolation and destruction as well as chaos.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
Findingnone given§ Chapter 3: Enoch's Chosen One: An Apocolyptic MessiahThe Similitudes, composed of three parables, relate the enthronement of the messiah in the heavens and conclude with Enoch's realization that he is the Son of Man which he saw through vision.
“The Similitudes, composed of three parables, relate the enthronement of the messiah in the heavens and conclude with Enoch's realization that he is the Son of Man which he saw through vision.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Findingreasoning§ Context Matters: DtIsa's Servant SongsThe purpose and action of the servant figure vary based on the hymn.
“The purpose and action of the figure vary based on the hymn.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Findingnone given§ Context Matters: DtIsa's Servant Songs53:2 utilizes a similar metaphor in relation to the Servant's origin, a root (שרש; ῥίζα) reminiscent of Isa 10:11.
“53:2 utilizes a similar metaphor in relation the Servant's origin, a root ( שׁ ֹ ֶר שׁ ; ῥίζα) reminiscent of Isa 10:11.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Findingnone given§ The World through the Eyes of EnochThe vision in 1 Enoch frames reality in relation to YHWH's theophany in which YHWH will remove or destroy all enemies (10:7).
“The vision frames reality in relation to YHWH's theophany in which YHWH will remove or destroy all enemies (10:7).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Findingreasoning§ The World through the Eyes of EnochThis passage (1 En. 14:24-16:4) differs from previous narrations of the pericope in that YHWH allows the Watchers to enter women because of their desire, altering the cause and effect of the punishment.
“This passage differs from the previous narrations of this pericope in that YHWH allows the Watchers to enter women because of their desire, altering the cause and effect of the punishment:”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
Findingnone given§ and analogy. I don't propose to challenge the qualifications of 'apocalypticism' or 'apocalyptic'These holy angels intercede on behalf of humanity to YHWH, and as a result, YHWH commissions these angels to absolve sin.
“These holy angels intercede on behalf of humanity to YHWH:”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Findingreasoning§ The World through the Eyes of EnochIn 1 En. 12-16 there is no indication that Enoch is transformed into an angel.
“There is no indication that Enoch is transformed into an angel, though a parallel pericope in 1 En.71, which I return to below, does suggest a transformation in which Enoch is identified as the Son of Man.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites 1 En.71
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Findingcitation§ The World through the Eyes of EnochIn contrast to chapters 1-6 and 12-16, chapters 6-11 do not even mention the character of Enoch and are written from a third-person perspective.
“In contrast to chapters 1-6 and 12-16, chapters 6-11 do not even mention the character of Enoch and are written from a third-person perspective.206”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [206]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Findingreasoning§ and analogy. I don't propose to challenge the qualifications of 'apocalypticism' or 'apocalyptic'Michael serves as the avenger of the righteous who were wronged by evil angels and their offspring.
“Michael serves as the avenger of the righteous who were wronged by evil angels and their offspring.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
Findingnone given§ The World through the Eyes of Enoch1 Enoch 1 eliminates the reference to the twelve sons of Israel in Deut 33, and instead foreshadows the judgment of the Watchers.
“1 Enoch 1 eliminates the reference to the twelve sons of Israel in Deut 33, and instead foreshadows the judgment of the Watchers.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Findingreasoning§ The World through the Eyes of Enoch1 Enoch 5:5 stands as a verdict against those who do not follow the indictments of 2:1-5:4.
“1 Enoch 5:5 stands as a verdict against those who do not follow the indictments of 2:1-5:4:”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Findingnone given§ and analogy. I don't propose to challenge the qualifications of 'apocalypticism' or 'apocalyptic'In the Book of Watchers, as punishment, YHWH bound the evil angels and annihilated their offspring, binding their spirits to a half-life among the 'sons of men' until the end of time.
“As punishment, YHWH bound the evil angels and annihilated their offspring, binding their spirits to a half-life among the 'sons of men' until the end of time.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Findingreasoning§ The World through the Eyes of EnochThe description in 1 En. 14 combines the throne of the heavenly sanctuary with the revelatory signs discussed throughout 1 Enoch (esp. 79:1-6; 82:9-20).
“This combines the throne of the heavenly sanctuary with the revelatory signs discussed throughout 1 Enoch (esp., 79:1-6; 82:9-20).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites 79:1-6
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites 82:9-20
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Findingcitation§ and analogy. I don't propose to challenge the qualifications of 'apocalypticism' or 'apocalyptic'The antagonists are the Watchers, or Watchers of heaven, the divine entourage referred to elsewhere as the sons of YHWH.
“The antagonists are the Watchers, or Watchers of heaven, 188 the divine entourage referred to elsewhere as the sons of YHWH (Gen 6:2, 4; Job 1:6; 2:1; cf. 1 Enoch 6:2; 13:8).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Findingnone given§ The World through the Eyes of EnochChapters 17-19 and 20-36 contain descriptive reports of Enoch's journeys and are not reinterpreted in the same way in the SE.
“Chapters 17-19 and 20-36 contain descriptive reports of Enoch's journeys and are not reinterpreted in the same way in the SE, so I will set aside analysis of these sections.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [206]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Findingnone given§ Dream VisionsThe author of the BW describes the origin of sin as evil angels who have shattered divinely set boundaries.
“The author of the BW describes the origin of sin as evil angels who have shattered divinely set boundaries.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Findingnone given§ and analogy. I don't propose to challenge the qualifications of 'apocalypticism' or 'apocalyptic'1 Enoch 8 offers a truncated list of the respective angels' infractions, which focus on revealed knowledge instead of the act of fornication.
“1 Enoch 8 offers a truncated list of the respective angels' infractions, which focus on revealed knowledge instead of the act of fornication.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Findingreasoning§ and analogy. I don't propose to challenge the qualifications of 'apocalypticism' or 'apocalyptic'In Job 2, Satan serves as an advocate for YHWH who tests Job's faithfulness through the destruction of his family and assets.
“In Job 2, Satan ( ה ַ שּׂ ָ ט ָ ן ) serves as an advocate for YHWH who tests Job's faithfulness through the destruction of his family and assets.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Findingnone given§ and analogy. I don't propose to challenge the qualifications of 'apocalypticism' or 'apocalyptic'The fornication of the fallen angels birthed Giants or Nephilim, who freely roamed the earth.
“The fornication of the fallen angels birthed Giants or Nephilim, ( ְנ ִפ ִל י ם , ἐγρήγοροι; Gk: 1:5; 10:7, 9, 15; 16:2; c.f., 91:15; cf.CD 2:18), who freely roamed the earth.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Findingcitation§ and analogy. I don't propose to challenge the qualifications of 'apocalypticism' or 'apocalyptic'Michael's key task is to 'destroy all perversity on earth'.
“Michael's key task is to 'destroy all perversity on earth' (10:16).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites 10:16
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
Findingnone given§ The World through the Eyes of EnochThe Book of Watchers is notable for its roughly connected parts that develop non-linearly in the narrative: Enoch's visions frequently portray a similar point in time or location seen within the final judgment of creation.
“The BW is notable for its roughly connected parts that develop non-linearly in the narrative: Enoch's visions frequently portray a similar point in time or location seen within the final judgment of creation.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Findingnone given§ The World through the Eyes of EnochIn 1 En. 14, Enoch describes his ascent into the heavenly temple, which is simultaneously aflame and cold as snow.
“In chapter 14, Enoch describes his ascent into the heavenly temple, which is simultaneously aflame and cold as snow.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Findingnone given§ The World through the Eyes of EnochThe two portions (1 Enoch 1:3-9 and 2:1-5:9) define Enoch's wisdom revealed to him through vision.
“The two portions, which repeat the same three-fold process, define Enoch's wisdom revealed to him through vision.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Findingnone given§ The World through the Eyes of EnochEnoch then communicates the message to the Watchers through vision.
“He then communicates it to the Watchers through vision.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
Findingnone given§ The World through the Eyes of EnochThe form of pronouncement varies within the collection of 1 Enoch but appears consistent in the BW and SE.
“The form of pronouncement varies within the collection of 1 Enoch but appears consistent in the BW and SE.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Findingcitation§ The World through the Eyes of EnochThe section is complicated by textual problems making it difficult to affirm a consistent tradition.
“The section is complicated by textual problems making it difficult to affirm a consistent tradition.209”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Findingreasoning§ and analogy. I don't propose to challenge the qualifications of 'apocalypticism' or 'apocalyptic'The Similitudes of Enoch (SE) presents the spirits' existence on earth as the root cause for continued sin on earth.
“SE presents the spirits's existence on earth as the root cause for continued sin on earth.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Findingnone given§ and analogy. I don't propose to challenge the qualifications of 'apocalypticism' or 'apocalyptic'Scholars have struggled to articulate the background of this material.
“Scholars have struggled to articulate the background of this material.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Findingnone given§ The World through the Eyes of EnochEditorial comments that open or close sections of the Book of Watchers offer interpretations that appear at first glance as a distraction from the main point of the story.
“Editorial comments that open or close sections offer interpretations that appear at first glance as a distraction from the main point of the story.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Findingnone given§ Dream VisionsThe AA focuses upon Israel's history that culminates in that remnant.
“the AA focuses upon Israel's history that culminates in that remnant.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Findingnone given§ and analogy. I don't propose to challenge the qualifications of 'apocalypticism' or 'apocalyptic'Translators of the Second Temple Hebrew texts most frequently translate the term as an 'adversary,' a spirit being who works on behalf of YHWH to either test people to call forth obedience or to punish for sin.
“Translators of the Second Temple Hebrew texts most frequently translate the term as an 'adversary,' a spirit being who works on behalf of YHWH to either test people to call forth obedience (Num 22:32; 1 Chron 21:1; 1 Kings 22:19-23) or to punish for sin (1 Kings 5:4; Zech 3:1).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Findingnone given§ The World through the Eyes of EnochIn the Book of Watchers, names of key characters appear with different spellings (Azazel, Asael).
“Names of key characters appear with different spellings (Azazel, Asael);”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Findingcitation§ The World through the Eyes of EnochThe editorial introduction of 1 En. 12:1-2 reflects 1 En. 1:3, which highlights Enoch as a mediator of the Watchers and companion of the Holy Ones.
“The editorial introduction of 12:1-2 reflects 1 Enoch 1:3, which highlights Enoch as a mediator of the Watchers and companion of the Holy Ones.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites 1 Enoch 1:3
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Findingnone given§ The World through the Eyes of Enoch1 Enoch 1 slightly alters the description and location of YHWH.
“1 Enoch 1 slightly alters the description and location of YHWH.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Findingnone given§ The World through the Eyes of EnochThe prologue (chs.1-5) of 1 Enoch reveals the eschatological outcome of the Watchers.
“The prologue (chs.1-5) reveals the eschatological outcome of the Watchers, yet the story of their infraction does not come until chapters 6-7.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Findingnone given§ The World through the Eyes of EnochImmediately following YHWH's judgment, the Chosen Ones receive wisdom.
“Immediately following YHWH's judgment, the Chosen Ones receive wisdom.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Findingreasoning§ The World through the Eyes of EnochEnoch's throne vision and heavenly journeys are shifted to an eschatological period when YHWH judges the wicked and saves the chosen ones.
“Enoch's throne vision and heavenly journeys are shifted to an eschatological period when YHWH judges the wicked and saves the chosen ones.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Findingnone given§ and analogy. I don't propose to challenge the qualifications of 'apocalypticism' or 'apocalyptic'This latter list only includes nine of the 20 angels numerated in chapter 6.
“This latter list only includes nine of the 20 angels numerated in chapter 6.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
Findingnone given§ The World through the Eyes of EnochWhile the Watchers are imagined as spread throughout all of creation, the Holy Ones are a smaller, select group.
“While the Watchers are imagined as spread throughout all of creation (”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Findingnone given§ The World through the Eyes of EnochThe story of the Watchers' infraction does not come until chapters 6-7 of 1 Enoch.
“The prologue (chs.1-5) reveals the eschatological outcome of the Watchers, yet the story of their infraction does not come until chapters 6-7.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Findingcitation§ and analogy. I don't propose to challenge the qualifications of 'apocalypticism' or 'apocalyptic'In the Book of Watchers, those affected by the Watchers's offspring are considered sinners.
“Those who are affected by the Watchers's offspring are considered sinners (1:9; 5:6; 22:13).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites 1:9
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites 5:6
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites 22:13
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Findingnone given§ and analogy. I don't propose to challenge the qualifications of 'apocalypticism' or 'apocalyptic'The author of the Book of Watchers dedicates considerably less space to the protagonists of the narrative.
“The author dedicates considerably less space to the protagonists of the narrative.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
Findingnone given§ and analogy. I don't propose to challenge the qualifications of 'apocalypticism' or 'apocalyptic'While the earlier portions of the Book of Watchers (chapters 1-11) mostly rely upon God, Lord, or a variation, the latter portions (chapters 12-36) highlight ethereal adjectives/titles, though this is not a steadfast rule.
“While the earlier portions -chapters 1-11 -mostly rely upon God, Lord, or a variation, the latter portions -chapters 12-36 -highlight ethereal adjectives/titles, though this is not a steadfast rule.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Findingreasoning§ The World through the Eyes of EnochWhile Enoch is the clear protagonist of the story, he is not central to every part.
“While Enoch is the clear protagonist of the story, he is not central to every part.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Findingnone given§ The World through the Eyes of Enoch1 Enoch 1:3-9 can be divided into: YHWH's appearance (3-4); Reaction of Watchers and Cosmos (5-7); Blessing to the righteous and chosen (8); Judgment upon evildoers (9).
“1 Enoch 1:3-9 can be divided in the following way: YHWH's appearance (3-4); Reaction of Watchers and Cosmos (5-7); Blessing to the righteous and chosen (8); Judgment upon evildoers (9).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Findingreasoning§ and analogy. I don't propose to challenge the qualifications of 'apocalypticism' or 'apocalyptic'The Righteous are not named nor numbered, and express no agency within the divine setting.
“The Righteous are not named nor numbered, and express no agency within the divine setting.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Findingnone given§ and analogy. I don't propose to challenge the qualifications of 'apocalypticism' or 'apocalyptic'The protagonist and antagonist are reinterpreted in the SE.
“The protagonist and antagonist are reinterpreted in the SE.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Findingnone given§ and analogy. I don't propose to challenge the qualifications of 'apocalypticism' or 'apocalyptic'The only usage of the term appears in Leviticus 16:10, 21-22 (cf.11QTemple 26:11-13) in which a he-goat is selected and sent into the wilderness as a sin sacrifice on behalf of the Israelites.
“The only usage of the term appears in Leviticus 16:10, 21-22 (cf.11QTemple 26:11-13) in which a he-goat is selected and sent into the wilderness as a sin sacrifice on behalf of the Israelites.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Findingnone given§ and analogy. I don't propose to challenge the qualifications of 'apocalypticism' or 'apocalyptic'This indictment took different forms, including the knowledge of warfare and weapons, magic, and astrological secrets.
“This indictment took different forms, including the knowledge of warfare and weapons, magic, and astrological secrets.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Findingreasoning§ The World through the Eyes of Enoch1 Enoch 5:5-9 appears to expand the pattern of judgment and blessing to focus the reader's attention on Enochic wisdom.
“1 Enoch 5:5-9 appears to expand the pattern of judgment and blessing to focus the reader's attention on Enochic wisdom.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Findingcitation§ and analogy. I don't propose to challenge the qualifications of 'apocalypticism' or 'apocalyptic'The destruction of the wrong-doers is not immediate, but they will be bound until the end of time.
“The destruction of the wrong-doers is not immediate, but they will be bound until the end of time:”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites 10:14
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Findingreasoning§ and analogy. I don't propose to challenge the qualifications of 'apocalypticism' or 'apocalyptic'In the Book of Watchers, the corruption of humanity by the Watchers affected their offspring and, as a consequence, the entire world.
“According to the BW, the corruption of humanity by the Watchers affected their offspring and, as a consequence, the entire world.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Findingown data§ The World through the Eyes of EnochThe opening line of 1 En. 12 indicates Enoch is transposed as a human into the heavenly realm.
“The opening line indicates Enoch is transposed as a human into the heavenly realm:”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Findingcitation§ The World through the Eyes of EnochThe Watchers' sin is described as two-fold: forsaking the high heaven, the eternal sanctuary, and defiling themselves with blood-the blood of women, the lust of blood, and the letting of innocent blood.
“Their sin is described as two-fold,”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites 7:5
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Findingcitation§ and analogy. I don't propose to challenge the qualifications of 'apocalypticism' or 'apocalyptic'There are other occasions when people are depicted in a like manner to indicate their role as challengers.
“There are other occasions when people are depicted in a like manner to indicate their role as challengers (1 Sam 29:4, 22; 1 King 11:23; Ps 71:13).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Findingcitation§ and analogy. I don't propose to challenge the qualifications of 'apocalypticism' or 'apocalyptic'In the Book of Watchers, Michael, Raphael, Gabriel, and Phanuel surround YHWH in the heavenly temple, while a larger group of seven angels appear within Enoch's visions of the eschaton.
“While Michael, Raphael, Gabriel, and Phanuel surround YHWH in the heavenly temple (9:1; 40; 54:6; 71:8-9; Cf. 1QS 9:14-15), the larger group of seven angels appear within Enoch's visions of the eschaton (Tobit 12:15; Rev 8:2; Apoc.Mos.40:2).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites 9:1
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [40]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites 54:6
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Findingnone given§ and analogy. I don't propose to challenge the qualifications of 'apocalypticism' or 'apocalyptic'The epithets for the supreme being in the Book of Watchers closely align with other references to YHWH in the Second Temple period.
“These epithets closely align with other references to YHWH in the Second Temple period.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Findingnone given§ Dream VisionsThe FV offers a petition from Enoch to YHWH requesting a remnant to endure judgment.
“The FV offers a petition from Enoch to YHWH requesting a remnant to endure judgment;”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Findingnone given§ and analogy. I don't propose to challenge the qualifications of 'apocalypticism' or 'apocalyptic'The presentation of righteous angels in the Book of Watchers mirrors the lists and brief descriptions of the evil angels.
“The presentation of righteous angels mirrors the lists and brief descriptions of the evil angels.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Findingnone given§ and analogy. I don't propose to challenge the qualifications of 'apocalypticism' or 'apocalyptic'Looking down from heaven, the angels lusted after the earthly women.
“Looking down from heaven, the angels lusted after the earthly women.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Findingown data§ and analogy. I don't propose to challenge the qualifications of 'apocalypticism' or 'apocalyptic'The protagonists on earth, the 'Righteous' or 'Sons of Men', are mentioned only rarely within this retelling of primordial time, both references within the section involving Michael.
“The protagonists on earth, the 'Righteous' or 'Sons of Men' are mentioned only rarely within this retelling of primordial time, both references within the section involving Michael (10:17, 21).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites 10:17
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [21]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Findingnone given§ The World through the Eyes of Enoch1 Enoch never directly quotes from the Torah.
“1 Enoch never directly quotes from the Torah, though it is likely that the authors were familiar with the Torah based on paraphrases and allusions.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Findingnone given§ and analogy. I don't propose to challenge the qualifications of 'apocalypticism' or 'apocalyptic'When included within direct address in the Book of Watchers, the divine titles always appear in groups of two or three.
“When included within direct address, these titles always appear in groups of two or three.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Findingnone given§ The World through the Eyes of EnochEnoch's designation as a scribe and righteous are his only two qualifications as mediator, and he is not ascribed any superhuman ability.
“The designation as a scribe and righteous are his only two qualifications as mediator -he is not ascribed any superhuman ability.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Findingreasoning§ The World through the Eyes of EnochThe verdict moves from analogy to accusation in verse 4, which draws the pericope to a conclusion and completes the parallel section of 2:1-5:3.
“The verdict moves from analogy to accusation in verse 4, which draws the pericope to a conclusion and completes the parallel section of 2:1-5:3:”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Findingcitation§ and analogy. I don't propose to challenge the qualifications of 'apocalypticism' or 'apocalyptic'These earthly figures are clearly distinct from the righteous angels mentioned elsewhere.
“These earthly figures are clearly distinct from the righteous angels mentioned elsewhere (14:25; 15:10; 22:6).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites 14:25
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites 15:10
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites 22:6
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
Findingnone given§ The World through the Eyes of EnochThe oracle in 1 Enoch 1:1-9 establishes a tripartite framework: (a) judgment is announced, (b) YHWH and the divine entourage enact judgment upon the rebellious angels, and (c) judgment upon humans who perpetrate their crimes.
“The oracle in 1:1-9 establishes a tripartite framework in which (a) judgment is announced, (b) YHWH and the divine entourage enact judgment upon the rebellious angels and (c) judgment upon humans who perpetrate their crimes:”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Findingnone given§ The World through the Eyes of EnochYHWH commands Enoch to respond to the Watchers that their petition should have been on behalf of humanity rather than their own offspring.
“YHWH commands that Enoch should again respond to the Watchers that their petition should have been on behalf of humanity rather than their own offspring.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Findingnone given§ The World through the Eyes of EnochThe sin of the first man and woman is only alluded to in passing in 1 Enoch (32:6).
“The sin of the first man and woman so central to later Jewish and Christian narratives is only alluded to in passing (32:6).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Findingnone given§ The World through the Eyes of EnochChapters 12-16 of 1 Enoch shift to a first-person report by Enoch.
“Chapters 12-16 shift to a first-person report by Enoch.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Findingnone given§ The World through the Eyes of EnochWhile Enoch is permitted into the heavenly temple, a right hitherto unknown to humans, he is not permitted to look upon the Great Glory.
“While Enoch is permitted into the heavenly temple, a right hitherto unknown to humans, he is not permitted to actually look upon the Great Glory.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Findingreasoning§ The World through the Eyes of EnochThe concluding portion in 1 En.5:1-2 equates the passing of the seasons with instruction.
“The concluding portion in 1 En.5:1-2 equates the passing of the seasons with instruction:”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Findingnone given§ and analogy. I don't propose to challenge the qualifications of 'apocalypticism' or 'apocalyptic'1 Enoch 6 describes the Watchers' crime as an act of fornication.
“1 Enoch 6 describes the Watchers' crime as an act of fornication.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Findingnone given§ and analogy. I don't propose to challenge the qualifications of 'apocalypticism' or 'apocalyptic'They abandoned their heavenly position with the express purpose of descending to earth to rape the women.
“They abandoned their heavenly position with the express purpose of descending to earth to rape the women.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
Findingnone given§ The World through the Eyes of EnochThrough a parallel literary structure in 1:4, 1 Enoch reports that the Holy One comes forth from the Holy One's dwelling and the eternal God will forever walk upon Mount Sinai, coordinating images between heaven and earth.
“Through a parallel literary structure in 1:4, 1 Enoch reports that the Holy One comes forth from the Holy One's dwelling and the eternal God will forever walk upon Mount Sinai, coordinating images between heaven and earth: that which happens in heaven also happens on earth.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Findingnone given§ and analogy. I don't propose to challenge the qualifications of 'apocalypticism' or 'apocalyptic'The leaders of the fallen angels are listed in chapter 6 with no description.
“The leaders of the fallen angels are listed in chapter 6 with no description.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
Findingnone given§ The World through the Eyes of EnochIn the Book of Watchers, the central cause of sin is complex, involving the breaking of sexual boundaries and the revelation of hidden knowledge.
“the central cause of sin is complex (breaking of sexual boundaries; revelation of hidden knowledge).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
Findingnone given§ The World through the Eyes of EnochIn 1 En. 12-16, the Watchers communicate YHWH's divine judgment for the fallen angels to Enoch, Enoch communicates that message to the Watchers on earth, and Enoch documents their response and meditates on it until he falls asleep.
“In the ensuing narrative of 12-16, the Watchers communicate YHWH's divine judgment for the fallen angels to Enoch, Enoch communicates that message to the Watchers on earth, and Enoch documents their response and meditates on it until he falls asleep.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
Findingnone given§ and analogy. I don't propose to challenge the qualifications of 'apocalypticism' or 'apocalyptic'The Watcher Myth presents the story of fallen angels as the origin of sin, and YHWH's intervention to pass judgment to resolve the on-going effects of evil on earth.
“The Watcher Myth presents the story of fallen angels as the origin of sin, and YHWH's intervention to pass judgment to resolve the on-going effects of evil on earth.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Findingown data§ The World through the Eyes of Enoch1 Enoch 1:3-9 and 2:1-5:9 repeat the same three-fold process.
“The two portions, which repeat the same three-fold process, define Enoch's wisdom revealed to him through vision.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Findingnone given§ and analogy. I don't propose to challenge the qualifications of 'apocalypticism' or 'apocalyptic'The myth in the BW attributes the origin of evil to a group of disobedient angels.
“The myth in the BW attributes the origin of evil to a group of disobedient angels.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Findingcitation§ The World through the Eyes of EnochYHWH addresses Enoch directly in the oracle of 1 En. 14:24-16:4, which expands the judgment upon the Watchers to detail the result for their offspring.
“YHWH addresses Enoch directly in the following oracle, 14:24-16:4, which expands the judgment upon the Watchers (cf., 9:1-11:2) to detail the result for their offspring.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites 9:1-11:2
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Findingcitation§ Messianic Terms in the SimilitudesThe Righteous One appears in four passages, though two references are probably employed in a collective sense - the Righteous (47:1, 4) - while another is complicated by text-critical issues (38:2).
“The Righteous One appears in four passages, though as VanderKam and others point out, two references are probably employed in a collective sense -the Righteous (47:1, 4) -while another is complicated by text-critical issues (38:2).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Findingcitation§ Messianic Terms in the SimilitudesThe Chosen One will pass judgment most fiercely upon the wicked.
“pass judgment most fiercely upon the wicked”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Findingcitation§ Messianic Terms in the SimilitudesThe eschaton allows for one last opportunity for repentance of sinners.
“The eschaton allows for one last opportunity for repentance of sinners.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Findingnone given§ Messianic Terms in the SimilitudesThe third variant, the son of the offspring of the Mother of the Living, is used in parable 3 and the concluding chapter, and appears as a direct translation of forms representing Son of Man.
“The third variant, the son of the offspring of the Mother of the Living, walda 'eg w āla 'mma-heyāw (62:7, 9, 14; 63:11; 69:26, 27; 70:1; 71:17), is used in parable 3 and the concluding chapter, and appear as a direct translation of forms representing Son of Man”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Findingreasoning§ The Gospels: A Shared NarrativeInstead, the rabbis propose that soldiers demonstrate their fortitude by uprooting Lebanese cedar trees.
“Instead, the rabbis propose that soldiers demonstrate their fortitude by uprooting Lebanese cedar trees.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
Findingnone given§ The Similitudes of Enoch: A Messianic ReinterpretationWhere 1 En. 1:2-3 indicates Enoch's knowledge of divine action outside of earth comes from his role as mediator between the Holy Ones and the fallen angels, the subscription of 37 indicates the seer received direct revelation.
“Where 1 En.1:2-3 indicates Enoch's knowledge of divine action outside of earth comes from his role as mediator between the Holy Ones and the fallen angels, the subscription of 37 indicates the seer received direction revelation.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim.
Findingreasoning§ The Similitudes of Enoch: A Messianic ReinterpretationThe SE alters the pronouncement of judgment to include a third group.
“the SE alters the pronouncement of judgment to include a third group.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Findingown data§ The Similitudes of Enoch: A Messianic ReinterpretationThe preamble in 1 En. 1:1-3 reflects the opening statements in ch. 37.
“The preamble in 1 En.1:1-3 reflects the opening statements in ch.37.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Findingnone given§ The Gospels: A Shared NarrativeAnother tradition, also recorded in both y. Ta'anit 68d and Ekha Rabba 2:4, reflects a more positive relation between the rabbis and Kosiba.
“Another tradition, also recorded in both y. Ta'anit 68d and Ekha Rabba 2:4, reflects a more positive relation between the rabbis and Kosiba.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
Findingnone given§ Messianic Terms in the SimilitudesThe SE attacks the abuses of the elites, openly pointing to antagonists by their positions.
“The SE attacks the abuses of the elites, openly pointing to antagonists by their positions.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Findingnone given§ Similitudes and Isaiah: A Literary Relationship?The SE offers redemption for those who confess their sin, Jew and non-Jew alike, at the eschatological judgment.
“the SE offers redemption for those who confess their sin, Jew and non-Jew alike, at the eschatological judgment.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim.
Findingnone given§ Similitudes and Isaiah: A Literary Relationship?In 4QpIsa a, the Shoot of David is explicitly an eschatological figure who will judge all of humanity on a throne of glory.
“In 4QpIsa a , the Shoot of David is explicitly an eschatological figure who will judge all of humanity on a throne of glory.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Findingnone given§ Messianic Terms in the SimilitudesAt the heart of Enoch's vision is the impending eschatological judgment performed by the Chosen One.
“At the heart of Enoch's vision is the impending eschatological judgment performed by the Chosen One.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Findingown data§ Messianic Terms in the SimilitudesThe two less frequently used epithets are the Righteous One and the Anointed One.
“The two less frequently used epithets are the Righteous One (sādeq) and the Anointed One (mas/ših-with dot/h).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
Findingnone given§ Messianic Terms in the SimilitudesThe epithet Anointed One only appears on two occasions (48:10; 52:4) that expands the theme of dominion of the mediatorial figure.
“The epithet Anointed One only appears on two occasions (48:10; 52:4) that expands the theme of dominion of the mediatorial figure.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Findingnone given§ The Similitudes of Enoch: A Messianic ReinterpretationBoth 1 En. 1:1-3 and ch. 37 record that Enoch's vision is for the benefit of those who will come after the proposed point in time, framing the visions in an apologetic tone.
“Both record that Enoch's vision is for the benefit of those who will come after the proposed point in time, framing the visions in an apologetic tone.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Findingreasoning§ The Similitudes of Enoch: A Messianic ReinterpretationThe evil ones in the SE are framed as elites who wrongly took control of land and resources.
“the evil ones are framed as elites who wrongly took control of land and resources.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
Findingnone given§ Dream VisionsAll remaining people are transformed into white cattle and serve the white bull.
“All remaining people are transformed into white cattle and serve the white bull.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Findingnone given§ Messianic Terms in the SimilitudesThe author deploys the term to describe the hiddenness of the Son of Man.
“The author deploys the term to describe the hiddenness of the Son of Man.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Findingnone given§ Dream VisionsThe Flood Vision is recorded as a vision Enoch recounts to his son Methuselah.
“The Flood Vision is recorded as a vision Enoch recounts to his son Methuselah.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Findingnone given§ Messianic Terms in the SimilitudesWalda sab' appears in parable 2 alone and reflects the vision of Daniel 7.
“Walda sab' (46:2, 3, 4; 48:2) appears in parable 2 alone, and vividly reflects the vision of Daniel 7”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Findingreasoning§ The Similitudes of Enoch: A Messianic ReinterpretationThe SE emphasizes that the righteous have received the correct wisdom from the Lord of Spirits.
“The SE emphasizes that the righteous have received the correct wisdom from the Lord of Spirits.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Findingcitation§ Messianic Terms in the SimilitudesA second primary epithet is the 'son of a human,' which appears in three varied forms.
“A second primary epithet is the 'son of a human,' which appears in three varied forms.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Findingnone given§ The Gospels: A Shared NarrativeMatthew uses the Son of Man title within the addresses to these crowds.
“Matthew uses the Son of Man title within the addresses to these crowds.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Findingnone given§ The Gospels: A Shared NarrativeAround 100 CE, the expression 'Son of Man' begins to disappear.
“Around 100 CE, the expression 'Son of Man' begins to disappear.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Findingnone given§ Messianic Terms in the SimilitudesThere is a diversity of terms used to describe the Enochic messiah(s), yet these epithets are united in their description of the character and positionality in relation to the supreme God.
“There is a diversity of terms used to describe the Enochic messiah(s), yet these epithets are united in their description of the character and positionality in relation to the supreme God.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
Findingnone given§ The Gospels: A Shared NarrativeTrump's claim was never publicly disavowed by conservative religious leaders, despite Trump's poor ethical patterns of leadership and verbal abuses lobbed indiscriminately at all who crossed him.
“Trump's claim was never publicly disavowed by conservative religious leaders, despite Trump's poor ethical patterns of leadership and verbal abuses lobbed indiscriminately at all who crossed him.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Findingnone given§ The Gospels: A Shared NarrativeThose who go forth to do ministry on Jesus' behalf will suffer oppression (Matthew 10:23).
“Those who go forth to do ministry on Jesus' behalf will suffer oppression (10:23).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Findingnone given§ The Gospels: A Shared NarrativeIn Matthew 8:20, Jesus openly acknowledges that the Son of Man and those who follow him will have no home.
“When surrounded by the crowds in Matthew 8:20, Jesus openly acknowledges that the Son of Man and those that follow him will have no home (cf. Luke 9:57-62).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
Findingnone given§ Messianic Terms in the SimilitudesThe BW reveals that the world was corrupted by angels who transcended the boundaries of creation by absconding from heaven to earth, raped women and revealed secret knowledge, and as a result corrupted creation.
“The BW reveals that the world was corrupted by angels who transcended the boundaries of creation by absconding from heaven to earth, raped women and revealed secret knowledge, and as a result corrupted creation.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Findingcitation§ Messianic Terms in the SimilitudesThe righteous and the repentant become the focus and are the inheritors of the renewed creation.
“it is clear that the righteous and the repentant become the focus, they are the inheritors of the renewed creation.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Findingnone given§ The Similitudes of Enoch: A Messianic ReinterpretationSeveral manuscripts attempt to clarify this ambiguity by changing the Holy One with 'the holy words.'
“Several manuscripts attempt to clarify this ambiguity by changing the Holy One with 'the holy words.'”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
Findingnone given§ Dream VisionsThe vision itself is brief and Enoch retells it to his son as he initially retold it to Mahalalel, his grandfather, who woke him from the vision.
“The vision itself is brief and Enoch retells it to his son as he initially retold it to Mahalalel, his grandfather, who woke him from the vision.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Findingnone given§ Messianic Terms in the SimilitudesThe Chosen One will reveal righteousness to those on earth.
“This figure will reveal righteousness to those on earth”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Findingnone given§ Messianic Terms in the SimilitudesThe last reference in 1 En.71:14 stands in sharp contrast to 1 En.69:29, when Enoch is named as the Son of Man.
“The last reference in 1 En.71:14 stands in sharp contrast to 1 En.69:29, when Enoch is named as the Son of Man”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Findingnone given§ Messianic Terms in the SimilitudesA central element of the Enochic framework of the world is the problem of evil and sin.
“A central element of the Enochic framework of the world is the problem of evil and sin.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Findingnone given§ Messianic Terms in the SimilitudesOnce enthroned, the Chosen One enacts judgment over all of creation, including the Righteous.
“Once enthroned, the Chosen One enacts judgment over all of creation, including the Righteous.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Findingreasoning§ The Similitudes of Enoch: A Messianic ReinterpretationThis change brings the preamble into alignment with 48:7 instead of chs. 70-71, a later addition in which Enoch is identified as the Son of Man.
“This change brings the preamble into alignment with 48:7 instead of chs.70-71, a later addition in which Enoch is identified as the Son of Man.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites 48:7
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [70]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [71]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
Findingnone given§ Messianic Terms in the SimilitudesThe title Chosen One appears in all three parables, though noticeably absent after chapter 62.
“The title appears in all three parables, though noticeably absent after chapter 62.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Findingnone given§ Conclusion: An Apocalyptic MessiahAmong Early Christian texts, Matthew's narrative is the only text to describe the resurrection of Jesus in eschatological terms (e.g., earthquakes, zombies rising from the dead).
“Among Early Christian texts, Matthew's narrative is the only text to describe the resurrection of Jesus in eschatological terms (e.g., earthquakes, zombies rising from the dead).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Findingnone given§ The Gospels: A Shared NarrativeIn both contexts where the crowds respond in Oratio Recta, Jesus' opponents rejoin with hostility.
“In both contexts, Jesus' opponents rejoin with hostility.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Findingreasoning§ Messianic Terms in the SimilitudesThe messiah in both the AA and SE directly relates to the Chosen Ones, the select righteous.
“The messiah in both the AA and SE directly relates to the Chosen Ones, the select righteous.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Findingcitation§ Messianic Terms in the SimilitudesOnce revealed, the kings and the mighty and their exalted and those who rule the land will fall on their faces in his presence though their pleas will have no effect on him; the Lord of Spirits will deliver the evil beings to the angels for punishment.
“Once revealed, the 'kings and the mighty and their exalted and those who rule the land will fall on their faces in his presence' (1 En. 61:12) though their pleas will have no effect on him (62:7, 9); the Lord of Spirits will deliver the evil beings to the angels for punishment.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Findingnone given§ The Gospels: A Shared NarrativeThe crowd in Matthew is never named except by a general regional designation.
“The crowd is never named except by a general regional designation.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Findingnone given§ Messianic Terms in the SimilitudesWalda be'si occurs four times in parable 3 and once in the concluding chapter.
“Walda be'si occurs four times in parable 3 and once in the concluding chapter”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Findingcitation§ Dream VisionsThe timing of the vision appears just as important as its content: Enoch reports that the first vision happened when he was learning to write and the second before he took a wife (83:3).
“The timing of the vision appears just as important as its content: Enoch reports that the first vision happened when he was learning to write and the second before he took wife (83:3).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites 83:3
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Findingnone given§ The Gospels: A Shared NarrativeMatthew's crowds frequently pose questions to Jesus about the nature of discipleship.
“Matthew's crowds frequently pose questions to Jesus about the nature of discipleship.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Findingnone given§ Similitudes and Isaiah: A Literary Relationship?The messiah enforces the Torah upon all of creation, including non-Jews.
“The messiah enforces the Torah upon all of creation, including non-Jews.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Findingnone given§ The Gospels: A Shared NarrativeThe crowds in Matthew do not all respond positively; they are also a central force behind Jesus' crucifixion (Matthew 27:25).
“The crowds, however, do not all respond positively; they are also a central force behind Jesus' crucifixion (Matt 27:25).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Findingreasoning§ The Similitudes of Enoch: A Messianic ReinterpretationPlacing the kings and mighty within the eschatological judgment of 1 Enoch destines them for destruction and the installation of new leadership.
“Placing the kings and mighty within the eschatological judgment of 1 Enoch destines them for destruction and the installation of new leadership.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Findingown data§ Messianic Terms in the SimilitudesThe Chosen One will rule over creation after the eschaton.
“and rule over creation after the eschaton”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Findingcitation§ Dream VisionsThe remaining portion of creation fears the white bull and makes a petition to it (90:37), in language normally, though not exclusively, reserved to entreat YHWH (Dan 6:8).
“Lastly, the remaining portion of creation fears the white bull and makes a petition to it (90:37), in language normally, though not exclusively, reserved to entreat YHWH (Dan 6:8).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites 90:37
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Dan 6:8
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Findingnone given§ Messianic Terms in the SimilitudesThe epithet Chosen One is most commonly used as an abstract noun to describe the messianic figure.
“the epithet Chosen One (x/ḥeruy) is most commonly used as an abstract noun to describe the messianic figure.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
Interpretationreasoning§ Discourse as Social PowerMessianism is more appropriately defined as a discourse, which shifts attention away from the often-stilted hierarchical system of systems associated with the meaning of specific words.
“Although Novenson utilizes the term 'grammar' to describe a means of categorization, messianism is more appropriately defined as a discourse, which shifts attention away from the often-stilted hierarchical system of systems associated with the meaning of specific words.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Premisereasoning§ Bourdieu claims:Only the powerful can access and wield this capital.
“Only the powerful can access and wield this capital.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
Premisenone given§ Bourdieu claims:Economic assets cannot be separated from social and cultural capital: without social and cultural capital, individuals have little chance of access or ability to obtain and keep assets; neither does elevation of social capital exist without economic or cultural capital.
“These assets are purely physical in nature, but cannot be separated from the other two forms of capital: without social and cultural capital, individuals have little chance of access or ability to obtain and keep assets; neither does elevation of social capital exist without economic or cultural capital.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationnone given§ Messianic DiscourseIn each of these texts, the messiah is associated with the protagonists or righteous group, and speaks and acts over and against the antagonists, those the authors depict as evil.
“In each of these texts, the messiah is associated with the protagonists or righteous group, and speaks and acts over and against the antagonists, those the authors depict as evil.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationnone given§ Messianic DiscourseThe evidence of messianism is better understood as a linguistic phenomenon utilized to define group dynamics.
“I suggest that the evidence of messianism is better understood as a linguistic phenomenon utilized to define group dynamics.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Premisenone given§ Messianic DiscourseThe hope for the restoration of the Davidic Kingdom in 2 Samuel 7 expected God to intervene within human history to displace those who have wrongly supplanted the people of God and place a Davidic heir upon the throne of Israel.
“The hope for the restoration of the Davidic Kingdom in 2 Samuel 7 expected God to intervene within human history to displace those who have wrongly supplanted the people of God and place a Davidic heir upon the throne of Israel.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim.
Premisecitation§ Discourse as Social PowerAll content of communication reflects a collective ideology.
“Bourdieu hypothesizes that all content of communication reflects a collective ideology.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Bourdieu
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
Premisereasoning§ Discourse as Social PowerLanguage serves as the key component in this expression and collection of social power.
“Language serves as the key component in this expression and collection of social power.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Premisereasoning§ Discourse as Social PowerWhen communication commences between a speaker and receiver, both parties perform according to their habitus.
“When communication commences between a speaker and receiver, both parties perform according to their habitus.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationreasoning§ Messianic DiscourseBourdieu's methodology highlights the sociopolitical aspects of that language.
“Bourdieu's methodology highlights the sociopolitical aspects of that language.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationnone given§ Messianic DiscourseEarly in the Second Temple period, authors utilize the images of the Davidic heir and the Son of Man to critique those who abuse power outside of the Jews.
“Early in the Second Temple period, authors utilize, for example, the images of the Davidic heir and the Son of Man to critique those who abuse power outside of the Jews.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Premisenone given§ External MethodologyThe third approach organizes the textual material through criteria or method that emphasize external considerations.
“The third approach organizes the textual material through an criteria or method that emphasize external considerations.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim.
Premisecitation§ Grammar of Messianism.All subsequent messiah language inherits the twin ideological poles of ancestry and merit, rightful succession and divine inspiration.
“Novenson believes that following the legend of David, “all subsequent messiah language inherits the twin ideological poles of ancestry and merit, rightful succession and divine inspiration.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Novenson, Grammar of Messianism, 112
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim.
Interpretationreasoning§ Chapter 1: IntroductionFraming ethnicity in this manner makes ethnicity a moral judgment.
“Framing ethnicity in this manner makes ethnicity a moral judgment.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Premisereasoning§ Discourse as Social PowerSocial networks are the product of long-term investment strategies.
“These networks are the product of long-term investment strategies.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationreasoning§ Messianic DiscourseIf we reconceive of messianism within Bourdieu's understanding of symbolic power, the earliest manifestations of messianism appear as a minor element within the cultural and social capital of competing ancient Jewish groups.
“If we reconceive of messianism within Bourdieu's understanding of symbolic power, the earliest manifestations of messianism appear as a minor element within the cultural and social capital of competing ancient Jewish groups.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Premisecitation§ Discourse as Social PowerHabitus is acquired through imitation of actions and representation of the ideals of institutions.
“For Bourdieu, habitus is acquired through imitation of actions and representation of the ideals of institutions.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Bourdieu
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
It may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationnone given§ History of IdeasThe early History of Ideas approach assumed a 'salvation history' in which all people hoped for a messiah, which the evidence does not support.
“The early History of Ideas approach was of great benefit for its recognition of sources that reference messiahs, but assumed a 'salvation history' in which all people hoped for a messiah, which the evidence does not support.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Premisenone given§ Advantages of this ApproachCoins, for example, depict the success of rulers.
“Coins, for example, depict the success of rulers.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationreasoning§ Messianic DiscourseThis use of messianism across several texts of different genres suggests that this was a static symbol of power, which is not limited to the genre of apocalyptic.
“This use of messianism across several texts of different genres suggests that this was a static symbol of power, which is not limited to the genre of apocalyptic.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationreasoning§ Advantages of this ApproachWe might infer from this that the figure hoped to produce similar (or better) results.
“We might infer from this that the figure hoped to produce similar (or better) results.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationnone given§ Messianic DiscourseThese two expressions represent a long literary and social development.
“These two expressions represent a long literary and social development;”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Premisecitation§ Discourse as Social PowerA field is an instrument for knowing and constructing the world of objects.
“A field is an instrument “for knowing and constructing the world of objects.”62”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Bourdieu, Outline of a Theory of Practice, 164
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
Premisecitation§ External MethodologyThe principal goal of these movements was to overthrow Herodian and Roman domination and to restore the traditional ideals of a free and egalitarian society.
““The principal goal of these movements was to overthrow Herodian and Roman domination and to restore the traditional ideals of a free and egalitarian society.”45”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Horsley, Bandits, Prophets, and Messiahs, 116
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Premisereasoning§ Discourse as Social PowerA declared utterance will fail if the speaker does not have the authority to make such a declaration.
“A declared utterance will fail if the speaker does not have the authority to make such a declaration.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim.
Premisecitation§ Grammar of Messianism.Authors are engaging in a language game that negotiates a common set of social realities by using a common set of scriptural source texts to solve a common set of interpretive puzzles.
“In relation to messianism, authors are engaging in a “language game,” that negotiates “a common set of social realities by using a common set of scriptural source texts to solve a common set of interpretive puzzles.”49”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Novenson, Grammar of Messianism, 12
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim.
Interpretationreasoning§ Messianic DiscourseBoth expressions make a number of assumptions concerning the rights and ownership of land, financial and cultural resources, military strength, and social positionality of those relating to the God of Israel.
“both expressions make a number of assumptions concerning the rights and ownership of land, financial and cultural resources, military strength, and social positionality of those relating to the God of Israel.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Premisecitation§ Discourse as Social PowerCultural capital is class oriented.
“Thus, it is class oriented.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Bourdieu, The Forms of Capital
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationreasoning§ Messianic DiscourseThe teleological purposes of these manifestations appear diametrically opposed, yet claim a similar relation to the God of Israel.
“The teleological purposes of these manifestations appear diametrically opposed, yet claim a similar relation to the God of Israel.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
Premisecitation§ Discourse as Social PowerA purely philological approach to messianism falls within the science of language, rather than the social science of language.
“However, a purely philological approach to messianism falls within the science of language, rather than the social science of language.54”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [54]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Premisecitation§ External MethodologyThis social antagonism was intrinsic to the Israel-Jewish identity.
“According to Horsley, this social antagonism was intrinsic to the Israel-Jewish identity.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Horsley, Bandits, Prophets, and Messiahs
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
It may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationreasoning§ Overview of ProjectThe conception of the messiah is invoked within Isaiah to resolve the problem of evil and, in so doing, redefines the post-exilic communal boundaries.
“I show that the conception of the messiah is invoked within Isaiah to resolve the problem of evil and, in so doing, redefines the post-exilic, communal boundaries.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim.
Premisecitation§ Grammar of Messianism.The grammar of messianism is the rule that guides and limits the discursive possibilities of messiah figures.
“For Novenson, the 'grammar of messianism' is the rule that guides and limits the discursive possibilities of messiah figures.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Novenson, Grammar of Messianism
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationnone given§ Chapter 1: IntroductionJewish messianic discourse contains at least three elements: statements about a messiah, evil or sin, and a specific social context.
“Second, Jewish messianic discourse contains (at least) three elements: statements about a messiah, evil or sin, and a specific social context.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: All texts are social occurrences.
Probably not a substantial claim.
Premisecitation§ Discourse as Social PowerSymbolic systems fulfill their political function as instruments which help to ensure that one class dominates another (symbolic violence) by bringing their own distinctive power to bear on the relations of power which underlie them and thus by contributing to the domestication of the dominated.
“It is as structured and structuring instruments of communication and knowledge that 'symbolic systems' fulfill their political function, as instruments which help to ensure that one class dominates another (symbolic violence) by bringing their own distinctive power to bear on the relations of power which underlie them and thus by contributing…to the 'domestication of the dominated.'61”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Bourdieu, Outline of a Theory of Practice, 167
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Premisenone given§ Discourse as Social PowerLanguage is never acontextual or asocial.
“Language is never acontextual or asocial.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Premisecitation§ Discourse as Social PowerCultural capital is a nonmaterial form of social influence or privilege.
“Bourdieu defines cultural capital as a nonmaterial form of social influence or privilege.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Bourdieu, The Forms of Capital
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationnone given§ Advantages of this ApproachObjects, like texts, are participants within socioreligious and sociopolitical developments.
“Objects, like texts, are participants within socioreligious and sociopolitical developments.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationnone given§ Advantages of this ApproachStudying messiah figures from a confined time frame both illuminates the diversity of Jewish messianism and resists the homogenizing effect of previous studies.
“Studying messiah figures from a confined time frame both illuminates the diversity of Jewish messianism and resists the homogenizing effect of previous studies.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationnone given§ Discourse as Social PowerRecognizing messianism as a coherent language that touches upon ideological poles helps to further explain its repeated use.
“Recognizing 'messianism' as a coherent 'language' that touches upon ideological poles helps to further explain its repeated use.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationnone given§ Chapter 1: IntroductionEvery messianic claim addresses a social reality.
“First, every messianic claim addresses a social reality.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: All texts are social occurrences.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Premisenone given§ Discourse as Social PowerThe efficacy of the language is based upon the speaker's position to the authorizing institution.
“The efficacy of the language is based upon the speaker's position to the authorizing institution.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Premisecitation§ Bourdieu claims:The unifying factor and tool of disbursement of capital is language.
“For Bourdieu, the unifying factor and tool of disbursement of capital is language -that is, written or spoken, in descriptive or performative manner -for it represents a symbolic system.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Bourdieu
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationnone given§ Advantages of this ApproachThe dexterity of this approach is that it builds upon the knowledge of previous approaches while synthesizing texts from a sociolinguistics perspective.
“The dexterity of this approach is that it builds upon the knowledge of previous approaches while synthesizing texts from a sociolinguistics perspective.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationreasoning§ Direction of Previous StudiesThe three approaches are both concentric and diachronic: concentric in that the initial concerns of language, ideology, and social location limit the field of inquiry; diachronic, in that every approach acknowledges in some sense the longevity of the concept of the messiah.
“The three approaches are both concentric and diachronic: concentric in that the initial concerns of language, ideology, and social location limit the field of inquiry; diachronic, in that every approach acknowledges in some sense the longevity of the concept of the messiah.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
Premisenone given§ Overview of ProjectThe four test cases all stem from Jewish traditions and invoke the messiah within conflict (social, ethnic, and/or political).
“These test cases all stem from Jewish traditions and invoke the messiah within conflict (e.g., social, ethnic, and political).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationnone given§ Messianic DiscourseBelief in messianism was not ubiquitous in the Second Temple period.
“This is not to claim that belief in messianism was ubiquitous in the Second Temple period”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Premisenone given§ Direction of Previous StudiesThe messiah cannot be separated from its eschatological framework.
“The messiah cannot be separated from its eschatological framework.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationreasoning§ Advantages of this ApproachThis assumption locates the origin of messianism within the upper-class institutions.
“This assumption locates the origin of messianism within the upper-class institutions.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: The earliest textual evidence of messianism stems from the upper class.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Premisenone given§ Discourse as Social PowerInstitutions are collective groups within the respective fields, bound together through mutual interests.
“Institutions are defined as collective groups within the respective fields, bound together through mutual interests.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationreasoning§ Chapter 1: IntroductionBy analyzing the constellation relating to messianism, we find a similar linguistic pattern, a mythologizing of the local social context, that ancient authors and readers alike understood.
“I postulate that by analyzing the constellation relating to messianism -the messiah, the problem in the community, how the proposed 'outsiders' are depicting in relation to that problem -we find a similar linguistic pattern, a mythologizing of the local social context, that ancient authors and readers alike understood.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationnone given§ Messianic TypologiesA study of typology relies upon similar criteria as the History of Ideas approach: it is assumed that there existed a clear relationship between texts or collection of texts.
“Furthermore, a study of typology relies upon similar criteria as the History of Ideas approach: it is assumed that there existed a clear relationship between texts or collection of texts.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationnone given§ Messianic TypologiesMessianic types represent abstractions.
“Messianic types, just like other typologies, represent abstractions.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Premisecitation§ External MethodologyThroughout the whole Hellenizing reform, Antiochean persecution, and Maccabean revolt, there is no evidence of a revival of royal messianic hopes.
““It is striking,” Horsley claims, “that throughout the whole Hellenizing reform, Antiochean persecution, and Maccabean revolt, there is no evidence of a revival of royal messianic hopes.”43”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Horsley, Bandits, Prophets, and Messiahs, 101
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim.
Premisecitation§ Discourse as Social PowerCommunication is the metaphorical space in which the powerful claim and express their social dominance.
“Communication, for Bourdieu, is the metaphorical space in which the powerful claim and express their social dominance.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Bourdieu
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Premisecitation§ External MethodologyUpon return from Exile, Jews hoped for restoration of the Golden Age of Israel.
“but upon return from Exile, Jews hoped for restoration of the Golden Age of Israel.37”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Graetz, History of the Jews
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Premisecitation§ Discourse as Social PowerThe powerful have a dominant position to use communication as an instrument of knowledge and expression of social reality, a non-arbitrary organization of the world.
“This highlights that the powerful have a dominant position to use communication as an instrument of “knowledge and expression of social reality,” a non-arbitrary organization of the world.60”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Bourdieu, Outline of a Theory of Practice, 168
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Premisecitation§ Discourse as Social PowerSocial capital is the advantage of relationships, including family and social networks, that is institutionalized in the form of social mobility.
“Social capital is the advantage of relationships, including family and social networks, that is institutionalized in the form of social mobility.71”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Bourdieu, The Forms of Capital, 242
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationreasoning§ Messianic DiscourseThe longevity and effect of Jewish messianism is a byproduct of textualization.
“In this way, the longevity and effect of Jewish messianism is a byproduct of textualization.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationnone given§ Advantages of this ApproachOne messianic claimant builds upon the work, teachings, and influence of previous claimants.
“One messianic claimant builds upon the work, teachings, and influence of previous claimants.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Premisereasoning§ Discourse as Social PowerWhen a speaker communicates, the communication is filtered through the speaker's network of relationships.
“When a speaker communicates, the communication is filtered through the speaker's network of relationships.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationnone given§ Advantages of this ApproachRemoving the limitations of previous studies brings greater appreciation for the diversity of messiah figures and ancient religious traditions.
“Removing the limitations of previous studies brings greater appreciation for the diversity of messiah figures and ancient religious traditions.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Premisecitation§ Messianic TypologiesThe three messianic roles rarely appear in pure form; a combination of two types is more frequent.
“While the three roles rarely appear in pure form (e.g., 1QSb V, 20-29; 4Q174, frag. 1, 10-13; 4Q521 frag.2, II, 4-15; 11Q13 II, 14b-19), a combination of two types is more frequent (e.g., 4Q161 frag.8, 18-21; Zech 4; 6:13; Test.Simon 7:2; Test.Judah 21:1-2; Jubilees 31).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationreasoning§ Discourse as Social PowerNovenson's inductive approach does not go far enough to position messianism in relation to social linguistic studies in order to appreciate the depth of messianism as a linguistic phenomenon.
“While extremely helpful, Novenson's inductive approach does not go far enough to position messianism in relation to social linguistic studies in order to appreciate the depth of messianism as a linguistic phenomenon.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
Interpretationreasoning§ Messianic DiscourseAuthors returned to this language suggests there was a recognition that they were successful in claiming social, cultural, and economic capital.
“that authors returned to this language suggests to me that there was a recognition that they were successful in claiming social, cultural, and economic capital:”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationcitation§ External MethodologyMessianism was a regular method of criticism, a system by which individuals claimed over and over again the right to lead.
“In this sense, messianism was a regular method of criticism, a system by which individuals claimed over and over again the right to lead.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationreasoning§ External MethodologyWhen one messiah fails, another will arise and complete the script.
“When one messiah fails, another will arise and complete the script.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationreasoning§ AbstractThe practical authority of messiah figures is manifest in their literary and social context.
“However, it is the literary and social context, or the words that surround them, where their practical authority is manifest.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Premisenone given§ Discourse as Social PowerOvert or subtle expressions of power in language represent the symbolic overtures of the social, cultural, and economic capital or power of an institution.
“Overt or subtle expressions of power in language represent the symbolic overtures of the social, cultural, and economic capital or power of an institution.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationreasoning§ Messianic DiscourseBuilding upon these disparate images, the Gospel authors combine characteristics of both literary figures to address those within the community.
“Building upon these disparate images, the Gospel authors combine characteristics of both literary figures to address those within the community.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationreasoning§ Overview of ProjectThe four test cases are connected in their approach to messianism.
“these four test cases are connected in their approach to messianism.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationnone given§ Messianic DiscourseWhere 2 Sam 7 imagines a removal of the antagonists and the restoration of God's people to the land, Dan 7 describes the destruction and recreation of all of existence.
“Where 2 Sam 7 imagines a removal of the antagonists and the restoration of God's people to the land, Dan 7 describes the destruction and recreation of all of existence.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationnone given§ Direction of Previous StudiesKlausner and Mowinkle are limited by their teleological focus upon the messiah as an agent of transformation.
“Klausner and Mowinkle are limited by their teleological focus upon the messiah as an agent of transformation.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationnone given§ Advantages of this ApproachFor Josephus, Ἰουδαῖος is bonded with the land, but his Roman audience frames their identity in relation to conquest of land.
“For Josephus, Ἰουδαῖος is bonded with the land, but his Roman audience frames their identity in relation to conquest of land.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationnone given§ Advantages of this ApproachBy utilizing an explicit methodology that focuses upon the sociohistorical function of messianism, this approach permits me to study not only the location of its occurrences in texts, but the perceived social ramifications of its use.
“By utilizing an explicit methodology that focuses upon the sociohistorical function of messianism, this approach permits me to study not only the location of its occurrences in texts, but the perceived social ramifications of its use.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Premisecitation§ Discourse as Social PowerHabitus is a force that both frees and constrains based on the norms and values of the respective institutions that exert force upon the individual.
“Habitus is a force that both frees and constrains based on the norms and values of the respective institutions that exert force upon the individual.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Bourdieu
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
Premisenone given§ Advantages of this ApproachThe Hasmonean leaders stamped small copper coins (prutah) with images on the verso and a Hebrew inscription with the leaders' names listed on the recto.
“The Hasmonean leaders stamped small copper coins (prutah) with images on the verso and a Hebrew inscription with the leaders' names listed on the recto.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Interpretationcitation§ Advantages of this ApproachThis description reinforces that as an abstract noun, ethnicity is a fluid concept defined by its context.
“This description reinforces that as an abstract noun, ethnicity is a fluid concept defined by its context.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Premisenone given§ Messianic DiscourseThe Son of Man in Daniel 7 presumes God will intervene within human history to pass judgment upon those who have wrongly supplanted the people of God.
“Likewise, the Son of Man in Daniel 7 presumes God will intervene within human history to pass judgment upon those who have wrongly supplanted the people of God.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
Interpretationreasoning§ Definitions of MessiahThe maximalist approach is necessary to understanding the linguistic function of messianism.
“However, the diversity of evidence indicates the maximalist approach is necessary to understanding the linguistic function of messianism.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The evidence is historically limited to texts.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationnone given§ Advantages of this ApproachFrom the perspective of anthropology, the study of messianic discourse reveals the function of language within sociopolitical tensions.
“From the perspective of anthropology, the study of messianic discourse reveals the function of language within sociopolitical tensions.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationnone given§ AbstractSome authors recognized the power of words and myth and employed them to shape the ethnic, social, and political boundaries of their respective communities.
“The following project proposes that some authors recognized the power of words and myth, and employed them to shape the ethnic, social, and political boundaries of their respective communities.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Religion, politics, and culture are inextricably intertwined.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationreasoning§ Advantages of this ApproachThe claimant may apply the same symbolic language as a previous claimant, yet his or her context is different.
“The claimant may apply the same symbolic language as a previous claimant, yet his or her context is different.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Interpretationreasoning§ Definitions of MessiahThe minimalist position indirectly funnels the study of messianism through a single term with a complex meaning within early Christianity.
“Likewise, while the minimalist position highlights how people might have understood the term in Second Temple Judaism, it indirectly funnels the study of messianism through a single term with a complex meaning within early Christianity.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim.
Premisecitation§ Discourse as Social PowerRelations of communication are always, inseparable, power relations which, in form and content, depend on the material or symbolic power accumulated by the agents (or institutions) involved.
“Bourdieu claims, …it is not enough to note that relations of communication are always, inseparable, power relations which, in form and content, depend on the material or symbolic power accumulated by the agents (or institutions) involved in these relations and which, like the gift or the potlatch, can enable symbolic power to be accumulated.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Bourdieu, Outline of a Theory of Practice, 167
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Premisecitation§ Discourse as Social PowerHabitus describes ingrained thought, traditions, and conditioned dispositions within a person.
“Although he employs the concept in several competing manners, the term habitus describes ingrained thought, traditions, and conditioned dispositions within a person.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Bourdieu
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationnone given§ Messianic DiscourseClaiming to be a messiah, or a claim of relationship to a messiah, imputed authority upon specific agents to reimagine and reorganize the world.
“Claiming to be a messiah, or a claim of relationship to a messiah, imputed authority upon specific agents to reimagine and reorganize the world.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationnone given§ Overview of ProjectUsing the trope of the messiah, the author(s) of Isaiah attacks how some priests used their position to gain economic capital.
“Using the trope of the messiah, the author(s) attacks how some priests used their position to gain economic capital.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: What is viewed as economic capital in modern times may be better categorized as social capital in the ancient world.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationnone given§ Messianic DiscourseThose who claimed to be the messiah asserted that their closeness to God gave them knowledge and power to pass judgment on all aspects of life.
“Thus, a central claim of this project is that those who claimed to be the messiah asserted that their closeness to God gave them knowledge and power to pass judgment on all aspects of life.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationreasoning§ Advantages of this ApproachThe study of messianic discourse can help us better understand the duration and effect of symbolic language, and the nature of messiahs, if they or their followers deploy a specific form of messianism.
“The study of messianic discourse can help us better understand the duration and effect of symbolic language, and the nature of messiahs, if they or their followers deploy a specific form of messianism.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
Interpretationcitation§ Discourse as Social PowerThe presence of evidence relating to messianism defines the social field.
“The presence of evidence relating to messianism defines the social field.53”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [53]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Premisenone given§ Messianic DiscourseBourdieu's approach emphasizes that a medium is not linked to ideology but function.
“Bourdieu's approach emphasizes that a medium is not linked to ideology but function.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Premisecitation§ Advantages of this ApproachMessianism, as Novenson points out, has a long history of research with no new evidence.
“Messianism, as Novenson points out, has a long history of research with no new evidence.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Novenson
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
Premisenone given§ Advantages of this ApproachThe images, such as a palm branch, lily, and anchor, exemplified local symbols, while other symbols, such as a wreath, sun dial, and cornucopia are likely adaptations from Greek culture.
“The images, such as a palm branch, lily, and anchor, exemplified local symbols, while other symbols, such as a wreath, sun dial, and cornucopia are likely adaptations from Greek culture.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Premisecitation§ External MethodologyThe hope for political and spiritual redemption was not always connected with the idea of a personal messiah.
“The hope for “political and spiritual redemption was not always connected with the idea of a personal messiah,” 36”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Klausner, The Messianic Idea, 14
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationreasoning§ Messianic DiscourseThe unifying function of this discourse is in its deployment within ethnic conflict.
“The unifying function of this discourse is in its deployment within ethnic conflict.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationnone given§ Advantages of this ApproachIn the examples explored in this project, the messiah defines who is or is not a part of the 'Jews,' the 'Judeans,' and 'Judah.'
“This is an important distinction in relation to messianism because in the examples explored in this project, the messiah defines who is or is not a part of the 'Jews,' the 'Judeans,' and 'Judah.'”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: In the ancient world, collective solidarity was based in ethnicity, politics, and religion.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationreasoning§ Messianic DiscourseReferences to the messiah in these two sources indicate in its earliest form, originators deployed messianic discourse to shift cultural capital against economic abuses and those who possessed it.
“References to the messiah in these two sources indicate in its earliest form, originators deployed messianic discourse to shift cultural capital against economic abuses and those who possessed it.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationreasoning§ Messianic DiscourseThe true members of the community follow the direction and teachings of the messiah, while those who do not follow the messiah will suffer consequences.
“the true members of the community follow the direction and teachings of the messiah, while those who do not follow the messiah will suffer consequences.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationnone given§ Advantages of this ApproachAs a form of currency, which all citizens are required to use, the image, words, and potential social contexts associated with coins combine to make a unifying theme that celebrates the respective ruler's ability to symbolically provide (cornucopia) or to bring about peace (palm branch).
“As a form of currency, which all citizens are required to use, the image, words, and potential social contexts associated with coins combine to make a unifying theme that celebrates the respective ruler's ability to symbolically provide (cornucopia) or to bring about peace (palm branch).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationnone given§ Overview of ProjectFor Isaiah, and especially Third Isaiah, the Davidic heirs are reinterpreted in two ways: as a means of moving away from the focus upon David and as a greater focus upon reformed community identity markers.
“However, for Isaiah, and especially Third Isaiah, the Davidic heirs are reinterpreted in two ways: (1) as a means of moving away from the focus upon David and (2) a greater focus upon reformed community identity markers.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Premisenone given§ Discourse as Social PowerFraming messianism primarily within the terms of language rather than in terms of religion broadly or corpus is frequently overlooked.
“Framing messianism primarily within the terms of language rather than in terms of religion broadly or corpus is frequently overlooked.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationreasoning§ Messianic DiscourseBourdieu's deductive understanding of language as symbolic power is a more useful methodology by which to analyze messianism than the language of grammar.
“Bourdieu's deductive understanding of language as symbolic power is a more useful methodology by which to analyze messianism than the language of “grammar.””
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
Premisecitation§ Discourse as Social PowerA field represents a structuring power only because they themselves are structured, creating a means of social integration and ideological consensus.
“A field “represents a structuring power only because they themselves are structured,” creating a means of social integration and ideological consensus.63”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Bourdieu, Outline of a Theory of Practice, 166
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Premisecitation§ External MethodologyThe primary conflict in Jewish Palestine was between the rich, Jewish elite and Romans, on the one hand, and the Jewish peasantry on the other.
“Horsley carefully marshals evidence from the Hebrew Bible, Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha, New Testament, Josephus and others to show that the primary conflict in Jewish Palestine was between the rich, Jewish elite and Romans, on the one hand, and the Jewish peasantry on the other.40”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Horsley, Bandits, Prophets, and Messiahs, 245
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Premisecitation§ External MethodologyComparative studies identify at least four common methodological approaches to the study of messianism.
“Comparative studies, such as that from Moshe Idel, identify at least four common methodological approaches to the study of messianism:”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Moshe Idel
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Premisecitation§ External MethodologyThe power of the movement and the authority of the leader is based upon the individual's ability to rally people.
“The power of the movement and, as a result, the authority of the leader, is based upon the individual's ability to rally people.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationreasoning§ Advantages of this ApproachMessianic discourse will provide another approach by which we might study ancient and modern sects who utilize different forms of capital (power) to shape sociopolitical and socioreligious relationships.
“Messianic discourse will provide another approach by which we might study ancient and modern sects who utilize different forms of capital (power) to shape sociopolitical and socioreligious relationships.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationnone given§ Messianic DiscourseThe argumentative affect of the narratives draws the recipients into a tighter social and political bond in the author's community.
“The argumentative affect of the narratives draws the recipients into a tighter social and political bond in the author's community.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim.
Premisecitation§ External MethodologyMessianism, according to Horsley, was a form of resistance against foreign overseers.
“Messianism, according to Horsley, was a form of resistance against foreign overseers.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Horsley, Bandits, Prophets, and Messiahs
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Premisereasoning§ Bourdieu claims:When these communications are summed, they represent symbolic systems that express power toward the securing of capital.
“When these communications are summed, they represent symbolic systems that express power toward the securing of capital.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationreasoning§ Chapter 1: IntroductionReferences to a messiah establish an interior ideological boundary for the author's community.
“In this way, the references to a messiah establish an interior ideological boundary for the author's community.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Interpretationreasoning§ Advantages of this ApproachThe fourth advantage of this approach is that the isolation of evidence representing key messianic figures is illuminating for both the fields of history and anthropology.
“The fourth advantage of this approach is that the isolation of evidence representing key messianic figures is illuminating for both the fields of history and anthropology.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Premisecitation§ Discourse as Social PowerCultural capital manifests among people in three states: embodied, objectified, and institutionalized.
“Bourdieu claims it manifests among people in three states: an embodied state, within one's own habitus; an objectified state, in the form of cultural objects (e.g., pictures, books, instruments); and the institutionalized state, within cultural entities.70”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Bourdieu, The Forms of Capital, 243
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationreasoning§ Advantages of this ApproachText and non-textual material alike are equal participants within messianic discourse.
“Text and non-textual material alike are equal participants within messianic discourse.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
Premisereasoning§ Bourdieu claims:At the discourse level, communication is inherently diachronic and confrontational.
“At the discourse level, communication is inherently diachronic and confrontational, because a speaker builds upon inherited forms of communication, which places the speaker in a specific context of institutions and the respective fields in which those institutions operate; and confrontational, in that the speaker must decide how to respond.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
Interpretationreasoning§ Chapter 1: IntroductionThe concept of messianism might only be fully understood within its social and literary context.
“I argue that the concept of messianism might only be fully understood within its social and literary context.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Premisecitation§ Discourse as Social PowerSocial capital is based primarily upon immaterial and expressed symbolic exchanges.
“While objects might represent these relationships, social capital is based primarily upon immaterial and expressed symbolic exchanges.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Bourdieu, The Forms of Capital
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Premisecitation§ Discourse as Social PowerCultural capital permits special rights, advantages, or immunity to an individual.
“This privilege permits special rights, advantages, or immunity to an individual.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Bourdieu, The Forms of Capital
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationnone given§ Advantages of this ApproachThe second advantage of Bourdieu's approach is that it permits the use of non-textual data to complement textual data.
“The second advantage of Bourdieu's approach is that it permits the use of non-textual data to complement textual data.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Interpretationreasoning§ Messianic TypologiesXeravits' study is not precise enough to address how typologies relate to the historicity of the text beyond apocalypticism.
“Xeravits' study is not precise enough to address how typologies relate to the historicity of the text beyond apocalypticism.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
Interpretationcitation§ Discourse as Social PowerMessianic discourse should be more broadly understood in relation to claims of social power.
“I draw upon Pierre Bourdieu's work as a framework to argue that messianic discourse should be more broadly understood in relation to claims of social power.52”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Premisenone given§ Definitions of MessiahMost scholars now acknowledge that χριστός was adopted as a title within the early Christian movement.
“In addition, most scholars now acknowledge that χριστός was adopted as a title within the early Christian movement.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationnone given§ Messianic DiscourseNot all members of groups who reference a messiah figure in their writings believed everything that was claimed about the messiah.
“or even that all members of groups who reference a messiah figure in their writings believed everything that was claimed about the messiah.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
Interpretationreasoning§ Discourse as Social PowerThis study approaches the ancient literature as the metaphorical space in which some Jews claim authority over and against other Jews.
“Likewise, this study approaches the ancient literature as the metaphorical space in which some Jews claim authority over and against other Jews.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Premisecitation§ Bourdieu claims:Economic capital is assets that are immediately and directly convertible into money and may be institutionalized in the form of property rights.
“The third form is economic capital, or assets that are “immediately and directly convertible into money and may be institutionalized in the form of property rights.”foot_17”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Bourdieu, The Forms of Capital
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
Premisecitation§ Grammar of Messianism.What we call messianism is most basically a way of talking about the world, a set of linguistic resources and constraints inherited from the Jewish scriptures.
“He states, “Although one might not know it from the modern history of research, what we call messianism is most basically a way of talking about the world, a set of linguistic resources -and, equally important, linguistic constraints -inherited from the Jewish scriptures.”47”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Novenson, Grammar of Messianism, 14
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationnone given§ AbstractMessiah figures claimed or were ascribed a position of power by nature of their relationship with YHWH, the god of Israel.
“By nature of their relationship with YHWH, the god of Israel, the messiah figures claimed or were ascribed a position of power.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationreasoning§ Chapter 1: IntroductionThe messiah serves as the ideological gate between the people or behavior the author wishes to emphasize and encourage and those they wish to demoralize or deter.
“The four case studies analyzed below describe the messiah as the ideological gate between the people or behavior that author(s) wishes to emphasize and encourage members to participate in or to demoralize or deter perspective participants from engaging.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Encoded within texts are the establishment of social, ethnic, and religious boundaries.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Premisenone given§ Chapter 1: IntroductionMessianism is not a separate genre of literature or belief system, but an idea or concept.
“Messianism is not a separate genre of literature or belief system, but an idea or concept.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationreasoning§ Overview of ProjectThis mythologizing shifts cultural capital away from the person and memory of Kosiba and buttresses the rule of Jehudah HaNasi, a self-proclaimed Davidic heir and leader after the Second Jewish Revolt.
“This mythologizing shifts cultural capital away from the person and memory of Kosiba and buttresses the rule of Jehudah HaNasi, a self-proclaimed Davidic heir and leader after the Second Jewish Revolt.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Premisenone given§ Isaiah or Isaiahs?: A Multiplicity of VoicesA common thread of approaches to Isaiah is the relationship between the Hebrew and Greek texts.
“A common thread of approaches to Isaiah is the relationship between the Hebrew and Greek texts.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim.
Premisecitation§ Overview of ProjectSome early Second Temple Jewish texts, such as Psalms 2 and 110, 2 Sam 7, Isa 8:23-9:6, are usually understood by scholars to preserve the pre-exilic monarchical ideology of David.
“Some early Second Temple Jewish texts, such as Psalms 2 and 110, 2 Sam 7, Isa 8:23-9:6, are usually understood by scholars to preserve the pre-exilic monarchical ideology of David.86”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [86]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationreasoning§ The Failing of Judah and Jerusalem: Isaiah's Projection of the Past into the PresentIsaiah's own identity within the tradition reflects this projection of the Davidic covenant.
“Isaiah's own identity within the tradition reflects this projection of the Davidic covenant.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Premisecitation§ Scholz, Alexandrinische Uebersetzung, 17.Besides small lacunae at the beginning and the bottom of the manuscript, the manuscript preserves the entire book of Isaiah, formed in 54 columns.
“Besides small lacunae at the beginning and the bottom of the manuscript, the manuscript preserves the entire book of Isaiah, formed in 54 columns”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Edward Y. Kutscher
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationnone given§ The Failing of Judah and Jerusalem: Isaiah's Projection of the Past into the PresentIn PrIsa and DtIsa, messianic discourse functions as a foil to sin related to Judah and Jerusalem.
“In PrIsa and DtIsa, messianic discourse functions as a foil to sin related to Judah and Jerusalem.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Interpretationnone given§ The Failing of Judah and Jerusalem: Isaiah's Projection of the Past into the PresentThe reemphasis of David during the return of the exile calls to mind images of promise and prosperity that those who returned from exile sought to reestablish.
“The reemphasis of David during the return of the exile calls to mind images of promise (Deut 17 and 2 Sam 7) and prosperity that those who returned from exile sought to reestablish.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationreasoning§ Isaiah or Isaiahs?: A Multiplicity of VoicesSuch a presupposition preserves the LXX from significant error.
“Such a presupposition preserves the LXX from significant error.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Premisecitation§ The Problem of Cyrus: A Different Type of MessiahThe term 'anointed' is applied to Saul, David, and Judah.
“The term is applied to Saul (1 Sam 12:3, 5; 24:7, 11; 26:9, 11, 16, 23; 2 Sam 1:16), David (1 Sam 16:6; 2 Sam 19:22; 23:1), and to Judah (1 Sam 2:35).134”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [134]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim.
Interpretationreasoning§ Isaiah 11-12: 'Shout aloud and sing for joy, O royal Zion'The status of these groups plays a central role in qualifying Torah obedience in Trito-Isaiah.
“The status of these groups plays a central role in qualifying Torah obedience in TrIsa.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationnone given§ Overview of ProjectThe Gospel of Matthew escalates the contention between the Pharisees and Jesus to a cosmic level.
“Chapter Four asserts that the Gospel of Matthew escalates the contention between the Pharisees and Jesus to a cosmic level.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationcitation§ The Problem of Cyrus: A Different Type of MessiahCyrus's anointing indicates that the social and political power was successfully transferred to the Persian king.
“Cyrus's anointing indicates that the social and political power was successfully transferred to the Persian king.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationnone given§ The Failing of Judah and Jerusalem: Isaiah's Projection of the Past into the PresentIsaiah deploys messianic discourse as a means to further define central issues.
“I propose that Isaiah deploys messianic discourse as a means to further define these central issues.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Premisereasoning§ Isaiah 11-12: 'Shout aloud and sing for joy, O royal Zion'The 'root' of Jesse implies a descendant of David, but its metaphorical description as root and double usage suggest a formulaic usage.
“That being said, I agree with the consensus that the 'root' ( שׁ ר שׁ ) does indeed imply a descendent of David, but its metaphorical description as root and the double usage should alert us to a formulaic usage.121”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [121]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationreasoning§ The Failing of Judah and Jerusalem: Isaiah's Projection of the Past into the PresentThe ancestral traditions associated with David are solidified and static, but through the projection of the past onto the present, the community affirms its covenantal relationship with YHWH.
“The ancestral traditions associated with David are solidified and static, but through the projection of the past onto the present, the community affirms its covenantal relationship with YHWH.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationown data§ Isaiah 11-12: 'Shout aloud and sing for joy, O royal Zion'The switch between second-person and first-person subjects in Isaiah 12 frames a prescriptive command to praise YHWH for restoring Judah and rhetorically collapses the speaker and the reader.
“However, the switch between second-person ( ְו אָ מ ַ ְר תּ ָ ; ἐρεῖς) and first-person subjects ( א וֹ ְד Ü ; Εὐλογήσω) frame a prescriptive command to praise YHWH for restoring Judah (cf.11:12-14), and rhetorically collapses the speaker and the reader: I/We becomes you, YHWH's salvation of the individual (12:2) is made known among the nations (12:3), signifying that the range of”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [125]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationnone given§ Isaiah 1-2:4: An Accusation of Sin and a Future HopeThe introduction of PtIsa (1-2) serves to contextualize the source of evil within the individual.
“The introduction of PtIsa (1-2) serves to contextualize the source of evil within the individual.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Interpretationreasoning§ Isaiah 11-12: 'Shout aloud and sing for joy, O royal Zion'Isaiah 11:1-5 demonstrate a dissolution of the house of David in ideological terms.
“Isaiah 11:1-5 cannot be accurately historized in any certain terms, but within the larger context vs. 1-5 demonstrate a dissolution of the house of David in ideological terms (1:9 and 22 above; cf.5:1-4).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Interpretationreasoning§ Isaiah 1-2:4: An Accusation of Sin and a Future HopeThe basic form of the admonition in Isaiah 1 indicates the issue is not the act of sacrifice, ceremonies, prayers, or purity, but their misunderstanding and abuse.
“The basic form of the admonition (v. 10, a call to hear; vs. 11-15, admonition; vs. 16-17, instruction) indicates the issue is not the act of sacrifice, ceremonies, prayers, or concerns with purity, but with their misunderstanding and abuse of these acts.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Premisecitation§ Isaiah or Isaiahs?: A Multiplicity of VoicesIt is likely that Greek Isaiah (fifth/fourth century BCE) reflects one of our earliest records of the Isaiah tradition, though the traditions likely originated during the Babylonian exile.
“It is likely that Greek Isaiah (fifth/fourth century BCE) reflects one of our earliest records of the Isaiah tradition, though the traditions likely originated during the Babylonian exile.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [91]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Premisecitation§ The Problem of Cyrus: A Different Type of MessiahThe act of anointing in the ancient world is a process of setting apart, most frequently to assert marriage claims and publicly selecting vassal kings.
“The act of anointing in the ancient world is a process of setting apart, most frequently to assert marriage claims and publicly selecting vassal kings.131”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [131]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationnone given§ The Problem of Cyrus: A Different Type of MessiahThis assumption only stands when viewed from the advantage of historical reflection; those in the past would not have known that Cyrus and his dynasty would be decimated by the Greeks, the Hasmoneans, and then later, the Romans.
“But this assumption only stands when viewed from the advantage of historical reflection -those in the past would not have known that the Cyrus and his dynasty would be decimated by the Greeks, the Hasmoneans, and then later, the Romans.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationreasoning§ Isaiah 1-2:4: An Accusation of Sin and a Future HopeThe messiah is incited to resolve the problem of evil plaguing Judah and Jerusalem, and in so doing, defines who is a part of Judah.
“The central claim of this chapter is that the messiah is incited to resolve the problem of evil plaguing Judah and Jerusalem, and in so doing, defines who is a part of Judah.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationreasoning§ Isaiah 11-12: 'Shout aloud and sing for joy, O royal Zion'Through prophetic vision, Proto-Isaiah's hope for the Davidic messiah is transposed from historical restoration to eschatological fulfillment.
“First, through prophetic vision, PrIsa's hope for the Davidic messiah is transposed from historical restoration to eschatological fulfillment.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationcitation§ The Problem of Cyrus: A Different Type of MessiahDtIsa makes a claim about YHWH and the nature of creation that no other human might claim: YHWH is outside of creation and may adapt creation as YHWH sees fit.
“YHWH is the primary participant and by permitting only YHWH to speak, DtIsa makes claim about YHWH and the nature of creation that no other human might claim -YHWH is outside of creation and may adapt creation as YHWH sees fit.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationnone given§ Isaiah 11-12: 'Shout aloud and sing for joy, O royal Zion'Born a human being among 'the people,' the author elevates this human to the highest position.
“Born a human being among 'the people,' the author elevates this human to the highest position.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Interpretationreasoning§ Isaiah 11-12: 'Shout aloud and sing for joy, O royal Zion'The Greek change in Isaiah 14:2 projects the assumption that Israel's plight and YHWH's machination is foreseen.
“This projects the assumption that Israel's plight and YHWH's machination is foreseen.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationnone given§ Isaiah 11-12: 'Shout aloud and sing for joy, O royal Zion'This agent will sustain Israel with justice and righteousness.
“This agent will sustain Israel with justice and righteousness (cf., Isa 56:1).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationreasoning§ Isaiah 11-12: 'Shout aloud and sing for joy, O royal Zion'In contrast to Isaiah 11, it is not the Davidic heir that leads Jacob into growth and peace.
“In contrast to Isaiah 11, it is not the Davidic heir that leads Jacob into growth and peace.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationreasoning§ Isaiah 1-2:4: An Accusation of Sin and a Future HopeThe author of 1:10 is re-narrating the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah as a motif relating to the lack of Torah observance.
“This additional reference suggests the author of 1:10 is re-narrating the destruction of the locales as a motif relating to the lack of Torah observance.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationnone given§ Isaiah 11-12: 'Shout aloud and sing for joy, O royal Zion'The messiah is tied with a specific understanding of Torah that places at the foreground human error.
“The messiah is tied with a specific understanding of Torah that places at the foreground human error.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationreasoning§ Overview of ProjectIsa 11:10 clearly projects the hope for the future glorification of David through the 'root' of Jesse, which reapplies the language of David to a group suffering the consequence of sin (1:4).
“In this sense, Isa 11:10 clearly projects the hope for the future glorification of David through the 'root' of Jesse, which reapplies the language of David to a group suffering the consequence of sin (1:4).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationnone given§ Overview of ProjectMatthew's Jesus repeatedly redefines social and economic capital to shift cultural capital.
“Matthew's Jesus repeated redefines social and economic capital to shift cultural capital.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationnone given§ Overview of ProjectThe tradition of Isaiah exemplifies how the expansion of the hope for the Davidic messiah through translation and localization in a specific community adapted messianism as a strategy to adjust Jewish identity markers.
“The tradition of Isaiah exemplifies how the expansion of the hope for the Davidic messiah through translation and localization in a specific community adapted messianism as a strategy to adjust Jewish identity markers.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The texts of the early Second Temple period preserve a tradition that promises the heirs of David will forever rule Israel.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Interpretationreasoning§ Isaiah 1-2:4: An Accusation of Sin and a Future HopeFramed with the introduction of chapter one, those visions primarily address the issue of sin and its future resolution.
“Framed with the introduction of chapter one, those visions primarily address the issue of sin and its future resolution.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim.
Premisecitation§ The Problem of Cyrus: A Different Type of MessiahKlaus Baltzer argues that when understood within a larger context, the claim of a newly anointed figure outside of the Davidic lineage indicates a greater rhetorical goal to displace David as the heir of divine promise.
“Klaus Baltzer argues that when understood within a larger context, the claim of a newly anointed figure outside of the Dadivic lineage indicates a greater rhetorical goal to displace David as the heir of divine promise.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Baltzer
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
It may state two separate claims as one.
Premisecitation§ The Problem of Cyrus: A Different Type of MessiahAnointing was a regular part of ancient Israelite tradition: the priestly writings indicate a prophet anoints the high priest or king upon the ascension of his public role.
“This procedure was a regular part of ancient Israelite tradition: the priestly writings indicate a prophet anoints the high priest (Lev 4:3, 5, 16; 6:15) or king upon the ascension of his public role (1 Kings 19:15-16).132”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [132]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Premisecitation§ The Problem of Cyrus: A Different Type of MessiahVariants of the phrase 'my anointed one' occur 30 times in the Second Temple Hebrew texts, and half of those references stem from the Deuteronomistic History.
“Lisbeth Fried highlights that variants of this phrase (”
- Also stated in: § The Problem of Cyrus: A Different Type of Messiah · plain
“my anointed one,”
- Also stated in: § The Problem of Cyrus: A Different Type of Messiah · plain
“occur 30 times in the Second Temple Hebrew texts, and half of those references stem from DtrH.133”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [133]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Also stated in: § The Problem of Cyrus: A Different Type of Messiah · plain
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationnone given§ Overview of ProjectThe false division in English texts between Isa 44 and 45 separates YHWH's declaration that Cyrus will be successful because of divine support from the oracle against idol makers in Isa 44:9-20.
“The false division in English texts between Isa 44 and 45 separates YHWH's declaration that Cyrus will be successful because of divine support from the oracle against idol makers in Isa 44:9-20.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Premisecitation§ Isaiah 1-2:4: An Accusation of Sin and a Future HopeIsaiah 1 likely represents a post-exilic reframing of the entire text of Isaiah.
“I agree with Francis Landy and Hugh Williamson that Isaiah 1 likely represents a post-exilic reframing of the entire text of Isaiah.116”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [116]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationreasoning§ Overview of ProjectMatthew's conception of evil manifests itself in the land and people alike.
“Matthew's conception of evil manifests itself in the land and people alike.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Premisecitation§ Isaiah or Isaiahs?: A Multiplicity of VoicesIsa 2:1 and 61:2-3 in Sirach 48:23-25 implies that by the second century BCE, Isaiah was read as a unified tradition.
“to Isa 2:1 and 61:2-3 in Sirach 48:23-25 implies that by the second century BCE, Isaiah was read as a unified tradition.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [92]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationcitation§ Isaiah or Isaiahs?: A Multiplicity of VoicesIt is very improbable that someone would omit large sections of text in the ancient world.
“I agree with Scholz who finds it very improbable that someone would omit large sections of text in the ancient word.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Premisecitation§ Scholz, Alexandrinische Uebersetzung, 17.Anaphoric translations, one of the largest categories within Vorm-Croughs, are portions of Greek Isaiah adapted or harmonized with other scriptural passages where other sections are adapted not for correspondence in wording but in concept.
“Anaphoric translations, one of the largest categories within Vorm-Croughs, are portions of Greek Isaiah adapted or harmonized with other scriptural passages where other sections are adapted not for correspondence in wording but in concept.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Vorm-Croughs
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
Interpretationreasoning§ Overview of ProjectIf the passages reflect court traditions, the texts themselves become an authorization of the Davidic rule and those who inherit it.
“If they reflect court traditions, and I think they do, the texts themselves become an authorization of the Davidic rule and those who inherit it.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationreasoning§ The Failing of Judah and Jerusalem: Isaiah's Projection of the Past into the PresentThe references to Judah and the Davidic monarchy become the means by which Isaiah continues the argument.
“The references to Judah and the Davidic monarchy become the means by which Isaiah continues the argument.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationreasoning§ Isaiah 11-12: 'Shout aloud and sing for joy, O royal Zion'At the core of Isaiah's vision is a restoration of the priesthood associated with the temple, not a historical Judah.
“yet reinforces what I identified above -at the core of Isaiah's vision is a restoration of the priesthood associated with the temple, not a historical Judah.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationreasoning§ Isaiah 11-12: 'Shout aloud and sing for joy, O royal Zion'The language of a 'shoot of Jesse' in 11:1 and 10 grounds the impending judgment by YHWH's future servant within the new growth of Jesse.
“The language of a 'shoot of Jesse' in 11:1 and 10 therefore grounds the impending judgment by YHWH's future servant within the new growth of Jesse.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationreasoning§ Isaiah or Isaiahs?: A Multiplicity of VoicesThis evidence suggests that the prophet Isaiah was a well-known and authoritative in Jewish traditions of Second Temple Judaism.
“This evidence suggests that the prophet Isaiah was a well-known and authoritative in Jewish traditions of Second Temple Judaism.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationreasoning§ Isaiah 1-2:4: An Accusation of Sin and a Future HopeThrough the correction of Jerusalem and Judah, the nations will be righted, forsaking their weapons of war for tools of growth.
“Most importantly, through the correction of Jerusalem and Judah, the nations will be righted, forsaking their weapons of war for tools of growth, another ABA'B' comparison.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationreasoning§ The Failing of Judah and Jerusalem: Isaiah's Projection of the Past into the PresentJudah's successes and failures are mapped onto Jerusalem; the seat of power and people of power were codependent.
“Judah's successes and failures are precariously mapped onto Jerusalem; the seat of power and people of power were codependent.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Premisecitation§ Scholz, Alexandrinische Uebersetzung, 17.The Isaiah Scroll (1QIsa a ) was one of the first and best-preserved manuscripts found at Qumran.
“The Isaiah Scroll (1QIsa a ) was one of the first and best-preserved manuscripts found at Qumran”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Eugene Ulrich
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationreasoning§ Isaiah 1-2:4: An Accusation of Sin and a Future HopeThe asymmetrical relationship between Isa 1:1-20 and 2:1-4 furthers the defiance of Torah observance as sin.
“The asymmetrical relationship between Isa 1:1-20 and 2:1-4 furthers the defiance of Torah observance as sin.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Interpretationcitation§ Isaiah 1-2:4: An Accusation of Sin and a Future HopeIsaiah 2:1-4 marks a transition from a proclamation of judgment and destruction to one of hope and peace which frames YHWH's redemption of Jerusalem as the means by which sin will be removed from the nations.
“As a subscription immediately following the introduction in chapter one, 2:1-4 marks a transition from a proclamation of judgment and destruction to one of hope and peace which frames YHWH's redemption of Jerusalem as the means by which sin will be removed from the nations.117”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [117]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Premisecitation§ Scholz, Alexandrinische Uebersetzung, 17.While Koenig utilizes the language of analogy to describe the relation of the text, later interpreters (e.g., Mirjam van der Vorm-Croughs) describe this as 'midrash' or adjectively, 'midrashic.'
“While Koenig utilizes the language of analogy to describe the relation of the text, later interpreters (e.g., Mirjam van der Vorm-Croughs) describe this as 'midrash' or adjectively, 'midrashic.'”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Koenig
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Vorm-Croughs
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Interpretationreasoning§ Isaiah 11-12: 'Shout aloud and sing for joy, O royal Zion'The coming of YHWH's agent remains in the future.
“The same recurring formulae, 'in that day' (ἐν τῇ ἡμέρᾳ; בּ ַ יּ וֹ ם ), leaves no doubt that the coming of YHWH's agent remains in the future.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationreasoning§ Isaiah 1-2:4: An Accusation of Sin and a Future HopeReferences to sin and iniquity collapse distinctions between the religious, political, and social life of Judah with the operations of Jerusalem.
“References to sin and iniquity collapse distinctions between the religious, political, and social life of Judah with the operations of Jerusalem.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationnone given§ Isaiah 1-2:4: An Accusation of Sin and a Future HopeIsaiah understands a direct relation between what happens in reality, in locales such as Jerusalem, and YHWH's action.
“but makes it clear that Isaiah understands a direct relation between what happens in reality, in locales such as Jerusalem, and YHWH's action.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
Interpretationreasoning§ The Problem of Cyrus: A Different Type of MessiahThe stark use of the term 'messiah' for Cyrus is no accident or haphazard literary reference.
“The stark use of the term is no accident or haphazard literary reference.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationnone given§ Scholz, Alexandrinische Uebersetzung, 17.Doublets and condensations similarly function as an improvement to the rhetorical effect of the text.
“Doublets and condensations similarly function as an improvement to the rhetorical effect of the text.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Premisecitation§ Scholz, Alexandrinische Uebersetzung, 17.1QIsa a was written in a single hand, probably between 125 and 100 BCE, and underwent several revisions within the next century.
“1QIsa a was written in a single hand, probably between 125 and 100 BCE, and underwent several revisions within the next century”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Eugene Ulrich
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Premisenone given§ The Problem of Cyrus: A Different Type of MessiahOther discrete references outside of the Deuteronomistic History similarly refer to the institution of anointing (Lam 4:20; Hab 3:13; 1 Sam 2:10).
“Other discrete references outside of DtrH similarly refer to this institution (Lam 4:20; Hab 3:13; Prayer of Hannah, 1 Sam 2:10).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Lam 4:20
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Hab 3:13
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites 1 Sam 2:10
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationreasoning§ Overview of ProjectMatthew's messianism is best understood within a theory of competition centered in the reconstruction period immediately following the destruction of the second temple in Jerusalem.
“Matthew's messianism is best understood within a theory of competition centered in the reconstruction period immediately following the destruction of the second temple in Jerusalem.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Interpretationreasoning§ Isaiah 1-2:4: An Accusation of Sin and a Future HopeIsaiah's visions displace time as a means of addressing the current issues.
“As literature, Isaiah's visions displace time as a means of addressing the current issues.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationnone given§ Isaiah 11-12: 'Shout aloud and sing for joy, O royal Zion'The separation of 3a from 3b in English Bibles wrongly divides the task of the Davidic character from his authorization.
“However, this separation wrongly divides the task of the Davidic character from his authorization.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Premisenone given§ Scholz, Alexandrinische Uebersetzung, 17.There is no agreement concerning the relation between the Hebrew and Greek Isaiah sources.
“There is no agreement concerning the relation between the Hebrew and Greek Isaiah sources.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationnone given§ Reconceptualizing the Davidic Monarchy as MessianismAll three parts of Isaiah build upon each other, reflecting an interrelated tradition, but the differences in the use of messianic discourse should give us pause before assuming a unified or static understanding of David in relation to messianism.
“There is no question that all three parts of Isaiah build upon each other, reflecting an interrelated tradition, but the differences in the use of messianic discourse should give us pause before assuming a unified or static understanding of David in relation to messianism.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The book of Isaiah is a unified tradition with three parts that build upon each other.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationcitation§ Scholz, Alexandrinische Uebersetzung, 17.The Greek Isaiah translator did not attempt a word-for-word translation, but freely alters the text to make sense of the meaning.
“This indicates that the translator did not attempt a word-for-word translation, but freely alters the text to make sense of the meaning.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationnone given§ Scholz, Alexandrinische Uebersetzung, 17.Unintentional subtractions are likely accidents of a Hebrew scribe or Greek translator.
“In contrast, unintentional subtractions are likely accidents of a Hebrew scribe or Greek translator.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationreasoning§ Isaiah 11-12: 'Shout aloud and sing for joy, O royal Zion'The current order of the oracle further supports the assumption that Israel's plight and YHWH's machination is foreseen.
“The current order of the oracle further supports this assumption.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The current order of the oracle in Isaiah 14 is original and meaningful for interpreting the passage.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Interpretationreasoning§ Isaiah 11-12: 'Shout aloud and sing for joy, O royal Zion'The symmetry of the two passages repeats the rhetorical strategy of chapters one and two, in which the eschaton becomes the means to address the author's concern for injustice among the national leadership of Judah.
“The symmetry of the two passages, framed by the root of Jesse, repeats the rhetorical strategy of chapters one and two, in which the eschaton becomes the means to address the author's concern for injustice among the national leadership of Judah.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationnone given§ Isaiah 11-12: 'Shout aloud and sing for joy, O royal Zion'Isaiah 9, 11, and 14 show a complexity of redaction in which several oracles are woven together that set the root of Jesse as either YHWH's agent or the sign of YHWH.
“Isaiah 9, 11, and 14 show a complexity of redaction in which several oracles are woven together that set the root of Jesse as either YHWH's agent or the sign of YHWH.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Premisecitation§ The Failing of Judah and Jerusalem: Isaiah's Projection of the Past into the PresentIsaiah operates out of a distinctive framework that focuses upon YHWH's establishment of Zion and the Davidic house within larger nations.
“Isaiah, as von Rad described, operates out of a distinctive framework that focuses upon YHWH's establishment of Zion and the Davidic house within these larger nations.115”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [115]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationreasoning§ Overview of ProjectApproaching messianic discourse as a distinct strategy for group identification pushes us beyond our dependence on individual terms and highlights how authors used messianic discourse to define a post-exilic, priestly point of view.
“Approaching messianic discourse as a distinct strategy for group identification pushes us beyond our dependence on individual terms and highlights how authors used messianic discourse to define a post-exilic, priestly point of view.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationnone given§ Scholz, Alexandrinische Uebersetzung, 17.This classification of interpretive method imputes foreign characteristics from later texts onto earlier texts.
“This classification of interpretive method imputes foreign characteristics from later texts onto earlier texts.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationnone given§ Isaiah 11-12: 'Shout aloud and sing for joy, O royal Zion'When set within the context of Isaiah's introduction, Judah's narrative of repatriation redefines the order in priestly rather than royal terms.
“When set within the context of Isaiah's introduction, Judah's narrative of repatriation redefines the order in priestly rather than royal terms.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationreasoning§ Overview of ProjectThese examples demonstrate a shift in the field of Davidic messianism: where once the focus was on the eternal promise of land and security, Isaiah reconceptualizes the Davidic messiah as a tool for restoration of the priesthood and its changing understanding of identity markers.
“These examples demonstrate a shift in the field of Davidic messianism: where once the focus was on the eternal promise of land and security, Isaiah reconceptualizes the Davidic messiah as a tool for restoration of the priesthood and its changing understanding of identity markers.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: The text remained relatively fluid until at least the end of the first century CE.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationreasoning§ The Problem of Cyrus: A Different Type of MessiahAnother reason for hesitancy is a historical assumption that a non-Jew could never hold the office of anointed king.
“On the other hand, this response embodies a historical assumption that a non-Jew could never hold the office.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Premisenone given§ Scholz, Alexandrinische Uebersetzung, 17.Mirjam van der Vorm-Croughs provides to date the most systematic and robust presentation of the textual traditions of Isaiah within the Second Temple period.
“Mirjam van der Vorm-Croughs provides to date the most systematic and robust presentation of the textual traditions of Isaiah within the Second Temple period.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [96]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Interpretationown data§ The Problem of Cyrus: A Different Type of MessiahThe plural 'servants' in the relevant texts indicates a problematic change in the recipient from the individual to the larger group.
“The plural servants ( צ ֶ א ֱ צ ָ ֶא י Ü ; τὰ τέκνα σου; cf., the collective noun: ז ַ ְר ﬠ ֶ Ü ; τὸ σπέρμα σου) indicates a problematic change in the recipient, from the individual to the larger group.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Premisenone given§ Isaiah or Isaiahs?: A Multiplicity of VoicesBased on internal evidence, the Hebrew texts were likely redacted during and immediately after the Babylonian exile (sixth/fifth century BCE).
“Based on internal evidence, the Hebrew texts were likely redacted during and immediately after the Babylonian exile (sixth/fifth century BCE).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Interpretationreasoning§ Isaiah 11-12: 'Shout aloud and sing for joy, O royal Zion'The range of influence of the shoot of Jesse will be settled upon the national stage.
“signifying that the range of influence of the shoot of Jesse will indeed be settled upon the national stage.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationnone given§ Overview of ProjectThese passages describe a Davidic king in the present tense, implying that the Davidic line is still known and active.
“These passages describe a Davidic king in the present tense, implying that the Davidic line is still known and active.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim.
Interpretationreasoning§ The Problem of Cyrus: A Different Type of MessiahThe claims over creation, maintenance, the fate of Jerusalem and Judah, and Cyrus as shepherd are strict claims of power that further the vision of the world identified in Isa 1-2 and 11-12.
“The claim over the initial act of creation as well as the world's continued maintenance, the fate of Jerusalem and Judah, and even Cyrus as shepherd (44:28), are all strict claims of power that further the vision of the world identified in Isa 1-2 and 11-12.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Isa 1-2
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Isa 11-12
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Interpretationreasoning§ Isaiah 11-12: 'Shout aloud and sing for joy, O royal Zion'Isaiah's project is to display political entities within a divine framework.
“This aligns with Isaiah's project to display political entities within a divine framework.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Premisecitation§ Isaiah or Isaiahs?: A Multiplicity of VoicesThe differences between the two translations cannot be clearly separated or projected back to the translators, attributing differences instead to transmission errors or a confusion of metaphorical language.
“The differences between the two translations cannot be clearly separated or projected back to the translators, attributing differences instead to transmission errors or a confusion of metaphorical language.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [93]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationreasoning§ Overview of ProjectThis use of messianism in 1 Enoch levies cultural and economic capital to increase social capital.
“This use of messianism levies cultural and economic capital to increase social capital.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationcitation§ Scholz, Alexandrinische Uebersetzung, 17.The several additions and subtractions to Greek Isaiah elucidate the common trends of the translator, who sought to remove redundancy of wordage based on context in order to make a more precise text.
“The several additions and subtractions to Greek Isaiah elucidate the common trends of the translator, who sought to remove redundancy of wordage based on context in order to make a more precise text.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
Interpretationreasoning§ The Problem of Cyrus: A Different Type of MessiahThese two approaches to Isaiah 44-45 obfuscate the context behind the rhetorical task of Deutero-Isaiah.
“These two approaches to Isa 44-45 obfuscate the context behind the rhetorical task of DtIsa.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim.
Interpretationreasoning§ Overview of ProjectThis symbolic language in 1 Enoch resists the limiting of the Chosen to a small subset of Jews.
“This symbolic language resists the limiting of the Chosen to a small subset of Jews.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationreasoning§ The Failing of Judah and Jerusalem: Isaiah's Projection of the Past into the PresentIsaiah rewrites the history of Judah and Jerusalem.
“As a result, Isaiah rewrites the history of Judah and Jerusalem.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationnone given§ The Problem of Cyrus: A Different Type of MessiahOne reason for hesitancy is an assumption that the Persian king's reign is not interpreted as propagating Judah.
“On one hand, there is an assumption that the Persian king's reign is not interpreted as propagating Judah.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationnone given§ The Failing of Judah and Jerusalem: Isaiah's Projection of the Past into the PresentThe rewritten history of Judah and Jerusalem represents a shifting in social and cultural capital.
“The (re)written history of Judah and Jerusalem represents a shifting in social and cultural capital.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationreasoning§ Overview of ProjectIn the second portion of Isaiah, the author crafts Cyrus the Great as YHWH's anointed (45:1), the party responsible for the repatriation of Jews to ancient Palestine, thus fulfilling the Davidic responsibility to unite the nation.
“In the second portion of Isaiah, the author goes one step farther to craft Cyrus the Great as YHWH's anointed (45:1), the party responsible for the repatriation of Jews to ancient Palestine, thus fulfilling the Davidic responsibility to unite the nation.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationnone given§ Overview of ProjectIn the third portion of Isaiah, the servant (52:13-53:12) who YHWH brought as a 'root out of dry ground,' takes upon himself the punishment for Judah's sin.
“Likewise, in the third portion of Isaiah, the servant (52:13-53:12) who YHWH brought as a 'root out of dry ground,' takes upon himself the punishment for Judah's sin.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Premisecitation§ Isaiah or Isaiahs?: A Multiplicity of VoicesUntil the discovery of the Dead Sea Scrolls, the earliest known Hebrew manuscripts that contained Isaiah were the Aleppo Codex (c.920 CE) and the Leningrad Codex (1008 CE).
“Until the discovery of the Dead Sea Scrolls, the earliest known Hebrew manuscripts that contained Isaiah were the Aleppo Codex (c.920 CE) and the Leningrad Codex (1008 CE).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [90]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Premisecitation§ Scholz, Alexandrinische Uebersetzung, 17.Central within Vorm-Croughs's argument is the manuscript evidence from Khirbet Qumran.
“Central within Vorm-Croughs's argument is the manuscript evidence from Khirbet Qumran.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [96]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Premisecitation§ Isaiah or Isaiahs?: A Multiplicity of VoicesGreek Isaiah preserved all 66 chapters.
“Greek Isaiah preserved all 66 chapters.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [91]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationreasoning§ Isaiah 11-12: 'Shout aloud and sing for joy, O royal Zion'The significance of this figure within the pericope is that he shall reestablish the throne of David.
“The significance of this figure within the pericope is that he shall reestablish the throne of David.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationnone given§ Overview of ProjectThe immediate context of the servant is also a pronouncement welcoming foreigners and eunuchs, individuals who from the perspective of some priestly Jewish groups, were outsiders of society.
“The immediate context of the servant is also a pronouncement welcoming foreigners and eunuchs, individuals who from the perspective of some priestly Jewish groups, were outsiders of society.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationnone given§ The Failing of Judah and Jerusalem: Isaiah's Projection of the Past into the PresentThe identity of Isaiah is unknown and surely doesn't represent a single entity.
“The identity of Isaiah is unknown and surely doesn't represent a single entity.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationreasoning§ Overview of ProjectMatthew's biography of Jesus represents one of several first-century CE narratives that depicts the wandering preacher as a predicted Jewish messiah and central solution to the problem of evil.
“His biography of Jesus represents one of several first-century CE narratives that depicts the wandering preacher as a predicted Jewish messiah and central solution to the problem of evil.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationnone given§ The Failing of Judah and Jerusalem: Isaiah's Projection of the Past into the PresentThe success or failure of Judah and David were inextricably bound together in PrIsa, and this theme carried into DtIsa and TrIsa.
“The success or failure of Judah and David were inextricably bound together in PrIsa, and this theme carried into DtIsa and TrIsa.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationreasoning§ Overview of ProjectMessianism in 1 Enoch reverberates between the dual poles of protology and eschatology, as Enoch's visions report the corruption of the world in primordial time and its solution at the end of time through the messiah.
“Messianism in 1 Enoch reverberates between the dual poles of protology and eschatology, as Enoch's visions report the corruption of the world in primordial time and its solution at the end of time through the messiah.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationnone given§ The Failing of Judah and Jerusalem: Isaiah's Projection of the Past into the PresentIsaiah's projection of land and tribe likely stems from post-exilic concerns about definitions of Judah.
“Isaiah's projection of land and tribe likely stems from post-exilic concerns about definitions of Judah.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationnone given§ Overview of ProjectExegesis of Isa 1-2 and 11-12 listed above point to the last figure, the unnamed servant (52:13-53:12), who, in the second portion of Isaiah, does not directly refer to David yet builds upon the language associated with his tradition to support Judah as the rightful ruler.
“Exegesis of Isa 1-2 and 11-12 listed above point to the last figure, the unnamed servant (52:13-53:12), who, in the second portion of Isaiah, does not directly refer to David yet builds upon the language associated with his tradition to support Judah as the rightful ruler.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationreasoning§ Isaiah 11-12: 'Shout aloud and sing for joy, O royal Zion'The Greek rendering in Isaiah 14:2 extends Jacob's possession of land from Israel alone to the national stage, staking claim upon the Babylonians.
“This subtle change extends Jacob's possession of land from Israel alone to the national stage, staking claim upon the Babylonians (cf., 13:19-20).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Interpretationreasoning§ The Problem of Cyrus: A Different Type of MessiahA better literary context for Cyrus's ascension to power is Isa 44:9-20.
“A better literary context for Cyrus's ascension to power is Isa 44:9-20, the longest portion product of those who make them, or those who support idolatry (idol-making) but aren't a part of the group.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Isa 44:9-20
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationreasoning§ The Problem of Cyrus: A Different Type of MessiahThe detailed nature of the description suggests the initial author was intimately familiar with this guild.
“The detailed nature of the description suggests the initial author was intimately familiar with this guild.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Interpretationcitation§ The Problem of Cyrus: A Different Type of MessiahThrough Isaiah, ע ַ ד are described as faithful priests or those who attest to this specific understanding of YHWH.
“Through Isaiah, ע ַ ד are described as faithful priests or those who attest to this specific understanding of YHWH (cf., 8:2; 43:9-10; 43:12; 55:4).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites 8:2
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites 43:9-10
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites 43:12
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationreasoning§ Context Matters: DtIsa's Servant SongsThis fits well with Isaiah's reinterpretation of Judah and Israel as the chosen people who displace the royal monarchy.
“This fits well with Isaiah's reinterpretation of Judah and Israel as the chosen people who displace the royal monarchy.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Interpretationreasoning§ Context Matters: DtIsa's Servant SongsDepictions of violence and sickness in Isa 53 do not mean the figure died.
“Despite the severity of this, depictions of violence and sickness do not mean the figure died.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Premisecitation§ Chapter 3: Enoch's Chosen One: An Apocolyptic MessiahThe authors accomplish this rhetorical goal through the use of ritualized speech, such as blessing and curse, that affirm the relationship between YHWH and the chosen community.
“The authors, he contends, accomplish this rhetorical goal through the use of ritualized speech, such as blessing and curse, that affirm the relationship between YHWH and the chosen community.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Werline
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationnone given§ and analogy. I don't propose to challenge the qualifications of 'apocalypticism' or 'apocalyptic'They are less powerful and menacing than YHWH and not outside YHWH's control.
“They are less powerful and menacing than YHWH and not outside YHWH's control.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationreasoning§ Context Matters: DtIsa's Servant SongsThe affect of this rhetorical structure emphasizes the return of the temple cultic objects from Babylon (2 King 24:13-17) through the servant.
“The affect of this rhetorical structure emphasizes the return of the temple cultic objects from Babylon (2 King 24:13-17) through the servant.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationreasoning§ Context Matters: DtIsa's Servant SongsThe dryness in this case does not mean death to the root, but like the simile relating to slaughter, it highlights the severity of the servant's experiences.
“The dryness in this case does not mean death to the root, but like the simile relating to slaughter, it highlights the severity of the servant's experiences.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationnone given§ "Enoch, Where are You?" The Status of 1 EnochTaking into account Erho's concerns, we can still safely date the terminus ante of the SE in the first century BCE.
“Taking into account Erho's concerns, we can still safely date the terminus ante of the SE in the first century BCE.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationreasoning§ Context Matters: DtIsa's Servant SongsTrIsa reconstitutes the identity of Judah and Israel through the figure of the servant.
“TrIsa reconstitutes the identity of Judah and Israel through the figure of the servant.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationnone given§ "Enoch, Where are You?" The Status of 1 EnochThe preservation of these manuscripts in Ethiopia was likely due to a large project to preserve the early Christian canon under the Christian Axumite Kingdom in Ethiopia during the fourth century.
“The preservation of these manuscripts in Ethiopia was likely due to a large project to preserve the early Christian canon under the Christian Axumite Kingdom in Ethiopia during the fourth century.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationreasoning§ Context Matters: DtIsa's Servant SongsWithin the context of DtIsa's declaration of Cyrus as messiah, the Servant assumes both a royal and priestly role.
“Within the context of DtIsa's declaration of Cyrus as messiah, the Servant assumes both a royal and priestly role.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
Premisereasoning§ Context Matters: DtIsa's Servant SongsDuhm and others separate verses 1-2 and 3-10 because of the assumption that exaltation and suffering of YHWH's agent cannot coexist, and so must represent different sources.
“Despite these textual elements, Duhm and others separate verses 1-2 and 3-10 because of the assumption that exaltation and suffering of YHWH's agent cannot coexist, and so must represent different sources; the purpose, to enact judgment, and the means to do it -suffering -are at odds.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationnone given§ Evaluation of Messianic DiscourseIsaiah is an apropos study in which messianic discourse is used to clarify identity markers.
“Isaiah is an apropos study in which messianic discourse is used to clarify identity markers.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Interpretationreasoning§ Context Matters: DtIsa's Servant SongsJustice is paralleled with specific interpretation of knowledge.
“Justice is paralleled with specific interpretation of knowledge.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim.
Interpretationreasoning§ Context Matters: DtIsa's Servant SongsTrIsa builds upon DtIsa's messianic discourse to further define who can participate within the post-exilic community.
“TrIsa builds upon DtIsa's messianic discourse to further define who can participate within the post-exilic community.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationreasoning§ The Problem of Cyrus: A Different Type of MessiahAs a post-exilic statement projecting into the past, DtIsa labels Cyrus a 'shepherd' and 'anointed' for the reestablishment of the temple and associated practices.
“As a post-exilic statement projecting into the past, DtIsa thus labels Cyrus a 'shepherd' and 'anointed' for the reestablishment of the temple and associated practices.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Interpretationreasoning§ The Problem of Cyrus: A Different Type of MessiahThis becomes more prominent when DtIsa contrasts the makers of images with YHWH, the maker of all of creation.
“This becomes more prominent when DtIsa contrasts the makers of images with YHWH, the maker of all of creation.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Premisecitation§ Context Matters: DtIsa's Servant SongsIn Ezekiel 28:10, the uncircumcised are those who are foreigners.
“In the poetic lines of Ezekiel 28:10, the uncircumcised are those who are foreigners.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Ezekiel 28:10
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
It may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationreasoning§ The Role of Royal Messianism: Restoration as Idealization and TransformationA segment within the repatriation narrative of Isaiah, messianic discourse revises and reasserts hope for a central politico-religious figure - the scion of David - but shifts the position of privilege from the individual to the collective.
“A segment within the repatriation narrative of Isaiah, messianic discourse revises and reasserts hope for a central politico-religious figure -the scion of David -but shifts the position of privilege from the individual to the collective.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Premisecitation§ Context Matters: DtIsa's Servant SongsThe identity of the servant in the Servant hymns remains unclear and consistently debated.
“Although consistently debated, the identity of this servant remains unclear.151”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [151]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Premisecitation§ Context Matters: DtIsa's Servant SongsGen 17:14 makes clear that to be uncircumcised is a clear violation of YHWH's covenant.
“Gen 17:14 makes clear that to be uncircumcised is a clear violation of YHWH's covenant.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Gen 17:14
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim.
Interpretationcitation§ Context Matters: DtIsa's Servant SongsAttempts to view the Servant's experiences as vicariously redemptive misread the context.
“Attempts to view the Servant's experiences as vicariously redemptive misread the context.156”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [156]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationnone given§ Context Matters: DtIsa's Servant SongsThis refinement in the application of the law led to immediate expulsions.
“This refinement in the application of the law led to immediate expulsions.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationnone given§ The Role of Royal Messianism: Restoration as Idealization and TransformationThis abides by the genre limitations of prophecy, that is present and future-oriented social and political criticisms.
“This abides by the genre limitations of prophecy, that is present and future-oriented social and political criticisms.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationnone given§ "Enoch, Where are You?" The Status of 1 EnochThe Ethiopic manuscript tradition suggests that the SE is not itself a Second Temple Jewish text.
“The Ethiopic manuscript tradition suggests that the SE is not itself a Second Temple Jewish text.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim.
Interpretationreasoning§ The Problem of Cyrus: A Different Type of MessiahDtIsa did not need another Davidic monarch to continue the vision of YHWH.
“DtIsa clearly did not need another Davidic monarch to continue the vision of YHWH.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationnone given§ The Role of Royal Messianism: Restoration as Idealization and TransformationA central strength of TrIsa's messianic discourse is that there is no messiah.
“A central strength of TrIsa's messianic discourse is that there is no messiah.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationreasoning§ The Problem of Cyrus: A Different Type of MessiahDtIsa's announcement of Cyrus as YHWH's agent displaces the need for a Davidic heir.
“Furthermore, DtIsa's announcement of Cyrus as YHWH's agent displaces the need for a Davidic heir.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Interpretationcitation§ Context Matters: DtIsa's Servant SongsThe servant in 52:13 and 53:11 includes the pronominal suffix 'my' (עבדי), suggesting this servant is like previous idealized leaders such as Moses, Joshua, and David.
“The servant in 52:13 and 53:11 includes the pronominal suffix indicating possession -'my' ( ﬠ ַ ְב ִדּ י ), suggesting this servant is like other previous idealized leaders: Moses (Exod 4:10; Josh 1:2), Joshua (Josh 5:14), and David (1 Sam 23:10), among a host of others.152”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [152]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
Interpretationreasoning§ The Problem of Cyrus: A Different Type of MessiahMost interpreters miss the contextual import of this section by conflating the meaning of 'anointed' with 'redeemer.'
“Most interpreters miss the contextual import of this section by conflating the meaning of 'anointed' with 'redeemer.'”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationnone given§ Context Matters: DtIsa's Servant SongsThis conclusion stands in contrast with Ezra-Nehemiah's understanding of the priestly community who sought to extend priestly rule with an even more restrictive interpretation of the participation of foreigners.
“This conclusion stands in contrast with Ezra-Nehemiah's understanding of the priestly community who sought to extend priestly rule with an even more restrictive interpretation of the participation of foreigners.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationnone given§ "Enoch, Where are You?" The Status of 1 EnochThe 11 manuscripts and fragments of 1 Enoch found at Qumran were penned in Aramaic, and suggests that the BW, EE, BL, and DV, were at least known by the first century CE and probably circulated together.
“The 11 manuscripts and fragments of 1 Enoch found at Qumran were penned in Aramaic, and suggests that the BW, EE, 176 BL, and DV, were at least known by the first century CE and probably circulated together.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Interpretationreasoning§ The Problem of Cyrus: A Different Type of MessiahJacob/Israel is the microcosm that maintains the divine connection to the world.
“Jacob/Israel is the microcosm that maintains the divine connection to the world.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Premisenone given§ Context Matters: DtIsa's Servant SongsMoses uses this language metaphorically in Exod 6:12 as a plea to indicate to YHWH that he was unfit for duty.
“Moses uses this language metaphorically in Exod 6:12 as a plea to indicate to YHWH that he was unfit for duty.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Exod 6:12
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
It may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationreasoning§ The Problem of Cyrus: A Different Type of MessiahThis evidence places the priests on the same level of authority as the king: both are anointed, and both are enthroned in power.
“This evidence is important within the context of this argument because it places the priests on the same level of authority as the king: both are anointed, and both are enthroned in power.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationreasoning§ Context Matters: DtIsa's Servant SongsThis resonates with Cyrus's narrative (Isa 45), in which the author issued a critique for those who made false objects that based on linguistic and contextual cues, could not be lodged against non-Jews alone.
“This resonates with Cyrus's narrative (Isa 45), in which the author issued a critique for those who made false objects that based on linguistic and contextual cues, could not be lodged against non-Jews alone.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Premisecitation§ Context Matters: DtIsa's Servant SongsJeremiah 6:10 imagines ears that are ערלה (uncircumcised) as shut off from God.
“Jeremiah 6:10 imagines ears that are ﬠ ֲ ֵר ל ָ ה (uncircumcised) as in shut off from God.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Jeremiah 6:10
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationnone given§ Chapter 3: Enoch's Chosen One: An Apocolyptic MessiahEncoded within the relationship of Chosen One, YHWH's agent, and the Chosen Ones, the righteous community, are Jewish identity markers that acknowledge all of humanity under the power of evil pronounced prior to the reception of the Law.
“Encoded within the relationship of Chosen One, YHWH's agent, and the Chosen Ones, the righteous community, are Jewish identity markers that acknowledge all of humanity under the power of evil pronounced prior to the reception of the Law.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationnone given§ Context Matters: DtIsa's Servant SongsThis act brings about the image of a transition of power when a new ruler invites former servants or enemies into his imperial vision.
“This act brings about the image of a transition of power when a new ruler invites former servants or enemies into his imperial vision.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationnone given§ The Role of Royal Messianism: Restoration as Idealization and TransformationWith its several redactive layers, Isaiah represents the competing points of view in which the authors of the respective sections draw upon the subtle conflicts of language to shift emphasis upon these markers.
“With its several redactive layers, Isaiah represents the competing points of view in which the authors of the respective sections draw upon the subtle conflicts of language to shift emphasis upon these markers.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Interpretationnone given§ Context Matters: DtIsa's Servant SongsTrIsa opens the stopgap so that foreigners and eunuchs may enter Judah through obedience to the priestly law.
“TrIsa opens the stopgap so that foreigners and eunuchs may enter Judah through obedience to the priestly law.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim.
Interpretationreasoning§ Chapter 3: Enoch's Chosen One: An Apocolyptic MessiahThis symbolic language resists the limiting of the Chosen to a small subset of Jews.
“This symbolic language resists the limiting of the Chosen to a small subset of Jews.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Interpretationnone given§ Context Matters: DtIsa's Servant SongsThose who repatriate are to be of a priestly mind.
“Those who repatriate are to be of a priestly mind.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationreasoning§ The Problem of Cyrus: A Different Type of MessiahThe exaltation of Cyrus as 'anointed' is messianic discourse that frames the solution but does not imply YHWH extended Jacob's covenant to Babylon (48:14-15).
“The exaltation of Cyrus as 'anointed' is messianic discourse that frames the solution but does not imply YHWH extended Jacob's covenant to Babylon (48:14-15).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites 48:14-15
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim.
Interpretationreasoning§ The Problem of Cyrus: A Different Type of MessiahThe subjugation of Babylon to Persia fulfills the promise of repatriation.
“The subjugation of Babylon to Persia fulfills the promise of repatriation.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The subjugation of Babylon to Persia fulfills the promise of repatriation.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Interpretationreasoning§ Context Matters: DtIsa's Servant SongsHowever, similar to Isaiah, the temple is the backdrop in Ezra-Nehemiah by which the Jews rededicate themselves to the Torah.
“However, similar to Isaiah, the temple is the backdrop in Ezra-Nehemiah by which the Jews rededicate themselves to the Torah.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationnone given§ Context Matters: DtIsa's Servant SongsIn Isa 56, respect for the sabbath, for example, means inclusion of the people, invalidating the previous distinction.
“In Isa 56, respect for the sabbath, for example, means inclusion of the people, invalidating the previous distinction.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationnone given§ Context Matters: DtIsa's Servant SongsThe framing of Isa 52:1-2 depicts the Servant in priestly terms that unambiguously parallel concerns raised in Cyrus' narrative.
“The framing of Isa 52:1-2 depicts the Servant in priestly terms that unambiguously parallel concerns raised in Cyrus' narrative.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationreasoning§ The Problem of Cyrus: A Different Type of MessiahHe serves the needs of the priestly authors to dispel polytheism without reinstituting the requirement of a king.
“He serves the needs of the priestly authors to dispel polytheism without reinstituting the requirement of a king.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationreasoning§ The Problem of Cyrus: A Different Type of MessiahWhen incorporated into the judgment scene of DtIsa against segments of the Judean community (44:1-2), the incisiveness seems personal, suggesting these are known co-workers in support of the religious life of Jerusalem.
“When incorporated into the judgment scene of DtIsa against segments of the Judean community (44:1-2), the incisiveness seems personal, suggesting these are known co-workers in support of the religious life of Jerusalem.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites 44:1-2
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Interpretationreasoning§ and analogy. I don't propose to challenge the qualifications of 'apocalypticism' or 'apocalyptic'Revelation and divine election remain at the center of this differentiation.
“Revelation and divine election remain at the center of this differentiation.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
Interpretationreasoning§ The Problem of Cyrus: A Different Type of MessiahThe title 'anointed' makes little contextual sense when interpreted in religious terms.
“The title of 'anointed' makes little contextual sense when interpreted in religious terms.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim.
Interpretationreasoning§ The Problem of Cyrus: A Different Type of MessiahPlaced within a prophetic vision, Cyrus, a human elevated to the position of messiah, is anointed outside of creation.
“Placed within a prophetic vision, Cyrus, a human elevated to the position of messiah, is anointed outside of creation.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationnone given§ "Enoch, Where are You?" The Status of 1 EnochThe Ethiopic text likely comes from a Greek translation of an Aramaic original.
“The Ethiopic text likely comes from a Greek translation of an Aramaic original.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationnone given§ The Problem of Cyrus: A Different Type of MessiahThe past and future collapse into the present through messianic discourse.
“The past and future collapse into the present through messianic discourse.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Interpretationreasoning§ Context Matters: DtIsa's Servant SongsThe songs provide an important context for the Cyrus narrative that continues the reconstitution of Judah as YHWH's select people.
“The songs provide an important context for the Cyrus narrative that continues the reconstitution of Judah as YHWH's select people.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationnone given§ Context Matters: DtIsa's Servant SongsLeviticus's injunction upon the daily life of Israel intends to separate the covenanted people from those in the land which they will soon enter.
“Leviticus's injunction upon the daily life of Israel intends to separate the covenanted people from those in the land which they will soon enter.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Interpretationreasoning§ Context Matters: DtIsa's Servant SongsThe summary at the end of the section solidifies the transposition of the identity of the servant to Israel and Jacob by mixing metaphors and language previously associated with the royal monarchy.
“The summary at the end of the section solidifies the transposition of the identity of the servant to Israel and Jacob by mixing metaphors and language previously associated with the royal monarchy.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationreasoning§ Context Matters: DtIsa's Servant SongsThe root grew up before YHWH, suggesting an intimate closeness and yet distinct differentiation from YHWH (cf.49:7).
“The root grew up before YHWH, suggesting an intimate closeness and yet distinct differentiation from YHWH (cf.49:7).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Interpretationnone given§ Context Matters: DtIsa's Servant SongsTrIsa seems to confront this issue with the language of law (משפט), which establishes a conceptual link to Lev 24:22 that makes a legal distinction between Israel and others.
“TrIsa seems to confront this issue with the language of law ( ִמ שׁ ְ פּ ָ ט ), which establishes a conceptual link to Lev 24:22 that makes a legal distinction between Israel and others.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationreasoning§ Context Matters: DtIsa's Servant SongsLike a king speaking to underlings, TrIsa extends the hand of fellowship with other upper class servants.
“Like a king speaking to underlings, TrIsa extends the hand of fellowship with other upper class servants.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationnone given§ and analogy. I don't propose to challenge the qualifications of 'apocalypticism' or 'apocalyptic'We cannot deduce an ideological origin for these characters.
“We cannot deduce an ideological origin for these characters.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationnone given§ The Problem of Cyrus: A Different Type of MessiahThe imagined relationship is not with individual makers but those in a guild.
“However, the imagined relationship is not with individual makers but those in a guild.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationreasoning§ Context Matters: DtIsa's Servant SongsThey are imagined as inheritors of the covenant and are relabeled as the Servant.
“They are imagined as inheritors of the covenant and are relabeled as the Servant.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Interpretationreasoning§ and analogy. I don't propose to challenge the qualifications of 'apocalypticism' or 'apocalyptic'In this sense, the author defines righteousness through the condemnation of evil.
“In this sense, the author defines righteousness through the condemnation of evil.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationreasoning§ Context Matters: DtIsa's Servant SongsThe consolidation of Jerusalem and Zion creates a hard boundary between not only Jews and non-Jews, but also among circles of Jews.
“The consolidation of Jerusalem -the holy city -and Zion, creates a hard boundary between not only Jews and non-Jews, but also among circles of Jews.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationnone given§ Context Matters: DtIsa's Servant SongsThere is a common identity shared by Judah and Jerusalem - to speak of one was to speak of another.
“As I described above, there is a common identity shared by Judah and Jerusalem -to speak of one was to speak of another.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationnone given§ Context Matters: DtIsa's Servant SongsThe servant in DtIsa should be interpreted contextually as the fulfillment of Isaiah 1-2.
“I demonstrate below that we should interpret the servant contextually as the fulfillment of Isaiah 1-2.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim.
Interpretationreasoning§ The Problem of Cyrus: A Different Type of MessiahDtIsa does not appear to simply take aim at a particular craft but through the critique of these associations challenges those who are not following the strictures relating to monotheism.
“but through the critique of these associations challenges those who are not following the strictures relating to monotheism.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Interpretationreasoning§ Context Matters: DtIsa's Servant SongsThe immediate context hints at the irony of this exaltation, in that the servant will endure great challenge and suffering.
“The immediate context hints at the irony of this exaltation, in that, the servant will endure great challenge and suffering.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim.
Interpretationreasoning§ Context Matters: DtIsa's Servant SongsThe strategy that first lamented the plight of the people suffering under sin now regulates the identity markers for those trying to repatriate to Judah.
“The strategy that first lamented the plight of the people suffering under sin now regulates the identity markers for those trying to repatriate to Judah.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationnone given§ Chapter 3: Enoch's Chosen One: An Apocolyptic MessiahMessianism in 1 Enoch reverberates between the dual poles of protology and eschatology, as Enoch's visions report the corruption of the world in primordial time and its solution through the messiah at the end of time.
“Messianism in 1 Enoch reverberates between the dual poles of protology and eschatology, as Enoch's visions report the corruption of the world in primordial time and its solution through the messiah at the end of time.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationnone given§ The Role of Royal Messianism: Restoration as Idealization and TransformationThe combined force of DtIsa and TrIsa places the 'Servant' within a specific orientation to the temple and the post-exilic leadership, one that stands at odds with Ezra-Nehemiah.
“The combined force of DtIsa and TrIsa places the 'Servant' within a specific orientation to the temple and the post-exilic leadership, one that stands at odds with Ezra-Nehemiah.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationnone given§ The Problem of Cyrus: A Different Type of MessiahThe polemic against religious guilds exemplifies a dispute of business practices as well as beliefs.
“The polemic against religious guilds exemplifies a dispute of business practices as well as beliefs.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationnone given§ Context Matters: DtIsa's Servant SongsIn addition to Lev 24, it is likely the author alludes here to Deut 23:2-3.
“In addition to Lev 24, it is likely the author alludes here to Deut 23:2-3:”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationreasoning§ Context Matters: DtIsa's Servant SongsThis people are recast in priestly terms: they stand against idolatry, suffered for sins, and bear the objects of YHWH back to Jerusalem.
“This people, however, are recast in priestly terms: they are the ones who stand against idolatry, they are the ones who have suffered for the sins of the people, and they are the ones bearing the objects of YHWH back to Jerusalem.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationnone given§ Chapter 3: Enoch's Chosen One: An Apocolyptic MessiahEach generation following the one addressed in the book assumed the tradition for itself, and further ritualized aspects of the narrative.
“Each generation following the one addressed in the book assumed the tradition for itself, and further ritualized aspects of the narrative.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Premisecitation§ Context Matters: DtIsa's Servant SongsIsaiah 65:1-8 proclaims a summons to act, an indication to most interpreters that this is a logical break in the text.
“Isaiah 65:1-8 proclaims a summons to act, an indication to most interpreters that this is a logical break in the text.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Westermann, Isaiah 40-66, 309
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim.
Interpretationcitation§ Context Matters: DtIsa's Servant SongsWith the second person plural form of δίδωμι combined with ἡ ψυχὴ modified by ὑμῶν, it becomes clear that, especially for Greek Isaiah, DtIsa intended to craft the servant after Jacob and Israel.
“With the second person plural form of δίδωμι combined with ἡ ψυχὴ modified by ὑμῶν, it becomes clear that, especially for Greek Isaiah, DtIsa intended to craft the servant after Jacob and Israel.155”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [155]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Interpretationreasoning§ Context Matters: DtIsa's Servant SongsThis suggests further that the Servant Songs are fully integrated within DtIsa.
“This suggests further that the Servant Songs are fully integrated within DtIsa.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Interpretationown data§ The Problem of Cyrus: A Different Type of MessiahThe text is intentionally hostile towards those who attempt to blur the reality of YHWH's exclusive godhood.
“The text is intentionally hostile towards those who attempt to blur this reality: the ones who make things ( ֹי ְצ ֵר י ; οι ποιοῦντες) are contrasted with their lifeless creations ( תּ ֹ ה וּ ; μάταιοι).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim.
Interpretationreasoning§ Context Matters: DtIsa's Servant SongsThe suffering and exaltation of YHWH's agent-Israel and Jacob-becomes the needed solution to the problem of sin.
“The suffering and exaltation of YHWH's agent -Israel and Jacob -becomes the needed solution to the problem of sin.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationnone given§ Chapter 3: Enoch's Chosen One: An Apocolyptic MessiahThe interjection of 'blessings' and 'curses,' which pepper 1 Enoch, likely arose from the tradition of the community, suggesting it was a common manner of exchange for social and cultural capital.
“The interjection of 'blessings' and 'curses,' which pepper 1 Enoch, likely arose from the tradition of the community, suggesting it was a common manner of exchange for social and cultural capital.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Interpretationreasoning§ Context Matters: DtIsa's Servant SongsEnglish translations that render שמרו ומשפט as 'maintain justice' or 'keep justice' miss the intertextual play of this language.
“The English translations that render שׁ ִ ְמ ר וּ ִמ שׁ ְ פּ ָ ט as 'maintain justice' or 'keep justice' (e.g., NRSV, ASV, NET) miss the intertextual play of this language.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationnone given§ The Role of Royal Messianism: Restoration as Idealization and TransformationThe discourse shifts around the socioreligious field that one gains access to through a messiah.
“The discourse shifts around the socioreligious field that one gains access to through a messiah.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationreasoning§ Context Matters: DtIsa's Servant SongsThis disparity of 53:10 frames the Servant's actions as a sacrifice for sin, which harkens back to the introductory chapters of Isaiah.
“If so, this disparity of 53:10 frames the Servant's actions as a sacrifice for sin, which harkens back to the introductory chapters of Isaiah (ἀνομία -1:5, cf.3:8; ִמ פּ ֶ שׁ ַ ע -only Isa 53:5, 8).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Interpretationreasoning§ The Problem of Cyrus: A Different Type of MessiahThis linguistic link creates a relationship between image makers and desolation.
“This linguistic link creates a relationship between image makers and desolation.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Interpretationreasoning§ The Problem of Cyrus: A Different Type of MessiahDtIsa expands the previous link between people and the temple to include associations.
“DtIsa expands the previous link between people and the temple to include associations.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Interpretationcitation§ The Problem of Cyrus: A Different Type of MessiahIsaiah 44:25-28 intensifies this sentiment by expanding the arbitration to other professional religious practitioners.
“Isaiah 44:25-28 intensifies this sentiment by expanding the arbitration to other professional religious practitioners.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Isaiah 44:25-28
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationnone given§ "Enoch, Where are You?" The Status of 1 EnochHowever, the central themes of 1 Enoch - origin of evil, calendar, corruption of the priesthood and temple - become hyperfocused through the lens of messianism in the Similitudes.
“However, the central themes of 1 Enoch -origin of evil, calendar, corruption of the priesthood and temple -become hyperfocused through the lens of messianism in the Similitudes.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationnone given§ Context Matters: DtIsa's Servant SongsThis historical context provides us a social context for the messianic discourse that links the Servant Songs and TrIsa.
“This historical context provides us a social context for the messianic discourse that links the Servant Songs and TrIsa.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationnone given§ "Enoch, Where are You?" The Status of 1 EnochOur diverse evidence suggests that many Jews and early Christians accepted the book's pseudepigraphic origins and held it as a sacred text.
“Our diverse evidence suggests that many Jews and early Christians accepted the book's pseudepigraphic origins and held it as a sacred text.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Interpretationcitation§ The Problem of Cyrus: A Different Type of MessiahHad Judah obeyed the priestly precedents to sacrifice and followed them properly, YHWH would never have punished Judah (Isa 1-2).
“Indeed, had Judah obeyed the priestly precedents to sacrifice and followed them properly, Isaiah denotes, YHWH would never have punished Judah (Isa 1-2).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Isa 1-2
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationnone given§ The Role of Royal Messianism: Restoration as Idealization and TransformationThe messianic discourse in Isaiah creates a circumstantial sphere of influence that necessitates the imitation of action for participation as a 'servant of YHWH.'
“The messianic discourse in Isaiah creates a circumstantial sphere of influence that necessitates the imitation of action for participation as a 'servant of YHWH.'”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Interpretationreasoning§ Context Matters: DtIsa's Servant SongsThe only means of restoration is the rededication of justice.
“The only means of restoration is the rededication of justice.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim.
Interpretationcitation§ Chapter 3: Enoch's Chosen One: An Apocolyptic MessiahMembers were culturally formed by the language and relational dynamics established by these rituals.
“Members were culturally formed by the language and relational dynamics established by these rituals.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Interpretationreasoning§ "Enoch, Where are You?" The Status of 1 EnochThe Ethiopic tradition represents our closest witness to this tradition that was known in the first century CE, until such a time when a critical edition is available.
“The Ethiopic tradition represents our closest witness to this tradition that was known in the first century CE, until such a time when a critical edition is available.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationnone given§ Context Matters: DtIsa's Servant SongsThe Servant Songs re-narrate conceptions of Judah and Israel through the language of a 'servant' that frames the inheritors of the covenant as a priestly group.
“The Songs re-narrate conceptions of Judah and Israel through the language of a 'servant' that frames the inheritors of the covenant as a priestly group.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationreasoning§ The Problem of Cyrus: A Different Type of MessiahIn this sense, Cyrus is the heir of the Davidic promise and a royal messiah.
“In this sense, Cyrus is the heir of the Davidic promise and a royal messiah.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Cyrus was a royal figure who reestablished the Babylonian temple and its practices.
It may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationreasoning§ The Problem of Cyrus: A Different Type of MessiahThe diversification of the concept of 'servant' shatters any prequalifying need for this figure to be royal; rather, the royal is temporarily made priestly.
“However, the diversification of the concept of 'servant' described below shatters any prequalifying need for this figure to be royal; rather, the royal is temporarily made priestly.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationnone given§ Context Matters: DtIsa's Servant SongsThe differences between these two texts appear unified rather than weakened through an analysis of Isaiah and Ezra-Nehemiah's respective ideal groups.
“The differences between these two texts appear unified rather than weakened through an analysis of Isaiah and Ezra-Nehemiah's respective ideal groups.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim.
Interpretationreasoning§ Context Matters: DtIsa's Servant SongsYHWH's declaration for judgment is fulfilled in the commissioning of the servant.
“YHWH's declaration for judgment is fulfilled in the commissioning of the servant.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationnone given§ The Problem of Cyrus: A Different Type of MessiahRestoration of Judah is not a true or full restoration, in which the capital city, the temple precinct, and all religious and political leaders are restored to their previous positions of greatness.
“Restoration of Judah is not a true or full restoration, in which the capital city, the temple precinct, and all religious and political leaders are restored to their previous positions of greatness.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationreasoning§ Context Matters: DtIsa's Servant SongsIn this sense, both have a positive view of the temple as the spiritual and economic center of Jerusalem and the people.
“In this sense, both have a positive view of the temple as the spiritual and economic center of Jerusalem and the people.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationnone given§ The Problem of Cyrus: A Different Type of MessiahRestoration through the messiah reaffirms a priestly declaration about the nature of humanity and Israel.
“Restoration through the messiah reaffirms a priestly declaration about the nature of humanity and Israel.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationreasoning§ Context Matters: DtIsa's Servant SongsThe promises once imagined for the Davidic heir are now applied to the exiles who suffered.
“The promises once imagined for the Davidic heir are now applied to the exiles who suffered.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationreasoning§ Context Matters: DtIsa's Servant SongsBoth of these categories of people are offered the choice to join into this group, creating a play on words with בחר that is used throughout Isaiah to describe YHWH's preference for Judah and Israel.
“Both of these categories of people are offered the choice to join into this group, creating a play on words with ב ח ר that is used throughout Isaiah to describe YHWH's preference for Judah and Israel (e.g., 14:1; 41:8; 43:10; 44:1; 49:7).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Interpretationreasoning§ Context Matters: DtIsa's Servant SongsDtIsa accomplishes the representation of Judah and Israel through the personification of the servant.
“DtIsa accomplishes this representation through the personification of the servant, that is, Judah and Israel.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationreasoning§ The Problem of Cyrus: A Different Type of MessiahThis critique falls squarely upon the economics of ritual and this guild in specific.
“This critique falls squarely upon the economics of ritual and this guild in specific.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationnone given§ Context Matters: DtIsa's Servant SongsJudah assumes the mantle of the Davidic promise and the covenant is extended to them into the post-exilic period.
“Judah assumes the mantle of the Davidic promise and the covenant is extended to them into the post-exilic period.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationnone given§ The Problem of Cyrus: A Different Type of MessiahDtIsa exalted Cyrus as the founder of the temple.
“DtIsa exalted Cyrus as the founder of the temple.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Interpretationreasoning§ and analogy. I don't propose to challenge the qualifications of 'apocalypticism' or 'apocalyptic'The author's use of Michael as the lead angel is another significant tie in with the identity of Israel.
“The author's use of Michael as the lead angel is another significant tie in with the identity of Israel.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationnone given§ and analogy. I don't propose to challenge the qualifications of 'apocalypticism' or 'apocalyptic'While the meaning of the Leviticus reference is unclear, עזשאל is clearly an antagonist in the Watcher Myth.
“While the meaning of the Leviticus reference is unclear, ע ז ש א ל is clearly an antagonist in the Watcher Myth.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationnone given§ and analogy. I don't propose to challenge the qualifications of 'apocalypticism' or 'apocalyptic'The cleansing of the earth is reminiscent of the divine promise in Genesis.
“The cleansing of the earth is reminiscent of the divine promise in Genesis.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Interpretationreasoning§ and analogy. I don't propose to challenge the qualifications of 'apocalypticism' or 'apocalyptic'The spiritual being is permitted within the inner sanctum of the divine court, suggesting this is not a common spiritual being but one with significant authority and high placement within the divine entourage.
“The spiritual being is permitted within the inner sanctum of the divine court, suggesting this is not a common spiritual being but one with significant authority and high placement within the divine entourage.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Interpretationreasoning§ The World through the Eyes of EnochThe shift between first-person and third-person narrative and the long sections in which Enoch does not play a part focus readers' attention upon the antagonists (the Fallen Angels and their offspring) and the protagonists (the heavenly entourage and the Chosen on earth).
“The shift between first-person and thirdperson narrative and the long sections in which he does not play a part focus the attention of readers upon the antagonists, the Fallen Angels and their offspring, and the protagonists, the heavenly entourage and the Chosen on earth.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationnone given§ The World through the Eyes of EnochAs many others have suggested, the several allusions to ancient Jewish religious themes suggest that this narrative stands as a critique against the Jewish priestly elite.
“As many others have suggested, the several allusions to ancient Jewish religious themes suggest that this narrative stands as a critique against the Jewish priestly elite.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationreasoning§ The World through the Eyes of EnochWhile it is unclear whether the wisdom in 5:8a will be the cause of their continued life and sinlessness or a result of their identity as chosen ones, 5:8b indicates the wise are privileged to understanding with which they will not sin, making a causal relationship more probable.
“While it's unclear whether the wisdom in 5:8a will be the cause of their continued life and sinlessness or a result of their identity as chosen ones, 5:8b indicates the wise are privileged to understanding with which they will not sin, making a causal relationship more probable.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationnone given§ The World through the Eyes of EnochOne can perceive that obedience to the one god YHWH is in the immediate background of 1 Enoch.
“While it is unclear whether or not 1 Enoch fully supports the Torah, one can perceive that obedience to the one god YWHW is in the immediate background.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationnone given§ and analogy. I don't propose to challenge the qualifications of 'apocalypticism' or 'apocalyptic'Reference to the Watchers's sexual sin, such as the derogatory term 'bastards' in 10:9, suggest the Enochic tradition coalesced the two stories in the latter stages of redaction.
“Reference to the Watchers's sexual sin, such as the derogatory term 'bastards' in 10:9, suggest the Enochic tradition coalesced the two stories in the latter stages of redaction.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Interpretationnone given§ and analogy. I don't propose to challenge the qualifications of 'apocalypticism' or 'apocalyptic'These heavenly beings exist prior to creation of the world.
“These heavenly beings exist prior to creation of the world.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Interpretationreasoning§ The World through the Eyes of EnochInstead of the law written on tablets, the divine law is imprinted into creation.
“Instead of the law written on tablets, the divine law is imprinted into creation.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationreasoning§ and analogy. I don't propose to challenge the qualifications of 'apocalypticism' or 'apocalyptic'The specific mention of key angels illuminates the interconnectedness of the Watcher Myth with other origin stories, such as messianism, in the Second Temple period.
“The specific mention of key angels illuminates the interconnectedness of the Watcher Myth with other origin stories, such as messianism, in the Second Temple period.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationnone given§ and analogy. I don't propose to challenge the qualifications of 'apocalypticism' or 'apocalyptic'The Watcher Myth remains unquestionably monotheistic, framing the world under the single authority of YHWH, so any polytheistic origin may be lost in its final form.
“The Watcher Myth remains unquestionably monotheistic, framing the world under the single authority of YHWH, so any polytheistic origin may be lost in its final form.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationnone given§ The World through the Eyes of EnochThe symbolic action of rebellion was irrevocable outside of divine oversight.
“The symbolic action of rebellion was irrevocable outside of divine oversight.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationnone given§ and analogy. I don't propose to challenge the qualifications of 'apocalypticism' or 'apocalyptic'The BW represents an expansion to this tradition.
“The BW represents an expansion to this tradition.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationnone given§ The World through the Eyes of EnochThe Myth of the Watchers expands a pericope as a primordial event and the origination of all sin.
“The Myth of the Watchers expands this pericope as a primordial event and origination of all sin.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationreasoning§ The World through the Eyes of EnochThe passing allusion to Mount Sinai in 1 Enoch serves to locate the Torah within the inner sanctum of YHWH, making the Torah revealed wisdom that is a part of the primordial makeup of the world.
“In addition, the passing allusion to Mount Sinai serves to locate the Torah within the inner sanctum of YHWH, making the Torah revealed wisdom that is a part of the primordial makeup of the world.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Premisecitation§ and analogy. I don't propose to challenge the qualifications of 'apocalypticism' or 'apocalyptic'Murry claims that the Aramaic derivative עיר (keeper) might refer to the guardian gods from Semitic antiquity, but does not present definitive evidence for the claim.
“Murry claims that the Aramaic derivative ע י ר (keeper) might refer to the guardian gods from Semitic antiquity, but does not present definitive evidence for the claim.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Murry
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Premisecitation§ and analogy. I don't propose to challenge the qualifications of 'apocalypticism' or 'apocalyptic'Grabbe suggests the transition from 4QEnGiants a , in which the figure of the devil was combined with Asael, appeared in the late second century BCE due to the spread and use of the Greek Septuagint.
“Grabbe suggests the transition from 4QEnGiants a , in which the figure of the devil was combined with Asael, appeared in the late second century BCE due to the spread and use of the Greek Septuagint.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Grabbe
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Interpretationnone given§ The World through the Eyes of EnochThe absence of a solid roof in the heavenly temple permits Enoch to look upon the heavens and stars, the elements of nature.
“The absence of a solid roof permits Enoch to look upon the heavens and stars, the very elements of nature.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationcitation§ and analogy. I don't propose to challenge the qualifications of 'apocalypticism' or 'apocalyptic'The descent of the angels into the world corrupted the right order of creation, shifting focus away from individual acts to the Watchers as a cause of corruption.
“the descent of the angels into the world corrupted the right order of creation, shifting focus away from individual acts to the Watchers as a cause of corruption.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [203]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationown data§ The World through the Eyes of EnochThe repeated use of seeing verbs in 1 En. 14 indicates that the description of the throne room is mediated by Enoch's sight, pointing to vision and sense as the source of revelation over a text or tradition.
“The repeated use of seeing verbs indicate that this thick description of the throne room is mediated by Enoch's sight, pointing to vision and sense as the source of revelation over a text or tradition.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Premisecitation§ and analogy. I don't propose to challenge the qualifications of 'apocalypticism' or 'apocalyptic'Bernd Janowski and Gernot Wilhelm argue that עזאזל is likely a compound of עזז, 'to be strong,' and אל, 'god,' and most likely represents the historical-ritual aspect of the process of atonement from South Anatolia-North Syria.
“Bernd Janowski and Gernot Wilhelm argue that ע ז א ז ל is likely a compound of ע ז ז , 'to be strong,' and א ל , 'god,' and most likely represents the historicalritual aspect of the process of atonement from South Anatolia-North Syria.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Janowski and Wilhelm
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationnone given§ The World through the Eyes of EnochAlthough the Watcher Myth describes Azazel as an instigator for the group of angels who disregarded the divine boundaries of heaven, the single figure represents the collective action.
“Although the Watcher Myth describes Azazel as an instigator for the group of angels who disregarded the divine boundaries of heaven, the single figure represents the collective action.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Premisenone given§ The World through the Eyes of EnochDeuteronomy 33:3-5 declares that the holy ones, YHWH's favorite of all peoples, accept YHWH's direction, that is the Torah of Moses.
“Deuteronomy 33:3-5 declares that the holy ones, YHWH's favorite of all peoples, accept YHWH's direction, that is the Torah of Moses”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationnone given§ and analogy. I don't propose to challenge the qualifications of 'apocalypticism' or 'apocalyptic'Although these evil figures are frequently rendered in Greek as δαιμόνιον, they are not necessarily implicitly evil but are cast as evil because of their effect upon certain characters.
“Although these evil figures are frequently rendered in Greek as δαιμόνιον, they are not necessarily implicitly evil but are cast as evil because of their effect upon certain characters.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Interpretationreasoning§ and analogy. I don't propose to challenge the qualifications of 'apocalypticism' or 'apocalyptic'The lack of specific reference to the Righteous can easily be attributed to the subject of the Watcher myth that relates sin as an evil corrupting power.
“The lack of specific reference can easily be attributed to the subject of the Watcher myth that relates sin as an evil corrupting power.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
Premisereasoning§ and analogy. I don't propose to challenge the qualifications of 'apocalypticism' or 'apocalyptic'Alongside Gabriel, Michael fights against the prince of Persia, though within the narrative the identity of the Prince is ahistorical and cast into the eschaton.
“Alongside Gabriel, Michael fights against the prince of Persia, though within the narrative the identity of the Prince is ahistorical and cast into the eschaton.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationreasoning§ The World through the Eyes of EnochThe differences between the two pericopae are striking, but in both occurrences, Wisdom serves an important role for the Righteous as a refining source.
“The differences between the two pericopae are striking but in both occurrences, Wisdom serves an important role for the Righteous as a refining source.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationreasoning§ and analogy. I don't propose to challenge the qualifications of 'apocalypticism' or 'apocalyptic'The difference in spelling further suggests a compilation of traditions.
“The difference in spelling further suggests a compilation of traditions.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationreasoning§ and analogy. I don't propose to challenge the qualifications of 'apocalypticism' or 'apocalyptic'References to Satan hold a similar function.
“References to Satan hold a similar function.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Interpretationreasoning§ The World through the Eyes of EnochThe focus upon word and deed further indicates this relation of the seasons is not completely abstract, but still a law.
“The focus upon word and deed further indicates this relation of the seasons is not completely abstract, but still a law.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationreasoning§ The World through the Eyes of EnochThis new theophany bridges protology and eschatology, with the effect that emphasizes the conflict between the Watchers and the Righteous as a point of revelation.
“This bridges protology and eschatology, with the effect that emphasizes the conflict between the Watchers and the Righteous as a point of revelation.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationnone given§ The World through the Eyes of EnochSeveral distinct literary features bind the Book of Watchers together and highlight an intersecting social context as a preparatory step for further analysis.
“Several distinct literary features bind the BW together and highlight an intersecting social context as a preparatory step for further analysis.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Interpretationreasoning§ The World through the Eyes of EnochThe curse in 1 Enoch 5:5 exemplifies the dynamic of time within the Enochic view of creation in relation to the two groups.
“First, the curse exemplifies the dynamic of time within the Enochic view of creation in relation to the two groups.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Interpretationcitation§ Dream VisionsBoth the FV and AA continue the process of writing ideology and history together, interweaving rehearsals of real or fictitious events to instruct a particular audience.
“Both of these short stories continue the process of writing ideology and history together, interweaving the rehearsals of real or fictitious events to instruct a particular audience.211”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [211]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationown data§ The World through the Eyes of EnochThe switching between third-person plural and second-person plural verbs suggests that the author pointed this address at the sinners.
“The switching between third-person plural and second-person plural verbs suggests that the author pointed this address at the sinners.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationreasoning§ and analogy. I don't propose to challenge the qualifications of 'apocalypticism' or 'apocalyptic'There are no other references to עזאזל and such a claim creates agency and personhood in a figure with no supporting evidence.
“There are no other references to ע ז א ז ל and such a claim creates agency and personhood in a figure with no supporting evidence.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationnone given§ The World through the Eyes of EnochThe several examples in 1 En. 12-16 show a complicated understanding of sin, including lust, transgression of the boundary between heaven and earth, revelation of secret knowledge, disobedience of the laws of nature, and encountering of blood.
“We see from these several examples a complicated understanding of sin, including lust, the transgression of the boundary between heaven and earth, revelation of secret knowledge, disobedience of the laws of nature, and the encountering of blood.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationnone given§ The World through the Eyes of EnochBy placing the narrative chronologically before the giving of the Torah, the myth undercuts that which holds power over those under the Torah.
“By placing the narrative chronologically before the giving of the Torah, the myth undercuts that which holds power over those under the Torah.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationreasoning§ The World through the Eyes of EnochThe judgment against the Watchers serves the dual purpose of condemning the Watchers and uplifting the Righteous.
“The judgment against the Watchers serves the dual purpose of condemning the Watchers and uplifting the Righteous.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Interpretationreasoning§ The World through the Eyes of EnochWhen taken as a whole, the pericope reads as a summary of divine law that guides the Holy Ones.
“When taken as a whole, the pericope reads as a summary of divine law that guides the Holy Ones.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationreasoning§ The World through the Eyes of EnochBy preserving the freedom of the individual heavenly beings, the author protects YHWH from the problem of evil while still acknowledging the entire corruption of the world.
“By preserving the freedom of the individual heavenly beings, the author protects YHWH from the problem of evil while still acknowledging the entire corruption of the world.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Interpretationreasoning§ The World through the Eyes of EnochThis dimension creates two separate groups - sinners and the righteous.
“This dimension creates two separate groups -sinners and the righteous.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationreasoning§ The World through the Eyes of EnochThe new theophany of 1 Enoch 1:3-9 creates a new origin story for revelation, related to but separate from the Torah, that retools the narrative of election to incorporate the theme of judgment.
“The new theophany of 1 Enoch 1:3-9 creates a new origin story for revelation, related to but separate from the Torah that retools the narrative of election to incorporate the theme of judgment.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Interpretationreasoning§ The World through the Eyes of EnochThe authors of 1 Enoch were likely familiar with the Torah based on paraphrases and allusions.
“1 Enoch never directly quotes from the Torah, though it is likely that the authors were familiar with the Torah based on paraphrases and allusions.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Interpretationreasoning§ The World through the Eyes of EnochJudgment upon the Watchers and their offspring is necessary because of the eternal consequence of their actions.
“Judgment upon the Watchers and their offspring is necessary because of the eternal consequence of their actions.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationreasoning§ The World through the Eyes of Enoch1 Enoch 5:5-9 returns to the poetic style seen prior to 2:1, suggesting that 2:1-5:4 was inserted to clarify the revelation of 1:4-9.
“1 Enoch 5:5-9 returns to the poetic style seen prior to 2:1, suggesting that 2:1-5:4 was inserted to clarify the revelation of 1:4-9.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Interpretationreasoning§ and analogy. I don't propose to challenge the qualifications of 'apocalypticism' or 'apocalyptic'The delineation of these titles further highlights the complexity of sources utilized in the Book of Watchers.
“The delineation of these titles further highlights the complexity of sources utilized in the BW.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Interpretationreasoning§ and analogy. I don't propose to challenge the qualifications of 'apocalypticism' or 'apocalyptic'In the Book of Watchers, the abandonment of the heavenly realm and the revelation of secret knowledge represents a violation of divine boundaries.
“The abandonment of the heavenly realm and the revelation of secret knowledge represents a violation of divine boundaries.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationreasoning§ The World through the Eyes of EnochNeither does the imposition of a superhuman origin of evil displace the Mosaic Torah, but rather renders humanity as an object of external violence.
“Neither does the imposition of a superhuman origin of evil displace the Mosaic Torah, but rather renders humanity as an object of external violence: within the Watcher Myth, humanity is victim to the power of evil as an unrelenting, external force, most clearly embodied in Azazel.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Interpretationreasoning§ and analogy. I don't propose to challenge the qualifications of 'apocalypticism' or 'apocalyptic'While present on earth, all humans are subject to this force.
“While present on earth, all humans are subject to this force.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Interpretationreasoning§ The World through the Eyes of EnochThe pericope establishes the proper order of creation that follows regular seasons.
“It establishes the proper order of creation that follows regular seasons.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Interpretationreasoning§ and analogy. I don't propose to challenge the qualifications of 'apocalypticism' or 'apocalyptic'These 'accusers' are defined by their function or role rather than some intrinsic characteristic or state of being.
“These 'accusers' are defined by their function or role rather than some intrinsic characteristic or state of being.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationnone given§ Dream VisionsThe two portions of DV-the Flood Vision (chapters 83-84) and the Animal Apocalypse (chapters 85-90)-respectively struggle with the role of human responsibility and who might be defined as the Righteous.
“However, the two portions of DV -the Flood Vision (hereafter: FV), chapters 83-84; and the Animal Apocalypse (hereafter: AA), chapters 85-90 -respectively struggle with the role of human responsibility and who might be defined as the Righteous.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Interpretationreasoning§ and analogy. I don't propose to challenge the qualifications of 'apocalypticism' or 'apocalyptic'Michael is YHWH's sword of destruction.
“Michael is YHWH's sword of destruction.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationnone given§ and analogy. I don't propose to challenge the qualifications of 'apocalypticism' or 'apocalyptic'In the Book of Watchers, revelation is a burden for tools of war symbolically mark conflict and the infringement of divine boundaries set on protecting life.
“and also a burden for tools of war symbolically mark conflict and the infringement of divine boundaries set on protecting life.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationnone given§ The World through the Eyes of Enoch1 Enoch 1 depicts the judgment of the Watcher narrative and the choosing of the Holy Ones as the binding of the community in place of the Torah.
“1 Enoch 1 also depicts the judgment of the Watcher narrative and the choosing of the Holy Ones as the binding of the community in place of the Torah.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Interpretationreasoning§ The World through the Eyes of EnochThe chapter division between 1:9 and 2:1 creates a false sense of division that disconnects the imperative of 'look' (1:9) from the imperatives that follow (contemplate: 2:1, 3:1; 5:1; observe: 2:2, 3; 4:1, 4:3).
“The chapter division between 1:9 and 2:1 creates a false sense of division that disconnects the imperative of 'look' (1:9) from the imperatives that follow (contemplate: 2:1, 3:1; 5:1; observe: 2:2, 3; 4:1, 4:3).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationreasoning§ and analogy. I don't propose to challenge the qualifications of 'apocalypticism' or 'apocalyptic'While Shemihazah, the leader of the 'fallen' angels, promises to take responsibility for the angels' corporate action in 6:3, the bond between evil angels in 6:5 signifies that all angels take equal measure of accountability.
“While Shemihazah, the leader of the 'fallen' angels, promises to take responsibility for the angels' corporate action in 6:3, the bond between evil angels in 6:5 signifies that all angels take equal measure of accountability.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationreasoning§ The World through the Eyes of EnochThe formative element of the Book of Watchers is the Myth of the Watchers (6-11), which describes an expansion of the narrative in Genesis 6:1-4.
“The formative element of the BW is the Myth of the Watchers (6-11), which describes an expansion of the narrative in Genesis 6:1-4:”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Interpretationreasoning§ and analogy. I don't propose to challenge the qualifications of 'apocalypticism' or 'apocalyptic'The destruction of the sinful creates space for the righteous to grow in stature and increase in number.
“The destruction of the sinful creates space for the righteous to grow in stature and increase in number.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Premisecitation§ and analogy. I don't propose to challenge the qualifications of 'apocalypticism' or 'apocalyptic'1QM 17:6-8 marks Michael as a majestic angel who wields eternal power and will sustain the covenant of YHWH with Israel.
“1QM 17:6-8 marks Michael as a majestic angel who wields eternal power and will sustain the covenant of YHWH with Israel (cf., 4Q529 1:1).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites 1QM 17:6-8
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites 4Q529 1:1
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationcitation§ The World through the Eyes of EnochThe Chosen will experience the forgiveness of sins, indicating that they, too, have sinned but will still inherit a blessing (cf. Isa 57:13).
“The Chosen will experience the forgiveness of sins, indicating that they, too, have sinned but will still inherit a blessing (cf.Isa 57:13).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationnone given§ The World through the Eyes of EnochThe patch-work narrative of 1 En. 12-16 interweaves protological and eschatological positions in time to critique the actions of the Watchers.
“The patch-work narrative, which appears on the surface to relate similar pericopae, interweaves protological and eschatological positions in time to critique the actions of the Watchers.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Interpretationreasoning§ The World through the Eyes of EnochEnoch's wisdom does not lend itself to a displacement of the Mosaic Torah, in that it does not attempt to replace the Torah with a new one but conveys an earlier, more universal law.
“Enoch's wisdom does not lend itself to a displacement of the Mosaic Torah, in that it does not attempt to replace the Torah with a new one but conveys an earlier, more universal law.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationcitation§ The World through the Eyes of EnochThose who sinned as a result of the Watcher's corruption will be subject to death because of their actions, bringing the immediacy of the future eschaton upon the present (cf. 12:6).
“Those who sinned as a result of the Watcher's corruption will be subject to death because of their actions, bringing the immediacy of the future eschaton upon the present (cf. 12:6).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationreasoning§ and analogy. I don't propose to challenge the qualifications of 'apocalypticism' or 'apocalyptic'If the time frame of adaptation is correct, any assumption about pre-exilic literature origin reaches too far back in time and assumes a different understanding of divine power.
“If the time frame of adaptation is correct, any assumption about pre-exilic literature origin reaches too far back in time and assumes a different understanding of divine power.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Premisenone given§ The World through the Eyes of EnochIn Genesis, the event of the sons of God taking women happens immediately prior to the flood.
“In Genesis, this event happens immediately prior to the flood.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationreasoning§ The World through the Eyes of EnochThe primary substance of Enoch's wisdom is the impending judgment upon the Watchers, which again elaborates upon the two groups defined in a converse relationship.
“The primary substance of Enoch's wisdom is the impending judgment upon the Watchers, which again elaborates upon the two groups defined in a converse relationship.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationreasoning§ and analogy. I don't propose to challenge the qualifications of 'apocalypticism' or 'apocalyptic'In the Book of Watchers, revelation is a gift that gives humanity additional knowledge to confront illness and death, which challenges divine authority.
“revelation is both a gift as well as a burden: a gift that gives humanity additional knowledge to confront illness and death, which challenges divine authority”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Interpretationreasoning§ and analogy. I don't propose to challenge the qualifications of 'apocalypticism' or 'apocalyptic'To read עזאזל as a sacrifice presented to an individual being as a parallel to God as direct object, misreads the grammatical structure.
“To read ע ז א ז ל as a sacrifice presented to an individual being ( ל ַ ﬠ זֲ ָ א ז ֵ ל ) as a parallel to God as direct object ( ל ַ י ה ו ָ ה ), misreads the grammatical structure.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Interpretationcitation§ and analogy. I don't propose to challenge the qualifications of 'apocalypticism' or 'apocalyptic'This vision is similar to Jubilees or Genesis Apocryphon, in which the origins of Early Judaism are rewritten to emphasize differing values of revelation and evil.
“However, this vision is similar to Jubilees or Genesis Apocryphon, in which the origins of Early Judaism are rewritten to emphasize differing values of revelation and evil to name but a few.205”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [205]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Premisecitation§ The World through the Eyes of Enoch1 Enoch 1-6, 6-11, and 12-16 are thought to be distinct portions, with 6-11 being the earliest portion and 1-6 a later introduction.
“1 Enoch 1-6, 6-11, and 12-16 are thought to be distinct portions, with 6-11 being the earliest portion and 1-6 a later introduction.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [206]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Interpretationreasoning§ The World through the Eyes of EnochWithin the Watcher Myth, humanity is victim to the power of evil as an unrelenting, external force, most clearly embodied in Azazel.
“Neither does the imposition of a superhuman origin of evil displace the Mosaic Torah, but rather renders humanity as an object of external violence: within the Watcher Myth, humanity is victim to the power of evil as an unrelenting, external force, most clearly embodied in Azazel.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Premisenone given§ The World through the Eyes of EnochThe raison principale that necessitates God's action in Genesis 6 is a concern that God's spirit within these creatures will last forever upon the earth.
“The raison principale that necessitates God's action is a concern that God's spirit ( ר וּ ִח י ; τὸ πνεῦμά μου) within these creatures will last forever upon the earth (Gen 6:3).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Gen 6:3
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Interpretationreasoning§ The World through the Eyes of EnochThe theophany in 1 Enoch 1:3-9 appears to reinterpret Moses's final blessing upon Israel before his death (Deut 33:1-5).
“The theophany appears to reinterpret Moses's final blessing upon Israel before his death (Deut 33:1-5).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim.
Interpretationreasoning§ The World through the Eyes of EnochArguments that the Torah was a 'secondary concern' or that Enochic literature was only 'marginally concerned' with Jewish law is a misstep that removes the Enochic literature from its historical context.
“In this way, arguments that the Torah was a 'secondary concern' or that Enochic literature was only 'marginally concerned' with Jewish law is a misstep that removes the Enochic literature from its historical context.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationreasoning§ The World through the Eyes of EnochThe view of the heavenly temple elevates Enoch to the same position as the heavenly entourage.
“The view of the heavenly temple elevates Enoch to the same position as the heavenly entourage.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Interpretationreasoning§ The World through the Eyes of EnochThis passage protects YHWH from the incrimination of sin itself.
“This protects YHWH from the incrimination of sin itself.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationnone given§ Dream VisionsBy transforming the bull into a new progenitor, the messiah removes all traces of ethnicity and race and sets creation upon a new course without the detriment of sin from the fallen angels.
“By transforming the bull into a new progenitor, the messiah removes all traces of ethnicity and race and sets creation upon a new course without the detriment of sin from the fallen angels.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationnone given§ The Similitudes of Enoch: A Messianic ReinterpretationThrough the Righteous One, the Righteous Ones gain authority to open the small community to others.
“Through the Righteous One, the Righteous Ones gain authority to open the small community to others.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
Interpretationnone given§ Messianic Terms in the SimilitudesConcealing the identity of the perpetrators has the effect of creating an abstract discourse against the abuse of power.
“Concealing their identity, however, has the effect of creating an abstract discourse against the abuse of power.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The original recipients of the SE would have known the identities of the elite perpetrators.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Interpretationreasoning§ The Gospels: A Shared NarrativeAt first glance, y. Ta'anit 68d demonstrates a positive relationship between Kosiba and the Rabbis.
“At first glance, y. Ta'anit 68d demonstrates a positive relationship between Kosiba and the Rabbis.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationcitation§ The Gospels: A Shared NarrativeAuthors and redactors in the second and third centuries CE used Kosiba's memory within messianic discourse to shape the origins of Rabbinic Judaism.
“Authors and redactors in the second and third centuries CE used Kosiba's memory within messianic discourse to shape the origins of Rabbinic Judaism.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationnone given§ The Similitudes of Enoch: A Messianic ReinterpretationA comparison of four parallels illuminates how the SE both assumes the ideological validity of the Watcher Myth and yet reconstructs the narrative within the messianic framework to address the issue of abuse of power surrounding land conquest.
“A comparison of four parallels illuminates how the SE both assumes the ideological validity of the Watcher Myth and yet reconstructs the narrative within the messianic framework to address the issue of abuse of power surrounding land conquest.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationreasoning§ The Similitudes of Enoch: A Messianic ReinterpretationWhile the content of the Watcher Myth is framed as several successive visions (e.g., 13:1-3, 4; 14:1-4; 19:3), the SE is framed as parables (38:1), which places greater emphasis on Enoch as the source and interpreter of revelation.
“While the content of the Watcher Myth is framed as several successive visions (e.g., 13:1-3, 4; 14:1-4; 19:3), the SE is framed as parables (38:1), which places greater emphasis on Enoch as the source and interpreter of revelation.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites 13:1-3
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites 14:1-4
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites 38:1
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Premisecitation§ Dream VisionsGore-Jones cogently claims that the author of the AA has a very teleological view of history.
“Gore-Jones cogently claims that the author of the AA has a very teleological view of history:”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Gore-Jones
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationnone given§ Dream VisionsUnlike Isaiah or the SE, the messiah of the DV is an eschatological figure who appears at the end of time.
“Unlike Isaiah or SE, the messiah of the DV is an eschatological figure who appears at the end of time.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationnone given§ Dream VisionsThe messiah as a bull creates a connection with the previously listed Abrahamic offspring, also bulls, making a clear arch across time.
“as a bull creates a connection with the previously listed Abrahamic offspring, also bulls, making a clear arch across time.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationnone given§ The Gospels: A Shared NarrativeThe conflict between Kosiba and the Patriarch, a new title for Jewish leadership, takes center stage within second century CE reflection on messianism.
“For instance, we see the conflict between Kosiba and the Patriarch, a new title for Jewish leadership, take center stage within second century CE reflection on messianism.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Premisecitation§ Conclusion: An Apocalyptic MessiahThe intended audience of the Book of Parables is the ensemble of the Jewish people fallen under the domination of a new and merciless dynasty.
“As Piovanelli claims, “the intended audience to whom the Book of Parables addresses its message of solace and hope is but the ensemble of the Jewish people fallen under the domination of a new and merciless dynasty.””
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Piovanelli
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
It may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationreasoning§ Messianic Terms in the SimilitudesThere is no prerequisite lineage to become the Chosen One, but all creation assumes the figure's lineage after the eschatological judgment.
“There is no prerequisite lineage to become the Chosen One, but all creation assumes the figure's lineage after the eschatological judgment.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationreasoning§ Messianic Terms in the SimilitudesIn 1 Enoch 69:29, the Son of Man is in an idealized state and succeeds in his claim of glory.
“Here, the Son of Man is in an idealized state and succeeds in his claim of glory.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationreasoning§ Messianic Terms in the SimilitudesThe Righteous Ones are not outsiders of this group, but somehow connected - either through economic, religious, or political relationships.
“We can infer from this that the Righteous Ones are not outsiders of this group, but somehow connected -either through economic, religious, or political relationships.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationreasoning§ The Similitudes of Enoch: A Messianic ReinterpretationThis is made explicit through verbs or participles of seeing, experiencing, communicating, and movement that serve to reveal the glory and vastness of YHWH to the audience and yet sustain a critical distance.
“This is made explicit through verbs or participles of seeing, 218 experiencing, 219 communicating, 220 and movement, 221 that serve to reveal the glory and vastness of YHWH to the audience and yet sustain a critical distance.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites [218]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [219]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [220]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationnone given§ Conclusion: An Apocalyptic MessiahThe apocalyptic narrative defines the messianic discourse by encompassing protology and eschatology, setting the messiah before and after the event of sin.
“The apocalyptic narrative defines the messianic discourse by encompassing protology and eschatology, setting the messiah before and after the event of sin.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationreasoning§ Messianic Terms in the SimilitudesThe messiah resolves the issue of protological sin through judgment at the eschaton.
“The messiah resolves the issue of protological sin through judgment at the eschaton.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationcitation§ Messianic Terms in the SimilitudesThe terms all represent an enthroned mediator, created at the beginning of time, that serves on behalf of the Lord of the Spirits.
“The terms all represent an enthroned mediator, created at the beginning of time, that serves on behalf of the Lord of the Spirits.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Premisecitation§ The Gospels: A Shared NarrativeDaniel Olson argues that, based on a variant in the minority manuscript tradition, 1 Enoch 70:1-2 represents an intentional elevation of Enoch's name to the position of the Son of Man.
“Daniel Olson argues that based on a variant in the minority manuscript tradition, 1 Enoch 70:1-2 represents an intentional elevation of Enoch's name to the position of the Son of Man.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Daniel Olson
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Premisecitation§ The Gospels: A Shared NarrativeReception of the text within the earliest communities attributed the Gospel of Matthew to Jesus' disciple Matthew.
“Reception of the text within the earliest communities attributed the text to Jesus' disciple Matthew (Mark 3:18; Luke 6:15; Acts 1:13).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Mark 3:18
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Luke 6:15
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Acts 1:13
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Interpretationreasoning§ Messianic Terms in the SimilitudesIn the context of universal judgment and all-corrupting evil, the 'others' are repentant sinners.
“In the context of universal judgment and all-corrupting evil, the 'others' are repentant sinners.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Interpretationreasoning§ The Similitudes of Enoch: A Messianic ReinterpretationThe Righteous Ones possessed the resources at the outset.
“This statement implies that the Righteous Ones possessed the resources at the outset.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationreasoning§ Messianic Terms in the SimilitudesThe author of 1 Enoch alludes to the vision from Daniel: the figure's close proximity to the Head of Days shows his importance in the eschatological vision as well as his authority.
“It is clear the author alludes to the vision from Daniel: the figure's close proximity to the Head of Days shows his importance in the eschatological vision as well as his authority.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationnone given§ Messianic Terms in the SimilitudesThe vision of eschatological fulfillment in both AA and SE describe the Righteous Ones as an extension of the messiah, indicating that the community values at its core the divine revelation, associated with Enoch.
“The vision of eschatological fulfillment in both AA and SE describe the Righteous Ones as an extension of the messiah, indicating that the community values at its core the divine revelation, associated with Enoch.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationreasoning§ Messianic Terms in the SimilitudesThe context infers that this group includes both Jews and non-Jews alike.
“The context infers that this group includes both Jews and non-Jews alike.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationnone given§ Conclusion: An Apocalyptic MessiahThe distinct contribution of Enochic messianism in the Similitudes is the act of mercy upon those who repent of their sin.
“The distinct contribution of Enochic messianism in the Similitudes is the act of mercy upon those who repent of their sin.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationnone given§ Conclusion: An Apocalyptic MessiahWhile difficult to historically contextualize, the AA and the SE offer a strong corrective to the closed boundary markers represented by the reception of Isaiah at Qumran.
“While difficult to historically contextualize, the AA and the SE offer a strong corrective to the closed boundary markers represented by the reception of Isaiah at Qumran.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Premisecitation§ The Gospels: A Shared NarrativeRobert Cousland argues that the crowds surrounding Jesus are regularly astonished, amazed, afraid, and glorify God because of Jesus' actions.
“Robert Cousland argues that the crowds surrounding Jesus are regularly astonished (e.g., 7:28 - ἐκπλήσσω), amazed (e.g., 15:31 -θαυμάζω), afraid (9:8 -φοβέω), and glorify God because of Jesus' actions (e.g., 9:8 -δοξάζω).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Robert Cousland
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationnone given§ The Gospels: A Shared NarrativeWhile previous definitions of the messiah were formulated in relation to external sources of evil, rabbinic literature frames this tension in relation to the self.
“Lastly, while previous definitions of the messiah were formulated in relation to external sources of evil, rabbinic literature frames this tension in relation to the self.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationnone given§ Similitudes and Isaiah: A Literary Relationship?The traditions of Isaiah and the SE are related but not ideologically in sync.
“Although the traditions of Isaiah and the SE are related, it is clear they are not ideologically in sync.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationreasoning§ The Gospels: A Shared NarrativeThe rabbis offer criticism against this prerogative because it physically disables the man and tests his will, not his strength as a soldier.
“The rabbis offer criticism against this prerogative for it physically disables the man and tests his will, not his strength as a soldier.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Premisecitation§ The Gospels: A Shared NarrativeCommentators such as Luz use the Son of Man occurrences to divide the text of Matthew into three parts matching Bultmann's divisions (1-7, 8-20, 21-28).
“Commentators, such as Luz, use the Son of Man occurrences to divide the text of Matthew into three parts, matching Bultmann's divisions (1-7, 8-20, 21-28).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Luz
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Bultmann
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Premisenone given§ The Gospels: A Shared NarrativeThe problem of understanding the causes and geographical involvement of the Bar Kokhba Revolt is frequently attributed to the paucity of resources: 26 documents found in Judean desert caves between 1950 and 1965 and a relatively small sampling of numismatic evidence.
“This problem is frequently attributed to the paucity of resources: the extant primary evidence from the revolutionaries includes 26 documents found in caves from the Judean desert between 1950 and 1965, and a relatively small sampling of numismatic evidence.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationnone given§ Messianic Terms in the SimilitudesThe ascension of the Chosen One to power signifies an acquisition of the resources used to corrupt the world.
“The ascension of the Chosen One to power signifies an acquisition of the resources used to corrupt the world.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationnone given§ Dream VisionsEven within the metaphorical world of the AA, the messiah appears as a confirmation of the Righteous and the only manner through which they can remain within the collective.
“The significant element of this narrative for this argument is that even within the metaphorical world of the AA, the messiah appears as a confirmation of the Righteous and the only manner through which they can remain within the collective.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Interpretationcitation§ Messianic Terms in the SimilitudesThese four epithets together present a coordinated depiction of the Enochic messiah.
“These four epithets together present a coordinated depiction of the Enochic messiah.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationnone given§ Messianic Terms in the SimilitudesThe forgiveness of sin is a mechanism for change.
“The forgiveness of sin is a mechanism for change.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationnone given§ The Gospels: A Shared NarrativeInterpreting the Son of Man passage as a discrete discourse reveals that Matthew employs the Son of Man title primarily within three types of situational conflict: conflict with followers, conflict with evil and sickness, and conflict with opponents.
“Interpreting the Son of Man passage as a discrete discourse rather than within a theological concept of salvation history reveals that Matthew employs the Son of Man title primarily within three types of situational conflict to reveal Jesus' character: conflict with followers (crowds and disciples), conflict with evil and sickness, and conflict with opponents.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationnone given§ The Gospels: A Shared NarrativeThe association with a specific figure creates a closeness between the figure, their followers, and divine powers.
“The association with a specific figure creates a closeness between the figure, their followers, and divine powers.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Premisecitation§ The Gospels: A Shared NarrativeMenahem Mor suggests that the Romans had 275,000 soldiers in country while Kosiba must have had at least 12,000 soldiers with greater numbers besides.
“Menahem Mor suggests that the Romans had 275,000 soldiers in country while Kosiba must have had at least 12,000 soldiers with greater numbers besides.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Menahem Mor
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
It may state two separate claims as one.
Premisecitation§ Similitudes and Isaiah: A Literary Relationship?The central tenets of this priestly class are the corruption of humanity by external forces and the election of the righteous community.
“The central tenets are (a) the corruption of humanity by external forces and (b) the election of the righteous community.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [263]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Premisenone given§ Conclusion: An Apocalyptic MessiahPrevious research, such as Judith Stack's, does not take into account how Matthew situates his notion of sin within his protological and eschatological outlook.
“Previous research, such as that from Judith Stack, does not take into account how Matthew situates his notion of sin within his protological and eschatological outlook.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Judith Stack
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationnone given§ Dream VisionsThe two visions (FV and AA) offer slightly different understandings of evil.
“The two visions offer slightly different understandings of evil.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationreasoning§ The Similitudes of Enoch: A Messianic ReinterpretationAs servants within the holy temple and in close proximity to the Most High, the angels are holy beings, and yet they do not convey sinfulness.
“As servants within the holy temple and in close proximity to the Most High, the angels are holy beings, and yet they do not convey sinfulness.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationreasoning§ The Gospels: A Shared NarrativeTrump's combination of politics and religion serves as a prime example of modern messianic discourse.
“Trump's combination of politics and religion serve as a prime example of modern messianic discourse.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Trump's title 'Chosen One' has a long lineage stemming from ancient Jewish messianism.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationreasoning§ Messianic Terms in the SimilitudesThe various epithets do not indicate a relational or substantive equality with the Lord of Spirits, but establishes an authoritative equality once placed within the role.
“The various epithets do not indicate a relational or substantive equality with the Lord of Spirits, but establishes an authoritative equality once placed within the role.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationnone given§ Dream VisionsAs a concentrated messianic discourse, the messiah unifies the remnant who survive the eschatological judgment.
“As a concentrated messianic discourse, the messiah unifies the remnant who survive the eschatological judgment.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationnone given§ The Gospels: A Shared NarrativeThis tradition about Kosiba and the rabbis is similarly wrapped in legend.
“This tradition is similarly wrapped in legend.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Premisecitation§ The Gospels: A Shared NarrativeRev. Franklin Graham gave an interview shortly after Trump's declaration to call his supporters to stand with Trump, saying that God put him there for a purpose and that they need to get behind him and support him.
“Furthermore, Rev. Franklin Graham, son of popular the Baptist preacher Rev. Billy Graham, gave an interview shortly after Trump's declaration to call his supporters to stand with Trump: “I just have to think that God, in some reason, put him there for a purpose. I don't know what that is, but we need to get behind him and support him.””
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Rev. Franklin Graham
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Premisecitation§ The Gospels: A Shared NarrativeSchäfer characterizes the tree-uprooting test as an aggadic motif without historical value.
“Schäfer characterizes this as an aggadic motif without historical value (Der Bar Kokhba-Aufstand, 170ff).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Schäfer
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Der Bar Kokhba-Aufstand
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationnone given§ The Similitudes of Enoch: A Messianic ReinterpretationEnoch's revelation represents the words of YHWH's messiah, the Holy One.
“Enoch's revelation represents the words of YHWH's messiah, the Holy One.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Premisecitation§ The Gospels: A Shared NarrativeHarry Potter is consistently referred to as the 'Chosen One' throughout the Harry Potter series by J. K. Rowling.
“Harry Potter is consistently referred to as the 'Chosen One' throughout the Harry Potter series by J. K. Rowling (see Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (New York City: Scholastic Paperbacks, 2005))”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (New York City: Scholastic Paperbacks, 2005)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationnone given§ The Gospels: A Shared NarrativeTogether, the two texts unmistakably claim Kosiba as the messiah-king, but as a historically-static medium the readers are aware of Kosiba's failure.
“Together, the two texts unmistakably claim Kosiba as the messiah-king, but as a historically-static medium the readers are aware of Kosiba's failure.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationnone given§ Dream VisionsThe individual does not play a direct role in the Lord of Spirit's distribution of judgment upon evil beings.
“The individual does not play a direct role in the Lord of Spirit's distribution of judgment upon evil beings.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationnone given§ Dream VisionsBorn in a state of purity, the messiah serves as the progenitor of the new race.
“Third, born in a state of purity the messiah serves as the progenitor of the new race.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationreasoning§ The Gospels: A Shared NarrativeRather than outright dismissal, the tale paints Kosiba as a brutal but firm leader who demanded his soldiers demonstrate their loyalty to him by cutting off a finger.
“Rather than outright dismissal, the tale paints Kosiba as a brutal but firm leader who demanded his soldiers demonstrate their loyalty to him by cutting off a finger.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationreasoning§ The Gospels: A Shared NarrativeThe eschatological figure is set upon the throne prior to the judgment and becomes an advocate for the group bearing the figure's central characteristic or formal name.
“The eschatological figure is set upon the throne prior to the judgment and becomes an advocate for the group bearing the figure's central characteristic (Righteous Ones) or formal name.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Premisenone given§ The Gospels: A Shared NarrativeThe tradition alludes to the siege of Bethar (Khirbet al-Yahud) in 135 CE in which Kosiba is said to have 400,000 men.
“The tradition alludes to the siege of Bethar (Khirbet al-Yahud) in 135 CE in which Kosiba is said to have 400,000 men.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Interpretationreasoning§ Messianic Terms in the SimilitudesThrough the enthronement of the Son of Man, the SE creates an intellectual bridge with Daniel 7.
“Through the enthronement of the Son of Man, the SE creates an intellectual bridge with Daniel 7.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationnone given§ Conclusion: An Apocalyptic MessiahMatthew's messiah is envisioned as connected to both the time of creation and the eschaton.
“Second, Matthew's messiah is envisioned as connected to both the time of creation and the eschaton.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Premisecitation§ The Similitudes of Enoch: A Messianic ReinterpretationDavid Suter rightly points out that this represents a shift in social context to highlight political injustice.
“David Suter rightly points out that this represents a shift in social context to highlight political injustice:”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites David Suter
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Premisecitation§ Similitudes and Isaiah: A Literary Relationship?The Qumran literature and Enoch documents stem from the priestly class that separated in the mid Second Temple period.
“Gabriele Boccaccini has convincingly argued that the Qumran literature and Enoch documents stem from the priestly class that separated in the mid Second Temple period.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [263]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Premisecitation§ The Gospels: A Shared NarrativeNew Testament scholars divided the Gospel occurrences of the Son of Man into three categories of sayings: on Jesus' earthly ministry, on his passion and resurrection, and on eschatology.
“Bultmann, New Testament scholars divided the Gospel occurrences of the Son of Man in three categories of sayings: on Jesus' earthly ministry, on his passion and resurrection, and on eschatology.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Bultmann
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationreasoning§ The Gospels: A Shared NarrativeTrump's unstated but implicit claim to socioreligious authority was further bolstered by outspoken religious leaders who supported his claim, affirming his call by God to lead the United States.
“His unstated but implicit claim to socioreligious authority was further bolstered by the outspoken religious leaders who supported his claim, affirming his call by God to lead the United States.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationreasoning§ The Gospels: A Shared NarrativeThe epilogue of 1 Enoch 70-71 represents a separate reception of the Enochic messiah.
“In this way, the epilogue represents a separate reception of the Enochic messiah.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationreasoning§ Messianic Terms in the SimilitudesThe Son of Man is first among creation, a superhuman being.
“The Son of Man is first among creation, a superhuman being.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationreasoning§ Messianic Terms in the SimilitudesThe Righteous Ones are at least educated and connected to the religious life of ancient Judaism.
“That they are communicating through text and expanding themes also represented in the Second Temple Hebrew texts, suggests that they are at least educated and connected to the religious life of ancient Judaism.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationnone given§ Similitudes and Isaiah: A Literary Relationship?The messianism in 1 Enoch represents an adversarial textual relationship with the reception of Isaiah and ideology associated with the community at Qumran.
“What can be certain is that the messianism in 1 Enoch represents an adversarial textual relationship with the reception of Isaiah and ideology associated with the community at Qumran.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
Premisenone given§ The Gospels: A Shared Narrative1 Enoch 70-71 is frequently labeled as an epilogue of SE, marked as a later addition.
“1 Enoch 70-71 is frequently labeled as an epilogue of SE, marked as a later addition.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationreasoning§ The Gospels: A Shared NarrativeThe mythologized tradition suggests that at least initially, Kosiba's revolt benefited from popular support as well as the support of the sages.
“The mythologized tradition suggests that at least initially, Kosiba's revolt benefited from popular support as well as the support of the sages.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Interpretationcitation§ The Gospels: A Shared NarrativeReferences and quotations of Matthew in other Early Christian texts indicate that Matthew had reached a stable form by the end of the first century or early second century CE.
“References and quotations of Matthew in other Early Christian texts, such as the Didache, the letter of 1 Clement, the Epistle of Barnabas, and the letters of Ignatius of Antioch, indicate that the book had reached a stable form by the end of the first century or early second century CE.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Didache
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites 1 Clement
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Epistle of Barnabas
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Interpretationnone given§ The Gospels: A Shared NarrativeIf any of the military leaders are priests, the act of cutting off a finger would preclude them from serving.
“In addition, if any of the military leaders are priests, this act would preclude them from serving.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Interpretationreasoning§ The Gospels: A Shared NarrativeThe moment of advocacy represents the revelation of the Lord of Spirits into the current age to dispel the manifestation of evil, identified through titles such as kings, mighty, and land-grabbers.
“This moment of advocacy represents the revelation of the Lord of Spirits into the current age to dispel the manifestation of evil, which in this case, the author identifies only through titles (kings, mighty, individuals who as a collective have forcibly taken land from the righteous).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim.
Interpretationreasoning§ The Similitudes of Enoch: A Messianic ReinterpretationThis textual variant shifts attention to the wisdom that Enoch reports rather than suggesting Enoch was the messiah.
“This textual variant shifts attention to the wisdom that Enoch reports rather than suggesting Enoch was the messiah.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationreasoning§ Messianic Terms in the SimilitudesThat the Chosen One appears in all three parables and serves as a moniker for the 'in-group' suggests it was the most important epithet for the original recipients of the work.
“That the Chosen One appears in all three parables and serves as a moniker for the 'in-group' suggests it was the most important epithet for the original recipients of the work.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationnone given§ Conclusion: An Apocalyptic MessiahAimed at both Jews and non-Jews alike, the messiah becomes a mechanism by which new members might join the righteous community.
“Aimed at both Jews and non-Jews alike, the messiah becomes a mechanism by which new members might join the righteous community.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationreasoning§ Dream VisionsEnoch's ability to experience heavenly visions is tied to his role as mediator and scribe for the Fallen Angels.
“As mentioned above, this indicates that Enoch's ability to experience heavenly visions is tied to his role as mediator and scribe for the Fallen Angels.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationnone given§ The Gospels: A Shared NarrativeDespite the inclusion in both texts of Num 24:17, an accepted scriptural text, the revolutionaries are admonished and Yehuda HaNasi is proven correct.
“Despite the inclusion in both texts of Num 24:17, an accepted scriptural text, the revolutionaries are admonished and Yehuda HaNasi is proven correct.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationnone given§ The Gospels: A Shared NarrativeThe dramatic pause to look toward the sky suggests that Trump intentionally positioned himself in relation to the divine.
“The dramatic pause to look toward the sky suggests that he intentionally positioned himself in relation to the divine.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationnone given§ Messianic Terms in the SimilitudesThe qualifications for joining the community are not limited to a specific ethnicity, geographical location, or law.
“The qualifications for joining the community are not limited to a specific ethnicity, geographical location, or law.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationnone given§ The Similitudes of Enoch: A Messianic ReinterpretationThe Watcher Myth is the starting point for the SE, assuming that 'evil kings and landowners' is an extension or result of the fallen angels.
“The Watcher Myth is the starting point for the SE, assuming that 'evil kings and landowners' is an extension or result of the fallen angels.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationreasoning§ The Similitudes of Enoch: A Messianic ReinterpretationSimultaneously masking their identity while pairing them with Azazel makes the terms 'king,' 'mighty,' and 'sinners' abstract and applicable to other cultural figures who are viewed as wrong and outsiders of the community.
“Simultaneously masking their identity while pairing them with Azazel makes the terms 'king,' 'mighty,' and 'sinners,' abstract and applicable to other cultural figures who are viewed as wrong and outsiders of the community.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationreasoning§ The Similitudes of Enoch: A Messianic ReinterpretationThe SE is unique among apocalyptic texts that envisage the destruction of the oppressors and yet offers a select few the potential hope of redemption through repentance.
“The SE is unique among apocalyptic texts that envisage the destruction of the oppressors and yet offers a select few the potential hope of redemption through repentance.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim.
Premisecitation§ The Similitudes of Enoch: A Messianic ReinterpretationI agree with Pierluigi Piovanelli that the SE functions as a midrash or expansion of the Watcher tradition.
“I agree with Pierluigi Piovanelli that the SE functions as a midrash or expansion of the Watcher tradition.216”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Piovanelli
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationreasoning§ Messianic Terms in the SimilitudesThe apocalyptic format eliminates the distance between heaven and earth, revealing YHWH's direct involvement in the world against those who have abused their positions of power.
“The apocalyptic format eliminates the distance between heaven and earth, revealing YHWH's direct involvement in the world against those who have abused their positions of power.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Interpretationreasoning§ The Similitudes of Enoch: A Messianic ReinterpretationDespite the potential textual change, the preamble of SE makes explicit that the wisdom of Enoch reflects the wisdom of God, albeit with different perpetrators in mind.
“Despite the potential textual change, the preamble of SE makes explicit that the wisdom of Enoch reflects the wisdom of God, albeit with different perpetrators in mind.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim.
Interpretationnone given§ Conclusion: An Apocalyptic MessiahMatthew's messianic discourse in chapters 23-24 decries the Pharisees.
“Third, Matthew's messianic discourse in chapter 23-24 decries the Pharisees.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Interpretationcitation§ Messianic Terms in the SimilitudesMessianism is a balance between protology and eschatology.
“Messianism is a balance between protology and eschatology.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationnone given§ The Gospels: A Shared NarrativeThe SE initiates a break with the messianic discourse, followed by Early Christian texts, Testament of Abraham, and other historiographical works, in which the messiah receives the name of a historical individual.
“The SE initiates a break with the messianic discourse, that is followed by Early Christian texts, Testament of Abraham, and other historiographical works (i.e., Josephus), in which the messiah receives the name of a historical individual (Enoch, Jesus, Abel, Menahem, Simon Bar-Giora).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationnone given§ Conclusion: An Apocalyptic MessiahEnoch's apocalyptic visions rely on a discrete discourse that simultaneously authorizes the righteous community and the wisdom of Enoch while dislodging the ongoing effect of the sin of the Watchers.
“In the threads of Enoch's apocalyptic visions, we see the reliance upon a discrete discourse that simultaneously authorizes the righteous community and the wisdom of Enoch while dislodging the on-going effect of the sin of the Watchers.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Premisecitation§ The Gospels: A Shared NarrativePapias, a bishop of Hierapolis, states he compiled a collection of Jesus' sayings titled Λογίων Κυριακῶν Ἐξήγησις, collaborating with Jesus' earliest followers to verify its authenticity.
“Most notably, Papias (ca.60-130 CE), a bishop of Hierapolis, states he compiled a collection of Jesus' sayings titled Λογίων Κυριακῶν Ἐξήγησις, collaborating with Jesus' earliest followers to verify its authenticity.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Papias
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationnone given§ Messianic Terms in the SimilitudesThe Enochic messiah resolves the problem of sin for the righteous and repentant alike, Jew and non-Jews alike, judging with justice and mercy the intrusion of the Watchers and those who were corrupted by their actions.
“The Enochic messiah resolves the problem of sin for the righteous and repentant alike, Jew and non-Jews alike, judging with justice and mercy the intrusion of the Watchers and those who were corrupted by their actions.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Interpretationnone given§ The Gospels: A Shared NarrativeRoran Stronghammer's self-presentation as the 'Chosen One' in the Inheritance Cycle is an example of messianic discourse within young adult novels.
“in a mighty example of messianic discourse within young adult novels, Roran Stronghammer presents himself as the 'Chosen One'”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Premisecitation§ The Gospels: A Shared NarrativeRoran Stronghammer presents himself as the 'Chosen One' to lead the families of Palancar Valley to safety in Christopher Paolini's Inheritance Cycle.
“Roran Stronghammer presents himself as the 'Chosen One' to lead the families of Palancar Valley to safety in Christopher Paolini's Inheritance Cycle (see Eldest (New York City: Alfred A. Knopf Publisher), 2005)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Eldest (New York City: Alfred A. Knopf Publisher), 2005
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
The paper relies on this without support.
Religion, politics, and culture are inextricably intertwined.
“At Augsburg, I learned through the study of the history of religions that religion, politics, and culture are inextricably intertwined.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Words convey an inherent power.
“This work hopefully provides an intervention into what everyone who works with written or spoken word knows and feels: words convey an inherent power.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Ideas don't exist unless they're communicable.
“Ideas don't exist unless they're communicable.”
The paper relies on this without support.
All texts are social occurrences.
“This exploration also applies on a social level, for all texts are social occurrences.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Encoded within texts are the establishment of social, ethnic, and religious boundaries.
“Encoded within texts are the establishment of social, ethnic, and religious boundaries.”
The paper relies on this without support.
In ancient Judaism, discord and disharmony are usually attributed to non-human figures (angels, demons, and other beings).
“In ancient Judaism, discord and disharmony are usually attributed to non-human figures -angels, demons, and other beings.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The evidence is historically limited to texts.
“The evidence is historically limited to texts, sources which are likely to use lexical variance to describe the complexity of the idea, over other mediums, such as coins and pictorial depictions.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The character of one messiah is defined by previous messiahs, assuming a diachronic relationship between mindsets.
“The character of one messiah is defined by previous messiahs, assuming a diachronic relationship between mindsets.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The earliest reference to the concept of a messiah in the Second Temple period is in manuscripts that represent a complex cultural capital that maintained an ideological relationship to the people who inhabited ancient Israel and their respective traditions.
“The earliest reference to the concept of a messiah in the Second Temple period is in manuscripts that represent a complex cultural capital that maintained an ideological relationship to the people who inhabited ancient Israel and their respective traditions.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Stemming from different ideological circles, the texts are remnants of competing respective ideologies.
“Stemming from different ideological circles, the texts are remnants of competing respective ideologies.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The earliest textual evidence of messianism stems from the upper class.
“If literacy was so low, it is a logical assumption that the earliest textual evidence of messianism stems from the upper class.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The point that literacy was low necessitates an approach beyond traditional philological approaches.
“I take this point as a foundational presupposition that necessitates an approach beyond traditional philological approaches.”
The paper relies on this without support.
In the ancient world, collective solidarity was based in ethnicity, politics, and religion.
“It cannot be ignored that in the ancient world this collective solidarity was based in ethnicity, politics, and religion.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The fine line between a religious and ethical obligation is almost impossible to determine.
“The fine line between a religious and ethical obligation is almost impossible to determine.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Our evidence of the ancient world cannot sustain a macro view of modern capital, class, and culture.
“Bourdieu's evaluations attempt to take into account a macro view of modern capital, class, and culture that our evidence of the ancient world cannot sustain.”
The paper relies on this without support.
We cannot speak of one habitus among Jews in the ancient world.
“Furthermore, I do not think we can speak of one habitus among Jews in the ancient world.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The texts of the early Second Temple period preserve a tradition that promises the heirs of David will forever rule Israel.
“The texts of the early Second Temple period preserve a tradition that promises the heirs of David will forever rule Israel.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Messianic discourse is not unique to Judaism or the ancient world.
“Messianic discourse is not unique to Judaism or the ancient world.”
The paper relies on this without support.
What is viewed as economic capital in modern times may be better categorized as social capital in the ancient world.
“What is viewed as economic capital in modern times may be better categorized as social capital in the ancient world.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The text remained relatively fluid until at least the end of the first century CE.
“An undercurrent of this chapter is the assumption the text remained relatively fluid until at least the end of the first century CE.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The book of Isaiah is a unified tradition with three parts that build upon each other.
“There is no question that all three parts of Isaiah build upon each other, reflecting an interrelated tradition”
The paper relies on this without support.
The current order of the oracle in Isaiah 14 is original and meaningful for interpreting the passage.
“The current order of the oracle further supports this assumption.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The redactor of Proto-Isaiah is a single agent whose intentions can be inferred from the text.
“Third, the switching from a political to a religious field suggests the redactor of PtIsa intentionally repurposes royal messianism.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The high priest authorized and confirmed the leader on behalf of YHWH.
“While royal rulers were anointed, it was the high priest who authorized and confirmed the leader on behalf of YHWH.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Cyrus was a royal figure who reestablished the Babylonian temple and its practices.
“Cyrus is a royal figure who reestablished the Babylonian temple and its practices.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The subjugation of Babylon to Persia fulfills the promise of repatriation.
“The subjugation of Babylon to Persia fulfills the promise of repatriation.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Cyrus's narrative is frequently abstracted from its context.
“Cyrus's narrative is frequently abstracted from its context.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Interpreters generally agree that TrIsa moves away from the servant as an individual character and applies this term to Judah specifically and Israel more generally.
“As mentioned above, interpreters generally agree that TrIsa moves away from the servant as an individual character and instead applies this term to Judah, specifically and, Israel more generally.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The exact writing and rewriting process of the Book of Watchers is lost to us.
“The exact writing and rewriting process is lost to us.”
The paper relies on this without support.
In an apocalyptic system, a collective representation of a social order must sanction the overthrow of the oppressive order and the establishment of a new society.
“While a collective representation of a social order generally functions as a means of sanctioning the structure and authority of that order, in an apocalyptic system such a representation must sanction the overthrow of all of the oppressive order and the establishment of a new society.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The original recipients of the SE would have known the identities of the elite perpetrators.
“Although the identity of these perpetrators would surely have been known to the original recipients of the work, their identities are lost to historians.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The SE is confidently dated to the late first century BCE.
“and the SE confidently dated to the late first century BCE”
The paper relies on this without support.
Trump's title 'Chosen One' has a long lineage stemming from ancient Jewish messianism.
“Trump knowingly used a title that has a long lineage stemming from ancient Jewish messianism.”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Isaiah 52:13-53:12 assigned to two different portions
MinorThe same servant passage is placed in the third portion of Isaiah in one section and the second portion in another.
“Likewise, in the third portion of Isaiah, the servant (52:13-53:12) who YHWH brought as a 'root out of dry ground,' takes upon himself the punishment for Judah's sin.”
“the unnamed servant (52:13-53:12), who, in the second portion of Isaiah, does not directly refer to David”
Two distinct 1 Enoch appendices given the same chapters
MinorThe list identifies two appendices but assigns both of them chapters 106-107, leaving their stated chapter ranges identical.
“followed by two appendices: the Book of the Watchers (chs.1-36; hereafter, BW); the Similitudes of Enoch (chs.37-71; SE); the Book of the Luminaries (chs.72-82; hereafter, BL); the Dream Visions (chs.83-90; hereafter, DV); the Epistle of Enoch (chs.91-105; hereafter, EE); the Birth of Noah (chs.106-107); and the Book of Enoch (chs.106-107).”
“the Birth of Noah (chs.106-107); and the Book of Enoch (chs.106-107).”
Similitudes said both to survive in Greek and to have no Greek witnesses
MinorThe text says the Similitudes survive in Greek manuscripts, but later states that no Greek text or fragment of them exists.
“The Similitudes of Enoch only survives in Greek and Ethiopic manuscripts.”
“We have no Greek texts or fragments of the SE (only 1:1-32:6; 97:6-107:3).”
Citations
Cites
The publisher hasn’t deposited this paper’s reference list.
Research works printed but not linked: 310
- Shaye Cohen, The Beginnings of Jewishness: Boundaries, Varieties, Uncertainties (Berkeley: University of California Press), 7.
- Philip Esler, The Conflict and Identity in Romans: The Social Setting of Paul's Letter (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2003), 63-74.
- Jacob Neusner, "Preface" in Judaisms and Their Messiahs at the Turn of the Christian Era (ed. W. S. Green and E. Frerichs; Cambridge; Cambridge University Press, 1987), xiii.
- Alexander Kulik, Gabriele Boccaccini, Lorenzo DiTommaso David Hamidovic, Michael Stone; Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2019), 35-48. Concerning efforts to preserve the Enochic canon, see George W. E. Nickelsburg, 1 Enoch 1 (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2001), 15-17. 172
- Cf. Erik Larsen, "The Translation of Enoch: From Aramaic into Greek" (PhD Dissertation; New York: New York University, 1995), 198-203. 174
- Michael Knibb and Edward Ullendorff, The Ethiopic Book of Enoch: A New Edition in the Light of the Aramaic Dead Sea Fragments (2 vol. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1978), 2:27-46. See also James VanderKam, From Revelation to Canon: Studies in the Hebrew Bible and Second Temple Literature (SJSJ 62; Leiden: Brill, 1999), 380-95. 175
- See Nickelsburg, 1 Enoch, 16, n. 61, for a comparison of several manuscripts to Bl. Or. 492 and Bodleian Or. 531. Although I agree with Nickelsburg, I recognize this remains under question. For a classic piece on the contest, see Andrew Caquot and Pierre Geoltrain, "Notes sur le texte éthiopien des Paraboles d'Henoch," Sem 13 (1963): 39-54. 176 Chapter 108 is missing from the Qumran manuscripts, suggesting it was added later. Nickelsburg assumes that ch. 108 was added approximately at the time of the Parables, suggesting a distinctive change of the format from a 'Pentateuch' to a Testament of 1 Enoch (cf., Nickelsburg, 1 Enoch, 16). References to the SE in Greek texts, such as Jude (14-15), the Letter of Barnabas (16:5), and Tertullian (De cultu feminarum 2:294), indicate a clear terminus ad in the first century CE, but the precise dating of the SE (36-71), the latest portion, remains difficult to define. Most specialists agree that the 1 Enoch was complete by ca. 40 BCE based on the reference to the Parthian battle in 1 En. 56:5 and veiled references to the Herodian period in DV. 178 Ted Erho raises the concern that dating the SE upon this historical allusion is methodologically suspect. 179 His concern is that "if the passage [1 En. 56:5] is based on history to any perceptible effect, then 177 Nickelsburg, 1 Enoch 1, 9-20. The portions represented by the Qumran fragments include chapters 1-36, 72-82, 85-90, and 91-107.
- See also George W. E. Nickelsburg and James VanderKam, 1 Enoch: A Translation (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2012), for summary information on the fragmentary evidence. As an example, Eibert J. C. Tigchelaar and F. Garcia Martinez, "4Q Astronomical Enocha-b" in Qumran Cave 4 -XXVI: Cryptic texts And Miscella-nea, Part 1. In consultation with James VanderKam and Monica Brady (DJD 36. Ed. S. J. Pfann et al. Oxford: Clarendon, 2000), 95-172.
- As James VanderKam and William Adler (eds., Jewish Apocalyptic Heritage in Early Christianity (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1996, 34)) and others highlight, it is significant that several pieces of Enochic material were recorded on single scroll (these designations were changed to match the designations used in this project): 4QEnc: BW, BG, BL, EE 4QEnd: BW, BL 4QEne: BW, BG, BL It is intentional that I do not define 1 Enoch as a Pentateuch. For the issues surrounding this classification, see Jonas C. Greenfield and Michael E. Stone, "The Enochic Pentateuch and the Date of the Similitudes" in 'Al Kanfei Yonah: Collected Studies of Jonas C. Greenfield on Semitic Philology (ed.
- Shalom M. Paul, Michael E. Stone, and Avital Pinnick; vol. 2; Leiden: Brill, 2001), 2:595-609, and Devorah Dimant, "The Biography of Enoch and the Books of Enoch," BT 33 (1983): 14-29; cf. Nickelsburg, 1 Enoch 1, 172-73. 178 For arguments concerning the dating of 1 Enoch, see Richard Laurence, The Book of Enoch the Prophet (2 nd ed.; Oxford: J. H. Parker, 1833), xxiv-xxxi;
- J. C. Hindley, "Towards a Date for the Similitudes of Enoch," NTS 14 (1968): 551-65;
- George Nickelsburg, Jewish Literature between the Bible and the Mishnah: A Historical and Literary Introduction (2 nd ed.; Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2005), 254;
- Adela Yarbro Collins, The Combat Myth in the Book of Revelation (Missoula: Scholars Press, 1976); idem, Early Christian Apocalypticism: Genre and Social Setting (Semeia 36; Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature, 1986);
- David Hellholm (ed), Apocalypticism in the Mediterranean World and the Near East: Proceedings for the International Collloquium on Apocalypticism, Uppsala, August 12- 17, 1979 (Tübigen: Mohr Siebeck, 1983);
- Paolo Sacchi, Jewish Apocalyptic and its History (trans. by William J. Short; Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1990;
- John J. Collins and James Charlesworth (eds.), Mysteries and Revelations: Apocalyptic Studies since the Uppsala Conference (Sheffield: JSOT Press, 1991);
- Lorenzo DiTommaso, "Apocalypse and Apocalypticism in Antiquity (Part I)," CBR 5, 2 (2007): 235-86. There remains disagreement surrounding the classification of literature as apocalyptic. The first initial classification of apocalyptic literature by Gottfried Christian Friedrich Lücke in 1832 attempted to contextualize the Apocalypse of John within 195
- Cf. Manfried Dietrich and Oswald Loretz, Der biblische Azazel und AIT, 126 UF 25 (1993): 99-117.
- Hendel argues the canonical Genesis account, specifically the 'J' source, is clear insight and so whatever the origins might have been, they are over overshadowed by the socio-religious context from which the Watcher Myth was written. For a parallel argument, see Devorah Dimant, "1 Enoch 6-11: A Fragment of a Parabiblical Work" Journal of Jewish Studies 53 (2002): 223- 37, here 232). 196 Furthermore, he appears to overlook manuscript evidence when it fits his argument. See Drawnel, "Mesopotamian Background," 19, n. 17. 197
- See also Dominic Rudman, "A Note on the Azazel-goat Ritual," Zeitschrift für die Alttestamentliche Wissenschaft 116, 3 (2004): 396-401.
- A. Strobel, "Das jerusalemische Südenbock-Ritual. Topographische und landsckundliche Erwägungen zur Uberlieferungsgeschichte vin Lev 16, 10.21f," ZDPV 103 (1987): 141-168. 199 Contra Milik, Enoch, 313, who bases his comparisons on analogy. 217 E.g., 13:1-3, 4; 14:1-4; 19:3. 218 'Seeing' from either Enoch's point of view or his guide -12:6; 14:14, 18; 17:3; 18:1-6, 12-13; 21:2-3, 7; 22:1, 5; 23:2; 24:2; 25:3; 26:2, 3; 29:2; 32:1; 33:1-2; 34:2; 35:1; 36:1, 24. 'Marveled at sight' -26:6. Passive viewing, 'shown' -31:2. 219 'Summoning,' 14:8; 'emotion enveloping,' 14:13, esp., 'terrible and fearful,' 21:8, 9. 220 e.g., Enoch 'speaking,' 12:3; 13:1, 4; 14:24; 15:1; 21:5; 27:1; Enoch 'writes,' 33:3-4. 221 'Go,' 12:4 13:1, 3; 15:2; 'took and led,' 17:1; passive, 'led,' 17:2, 4; 'came,' 17:5; 'traveled,' 21:1; 22:1; 23:1; 'proceeded to the center of the earth,' 26:1; 'went,' 29:1; 'departed,' 30:1; 31:1; 'proceeded,' 32:2; 33:1; 34:1; 36:1, 2; 'passed,' 32:3. Enoch's interactions with the Lord of Spirits is channeled through YHWH's mediator, the Chosen One. The tradition describes the same sense of separation and mediation through verbs of seeing, experiencing, communicating, and movement. Table III.4: Comparative References of 1 Enoch 1-16 and 31-71 Watcher Myth Similitudes of Enoch 1:1-3 37 1:3-9 38 Chs. 6-11 39:1 Ch. 14 39:2-14; ch. 40 Chs. 6-11, 17- 21 52:1-56:4 Chapter 39 summarizes and reinterprets chs. 6-11. 1 Enoch 39:1 contextualizes Enoch's vision within the action of the Watchers, though the transcendence of divine boundaries, the rape of women by angels, or the revelation of secret knowledge, are no longer the central focus. The SE redirects the judgment for the Watchers against sinners ('abasā), 222 identified as the 'kings,' 'mighty,' and 'possessors of the land' who oppress the righteous with evil deeds (53:2, 7). The sinners are guilty of denying the Lord of Spirits (38:2; 41:2; 45:1, 2) and sinning against the unrighteous. The 'kings' 223 and 'mighty,' 224 those in the highest positions of power within society, deny YHWH's power and messiah (46:7; 48:10; 67:8, 10). Instead of pursuing righteousness, they are lustful (67:8, 10, 13) and persecute the righteous (46:8; 62:11). When the 222 The sinners: 1 En. 38:2, 3; 41:2; 43:8; 45:2, 6; 50:2; 53:2 (2x); 53:7; 56:8; 60:6. The wicked: 1 En. 38:3; the ones who error: 1 En. 45:5; the strong and the sinners: 1 En. 46:4; the sinners and the unrighteous: 1 En. 62:2, 13. 223 The kings: 48:8; 55:4. 224 38:4; 46:4; the mighty who possess the earth: 38:4; with the kings: 38:5; 53:5; 54:2; 63:1; 62:1, 3, 6, 9; 63:1, 12; 67:8-12. 241
- Cf., Matthew Black, "The Messianism of the Parables of Enoch: Their Date and Contribution to Christological Origins," in The Messiah: Developments in Earliest Judaism and Christianity (ed. James Charlesworth; Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1992), 145-168. 242 Already in 1906, Albert Schweitzer stated, "Broadly speaking . . . the Son-of-Man problem is both historically solvable and has been solved" (Von Reimarus zu Wrede (Tübingen: J.C.B. Mohr (Paul Siebeck)), 1906; English translation (New York,
- MacMillan, 1968), 283). Important historical overviews include Geza Vermes, "The Use of bar-nash/bar-nasha in Jewish Aramaic" in An Aramaic Approach to the Gospels and Acts (Ed. by Matthew Black and Patrick Alexander; Oxford: Clarendon, 1967), 310-328;
- Larry Hurtado and Paul Owen (eds.), "'Who Is This Son of Man?:' The Latest Scholarship on a Puzzling Expression of the Historical Jesus" (Bloomsbury: T&T Clark, 2012);
- John J. Collins, "The Son of Man in First-Century Judaism." NTS 38, 3 (1992): 448-466;
- Darrell L. Bock and James H. Charlesworth. New York: Bloomsbury, 2013), 3-17;
- Charlesworth, "Select Bibliography on 'The Son of Man' and the Parables of Enoch" in Parables of Enoch: A Paradigm Shift (Ed. by Darrell L. Bock and James H. Charlesworth; New York: Bloomsbury, 2013), 373-391;
- The SE initiates a break with the messianic discourse, that is followed by Early Christian texts, Testament of Abraham, and other historiographical works (i.e., Josephus), in which the messiah receives the name of a historical individual (Enoch, Jesus, Abel, Menahem, Simon Bar-Giora). 5. Around 100 CE, the expression 'Son of Man' begins to disappear. While Chialà focuses specifically on the Son of Man term, these conclusions are true as well of the other terms in 1 Enoch: when the respective terms become associated with specific individuals they fall out of vogue. The nuances of this messianic discourse, however, cannot be overlooked. The association with a specific figure creates a closeness between the figure, their followers, and divine powers. The eschatological figure is set upon the throne prior to the judgment and becomes an advocate for the group bearing the figure's central characteristic (Righteous Ones) or formal name. This moment of advocacy represents the revelation of the Lord of Spirits into the current age to dispel the manifestation of evil, which in this case, the author identifies only through titles (kings, mighty, individuals who as a collective have forcibly taken land from the righteous). 244 Likewise, another difficulty is determining whether a certain messianic reference is original or a later emendation. 1 Enoch 70-71 is frequently labeled as an epilogue of SE, marked as a later addition. In this way, the epilogue represents a separate reception of the Enochic messiah. Daniel Olson argues that based on a variant in the minority manuscript tradition, 1 Enoch 70:1-2 represents an intentional elevation of Enoch's name to the position of the Son of Man. Olson renders the passage in the following manner: 245 244 Arguments concerning the background of the messiah, such as that by J. R. Daniel Kirk and Adam Winn, who find that the Enochic Son of Man should be understood as an idealized form of wisdom, modulate the eschatological significance of judgment upon the evil doers (kings and mighty) and creation of a path for repentant sinners to participate within the group, to focus more on the relation of the mediatorial figure to wisdom. Cf. Winn, "Identifying the Enochic Son of Man as God's Word and Wisdom," JSP 6 (2019): 290-318;
- Kirk, "Mark's Son of Man and Paul's Second of Adam," Horizons in Biblical Theology 37, 2 (2015): 170-195. 245 Olson's translation comes as a concession in a long scholarly conversation about the meaning and textual development of 1 Enoch 70-71. This translation comes from his later, 2009 rebuttal to Knibb. See Daniel Olson, "Enoch and the 'Son of Man' Revisited: Further Reflections on the Text and Translation of 1 Enoch 70:1-2," JSP 18, 3 (2009): 233-240; idem., "Enoch and the Son of Man in the Epilogue of the Parables," JSP 18: 27-38;
- Michael Knibb, "The Translation of 1 Enoch 70.1: Some Methodological Issues," in Biblical Hebrews, Biblical Texts: Essays in Memory of Michael P. Weitzman (ed. A. Rapoport-Albert and G. Greenberg; JSOTSup, 333; London: Sheffield Academic Press, 2001): 340-54. Reprinted in Michael A. Knibb, Essays on the Book of Enoch and Other Early Jewish Texts and Traditions (SVTP, 22. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 2009); Cf., Maurice Casey, "The Use of Term [sic] 'Son of Man' in the Similitudes of Enoch," JSJ (1976): 11-29. 248
- Andrei A. Orlov, The Enoch-Metatron Tradition (Tubingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2005), 40-85. 266 Jesus' messianism was the subject of several detailed studies, not least limited to: Geza Vermes, Jesus the Jew: A Historian's Reading of the Gospels (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1973), 130-40;
- Paul D. Hanson, "Messiahs and Messianic Figures in Proto- Apocalypticism," in The Messiah: Developments in Earliest Judaism and Christianity (ed. James Charlesworth; Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1992): 67-75;
- James A. Charlesworth; Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1992): 79-115;
- William Schniedewind, "King and Priest in the Book of Chronicles and the Duality of Qumran Messianism," JJS 45 (1994): 71- 78;
- Mark Strauss, The Davidic Messiah in Luke-Acts: The Promise and its Fulfillment in Lukan Christology (JSNTSup, 110; Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1995), 35-57;
- William Horbury, "Messianism in the Old Testament Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha," in King and Messiah in Israel and the Ancient Near East (ed. John Day; JSOTSup, 270; Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press): 402-33;
- George Brooke, "Kingship and Messianism in the Dead Sea Scrolls;" Oegema, The Anointed and his People; Knohl, The Messiah before Jesus; see the extended bibliography for other works referenced in this research project. 299 For a history of research, see Sébastien Doane, "Experiencing a Biblical Self-Consuming Artifact: Jesus' Genealogy (Matt 2:1-17)" J. Bible and Its Reception 7, 2 (2020): 115-146. 300
- Yigal Levin, "Jesus, 'Son of God' and 'Son of David:' The 'Adoption' of Jesus into the Davidic Line," JSNT 28 (2006): 415- 42; here, 418. 301 Levin, "Jesus," 419. 302 Levin, "Jesus," 423. 303
- Caleb Friedman, "Jesus' Davidic Lineage and the Case for Jewish Adoption," NTS 66 (2020): 249-267. 304 I.e., Ahiqar 14-22; Brooklyn papyrus; 2 Enoch 71:13; Jub. 12:30; Sib. Or. 3.253-4; Mos. 1:19. 323 Against, for example, Günther Bornkamm, "Enderwartung und Kirche im Matthausevangelium," Ueberlieferung und Auslegung im Matthausevangelium (WMANT 1; 2d ed.; Neukirchen: Neukirchener Verlag; 1961), 30-31. 324 Matt 8:20; 9:6; 10:23; 11:19; 12:8, 32, 40; 13:37, 41; 16:13, 27, 28; 17:9, 12, 22; 19:28; 20:18, 28; 24:27, 30 (2x), 37, 39; 24:44; 25:31; 26:2, 24, 45, 64. Mark 2:10, 28; 8:31, 38; 9:9, 12, 31; 10:33, 45; 13:26; 14:21, 41, 62. Luke 5:24; 6:22; 7:34; 9:22, 26, 44, 58; 11:30; 12:8, 10, 40; 17:22, 24, 26, 30; 18:8, 31; 19:10; 21:27, 36; 22:22, 48, 69; 24:7. John 3:13, 14; 5:27; 6:27, 53, 62; 8:28; 9:35; 12:23, 24; 13:31. For the purpose of being succinct, this chapter sets aside other references to Son of Man in other Early Christian texts (Acts 7:56; Eph 3:5; 2 Thes 2:3; Heb 2:6; 7:28; 1 John 5:9; Rev 1:3; 14:14) and other texts depicting personified Wisdom and other the enthroned heroes, who in some degree embody the similar characteristics, but are not described with the Son of Man title (the "messiah," 2 Bar 36-39;
- Adam and Abel, T. Abr. 11; Job, T. Job 33.3; the righteous, Apoc. El. 1:8). 325 For example, Numbers: 23:19; Job: 16:21; 25:6; 35:8; Jeremiah: 49:18, 33; 50:40; 51:43; Isaiah 51:12; 56:2; Psalms: 8:5; 80:18; 144:3; 146:3; Ezekiel: 2:1; 25:2; 26:2; 27:2; Daniel 2:38; 5:12; 7:13; 8:17; 10:16, 18; 1 Enoch 38:2, 3; 39:1, 6, 7; 40:5, 6; 45:3, 3, 4, 5; 48:10; 49:2, 4; 51:3, 4; 52:4, 5, 6, 9; 53:6; 55:4; 56:3; 61:5, 8, 10. 326
- Chris M. Tuckett succinctly argues that the Son of Man moniker appeared on three occasions in Q: Luke 6:22/Matt 5:11 was original to Q (Tuckett, "The Son of Man and Daniel 7: Q and Jesus" in The Sayings Source Q and the Historical Jesus (Anders Lindemann, ed.; Leuven: University Press, 2001), 373, n. 12); Luke 7:34/Matt 11:19 and Luke 9:58/Matt 8:20 were from the first redactional stage (Tuckett, "The Son of Man and Daniel 7," 386, 386, respectively). See Tuckett for a conservative approach to Q's influence on the tradition. See Richard A. Edwards for a stronger position; he states the Son of Man "tradition does originate in the Q community and is based upon the pesher interpretation of a very early Mar christology" (The Sign of Jonah in the Theology of the Evangelists and Q (Studies in Biblical Theology; London: SCM Press, 1971), 99 (italics original)). Bultmann, New Testament scholars divided the Gospel occurrences of the Son of Man in three categories of sayings: on Jesus' earthly ministry, on his passion and resurrection, and on eschatology. 327 Commentators, such as Luz, use the Son of Man occurrences to divide the text of Matthew into three parts, matching Bultmann's divisions (1-7, 8-20, 21-28). 328 It is well noted that Jesus himself never claims to take the title of Son of Man, but the appellation is applied to Jesus through several fulfillment passages. 329 Interpreting the Son of Man passage as a discrete discourse rather than within a theological concept of salvation history reveals that Matthew employs the Son of Man title primarily within three types of situational conflict to reveal Jesus' character: conflict with followers (crowds and disciples), conflict with evil and sickness, and conflict with opponents. Matthew's crowds frequently pose questions to Jesus about the nature of discipleship.
- Robert Cousland argues that the crowds surrounding Jesus are regularly astonished (e.g., 7:28 - ἐκπλήσσω), amazed (e.g., 15:31 -θαυμάζω), afraid (9:8 -φοβέω), and glorify God because of Jesus' actions (e.g., 9:8 -δοξάζω). The crowd is never named except by a general regional designation. Only on two occasions do the crowds respond in Oratio Recta: 9:32-34; 12:22- 24. 330 In both contexts, Jesus' opponents rejoin with hostility. Matthew uses the Son of Man title within the addresses to these crowds. When surrounded by the crowds in Matthew 8:20, Jesus openly acknowledges that the Son of Man and those that follow him will have no home (cf. Luke 9:57-62). Those who go forth to do ministry on Jesus' behalf will suffer oppression (10:23). This is a sign for Matthew that the eschaton is drawing nigh (contr. Luke 21:12-19 and Mark 13:9- 13). The crowds, however, do not all respond positively; they are also a central force behind Jesus' crucifixion (Matt 27:25). As Cousland states, "Just as Moses presented the people of Israel with a choice between the way of life and the way of death, so too does Matthew depict the 327 Rudolph Bultmann, Theology of the New Testament (Oxford: Blackwell, 1968), 30. 328 Ulrich Luz, Matthew 1-7: A Hermeneia Commentary (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2007). 329 The history of interpretation on this issue is vast. Recent works that analyze this issue include Larry Hurtado and Paul Owen (ed), Who Is This Son of Man?: The Latest Scholarship on a Puzzling Expression of the Historical Jesus (London: Bloomsbury, 2011), in which Hurtado claims, "Simply put, there is no instance of the singular or plural form of this construction, anarthrous or articular, in extant Greek literature outside of the LXX, the NT, Philo…and subsequent texts that show the influence of the LXX and/or NT" (160). 330
- Joel Marcus, John the Baptist in History and Theology (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2018), 14. 341 Marcus, John the Baptist, 15. 342
- Noel Rabbinowitz, "Matthew 23:2-4: Does Jesus Recognize the Authority of the Pharisees and Does He Endorse Their Halakhah?" JETS 46,3 (2003): 423-47.
- Lam. Rab. ii 4; b. Giṭ. 57a-58a; Ecclesiastical History 4.6.1-4; Apology 1.31.6; Natural History 5.70) include some tales and geopolitical details not preserved in the revolutionaries' 352 Significant works on the subject include, but is not limited to: Dvir Raviv and Chaim ben David, "Cassius Dio's Figures for the Demographic Consequences of the Bar Kokhba War: Exaggeration or Reliable Account?," JRA 34 (2021): 585-607;
- Eran Almagor, "Jerusalem and the Bar Kokhba Revolt Again: A Note," Electrum 26 (2019): 141-157;
- Michaël Girardin, "leḥerut Yerushalayim: The Temple on The Coins Of The Bar Kokhba War," Electrum 26 (2019): 159-176;
- Miriam ben Zeev, "New Insights into Roman Policy in Judea on the Eve of the Bar Kokhba Revolt," JSJ 49 (2018): 84-107;
- Hanan Eshel and Boaz Zisu (eds.), Innovations in the Research on the Bar Kokhba Revolt. 21st Annual Conference of the Martin Szusz Department of Land of Israel Studies, March 13, 2001 (Ramat Gan: Bar-Ilan University, 2001);
- Brook W. R. Pearson says it this way: "One of the most frustrating things about this new evidence, however, is the very fact that, though it is so tantalizingly primary, it allows us only a dim glance into the events of the revolution, and an even more poorly-lit glance into the beliefs of the revolutionaries" ("The Book of the Twelve, Aquiba's Messianic Interpretations, and the Refuge Caves of the Second Jewish War," in The Scrolls and the Scriptures: Qumran Fifty Years After (ed.
- Stanley E. Porter and Craig A. Evans; Sheffield: Sheffield Press, 1997), 221-239). 358 Lev 10:6; 17:3, 8; 22:18; Num 20:29; Josh 21:25; 1 Sam 7:2, 3; 2 Sam 1:12; 6:5, 15; 2 Sam 12:8; 16:3; 1 Kings 20:31; Hos 1:6; Ps 98:3; 115:12; 135:19; Isa 5:7; 14:2; Jer 2:6; 3:20; 5:11; 5:15; 9:26; 10:1; 11:10; 11:17; 13:11; 18:6; 23:8; 31:27; c.f., Mic 1:13, 3 Macc 2:10; Ps. Sol. 9:11; 10:8. 17:47. For an interesting study on this topic, see Andrew Tobolowsky, The Sons of Jacob and the Sons of Herakles: The History of the Tribal System and the Organization of Biblical Identity (Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck: 2017). 359 Implied or indirect threats of violence (do this, or else!) can also be found in P. Yadin 53. 370
- Hugo Mantel, Mehqarim Betoldot Ha-Sanhedrin (Tel Aviv: Devir, 1969). See also Ephrat Habas (Rubin), "Rabban Gamaliel of Yavneh and his Sons: the Patriarchate before and after the Bar Kokhba Revolt," JJS 50,1 (1999): 21-37, and Schäfer, "Bar Kokhba and the Rabbis." 372
- Victoria Efremov, Motifs and Symbols (Associated with the Temple in Jerusalem) on the Coins of the Jewish Wars Against the Romans and the Bar Kokhba War (M.A. Thesis; Haifa: University of Haifa, 2000);
- Y. Meshorer, Jewish Coins of the Second Temple Period (trans. I. H. Levine; Tel Aviv: Am Hassefer, 1967). 374 For an interpretation of the temple in apocalyptic eschatology, see Al Baumgarten, "The Role of Jerusalem," 77-89. 383
- Ishay Rosen-Zvi, Demonic Desire: Yetzer Hara and the Problem of Evil in Late Antiquity (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011), 33. See also Van der Horst, "A Note on the Evil Inclination and Sexual Desire in Talmudic Literature" in Jews and Christians in their Graeco-Roman Context: Selected Essays on Early Judaism, Samaritanism, Hellenism, and Christianity (Ed P. W. van der Horst; Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2006), 60: "According to the rabbis, the good inclination induces humankind to keep God's commandments, but the evil one is the source of rebellion against God. But it is important to add that the good one never resides solely in the soul and the evil one only in the body; the seat of both of them is thought to be in the heart (levab)." 386 Zohar II.174a reads concerning the heart: "the word lebab (heart) alludes to two hearts, the good and the evil inclination, both of which dwell in man; for one must thank the Holy One for all things, not only with one's good, but also with one's evil inclination. For from the side of the good inclination good comes to man, so he has to give thanks to Him who is good and who does good. From the evil inclination, again, comes seduction, and one must give thanks and praise the Holy One for all that comes to him, whether it be from one side or from the other. (
- H. Sperling and M. Simon, The Zohar (5 vols.; London and New York: Soncino, 1933), 4:102. 400 For secondary literature on this passage, see Matthew Novenson, "Why Does R. Akiba Acclaim Bar Kokhba as a Messiah?," Journal for the Study of Judaism in the Persian, Hellenistic and Roman Period 40 (2009): 551-572. 401 For detailed differences in the manuscript tradition, see Peter Schäfer, "Bar Kokhba and the Rabbis." 402
- Martin McNamara goes too far in assuming a direct connection between this passage and the Zealot movement during the Second Temple period; "Early Exegesis in the Palestinian Targum (Neofiti l) of Numbers Chapter 24," Proceedings of the Irish Biblical Association 16 (1993): 57-79.
- Barry W. Holtz, Rabbi Akiva: Sage of the Talmud (New Haven: Yale University Press);
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Metadata
- Authors
- Scott, J.
- Corresponding author
- Scott, Joshua
- Venue
- University of Michigan
- Publisher
- University of Michigan
- Published
- 2022
- DOI
- 10.7302/6136
- OpenAlex
- W4294890309
- Cited by
- 0
- References
- 0
- Type
- dissertation
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hdl.handle.net
- Locations
- Deep Blue (University of Michigan) (submittedVersion)
- University of Michigan Library
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Religious studies › Biblical Studies and Interpretation
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Religious studies › Religion, Theology, History, Judaism, Christianity
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Classics › Classical Antiquity Studies
- Keywords
- Second Temple Judaism, Jewish messianism, Messiah, group boundaries, elite leadership, Jewish law, Jerusalem Temple, ideology, ancient Jewish literature
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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